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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Preoperative lymph-node staining with liposomes containing patent blue violet. A clinical case report.

A case study is reported using patent blue violet entrapped in liposomes to localize lymph nodes before surgery. Liposomes containing 44 mg patent blue violet were injected into foot lymphatics of a patient due to undergo retroperitoneal staging-lymphonodectomy. Lymph nodes were readily visualized and removed, and urine and serum was collected for assay of the dye. The maximum concentration of patent blue violet in serum was 2.7 micrograms mL-1, 1.5 h after the termination of the injection, almost no dye was detectable by the time of the operation 24 h later. In the first urine sample (2 h after the termination of the injection) the concentration of patent blue violet was 1.3 micrograms mL-1, and subsequently diminished, with the last urine sample to contain detectable dye being collected 20 h later. A total of 0.8 mg dye (2% of the injected amount) was excreted in the urine suggesting 10% of the circulating amount of dye was renally excreted. Endolymphatic injection of patent blue violet simplifies the often difficult process of finding the lymph nodes and additionally reduces side-effects. All surgery cases demanding a radical lymphonodectomy may profit, including testicular or bladder cancers and many gynaecological tumours.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cohort study of multiple brain lesions in sport divers: role of a patent foramen ovale.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of a patient foramen ovale in the pathogenesis of multiple brain lesions acquired by sport divers in the absence of reported decompression symptoms. DESIGN: Prospective double blind cohort study. SETTING: Diving clubs around Heidelberg and departments of neuroradiology and neurology. SUBJECTS: 87 sport divers with a minimum of 160 scuba dives (dives with self contained underwater breathing apparatus). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of multiple brain lesions visualised by cranial magnetic resonance imaging and presence and size of patent foramen ovale as documented by echocontrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: 25 subjects were found to have a right-to-left shunt, 13 with a patent foramen ovale of high haemodynamic relevance. A total of 41 brain lesions were detected in 11 divers. There were seven brain lesions in seven divers without a right-to-left shunt and 34 lesions in four divers with a right-to-left shunt. Multiple brain lesions occurred exclusively in three divers with a large patent foramen ovale (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple brain lesions in sport divers were associated with presence of a large patent foramen ovale. This association suggests paradoxical gas embolism as the pathological mechanism. A patent foramen ovale of high haemodynamic relevance seems to be an important risk factor for developing multiple brain lesions in sport divers.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1992

Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale after presumed paradoxical embolism.

BACKGROUND: Many have proposed a relation between presence of a patent foramen ovale, with or without atrial septal aneurysm, and cryptogenic stroke. The effect of foramen ovale closure on the risk for subsequent strokes is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale was undertaken in 36 patients with known right-to-left atrial shunting and presumed paradoxical emboli (31 strokes, 25 transient neurological events, four systemic arterial emboli, and two brain abscesses). Individual patients had between one and four such events. None had a left heart or carotid source of embolism; 31 of 35 had no known risk factors for stroke. Events occurred in 12 patients while they were taking warfarin. At cardiac catheterization, patent foramina ovalia were significantly larger than predicted for age in 67% of the patients. Implantation of a double-umbrella device in the patent foramen ovale was achieved in all without serious procedural complications. Of 34 who have returned for follow-up, one has a residual atrial communication that may be clinically important, five had trivial leaks, and 28 have complete closure. There have been no strokes during a mean follow-up of 8.4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale can be accomplished with little morbidity and may reduce the risk of recurrence. Further investigations directed toward identifying the population at risk and assessing the effect of intervention are warranted.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale is frequently diagnosed by contrast echocardiography and can be particularly prominent in the presence of elevated pressures in the right side of the heart. Its prognostic significance in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, however, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present prospective study included 139 consecutive patients with major pulmonary embolism diagnosed on the basis of clinical, echocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization criteria. All patients underwent contrast echocardiography at presentation. The end points of the study were overall mortality and complicated clinical course during the hospital stay defined as death, cerebral or peripheral arterial thromboembolism, major bleeding, or need for endotracheal intubation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patent foramen ovale was diagnosed in 48 patients (35%). These patients had a death rate of 33% as opposed to 14% in patients with a negative echo-contrast examination (P=.015). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the only independent predictors of mortality in the study population were a patent foramen ovale (odds ratio [OR], 11.4; P<.001) and arterial hypotension at presentation (OR, 26.3; P<.001). Patients with a patent foramen ovale also had a significantly higher incidence of ischemic stroke (13% versus 2.2%; P=.02) and peripheral arterial embolism (15 versus 0%; P<.001). Overall, the risk of a complicated in-hospital course was 5.2 times higher in this patient group (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with major pulmonary embolism, echocardiographic detection of a patent foramen ovale signifies a particularly high risk of death and arterial thromboembolic complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Diagnosis and management of a patent urachus in a white rhinoceros calf (Ceratotherium simum simum).

A 10-day-old female southern white rhinoceros calf (Ceratotherium simum simum) was diagnosed with a patent urachus after urine was observed dribbling from the umbilicus. After being separated from its mother, the animal was sedated with i.m. butorphanol and anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen for surgical correction of the patent urachus. Mild postoperative complications involved seroma formation and partial skin incision dehiscence, which necessitated three follow-up immobilizations for reevaluation and treatment of the surgical site. Histopathology did not reveal an infectious etiology as the cause for the complications or for the patent urachus. The etiology of the patent urachus in this animal remains undetermined. This report represents the first documented case of a patent urachus in a white rhinoceros.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Transcatheter closure versus medical therapy of patent foramen ovale and presumed paradoxical thromboemboli: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The optimal strategy to prevent recurrent presumed paradoxical emboli in patients with patent foramen ovale is unknown. PURPOSE: To synthesize the current knowledge about and qualitatively assess the relative benefits of transcatheter closure versus medical therapy for patent foramen ovale. DATA SOURCES: English-language and foreign-language journals listed in the MEDLINE database from January 1985 to July 2003 were systematically searched. Secondary sources were also used. STUDY SELECTION: Secondary prevention studies of transcatheter closure or medical therapy for patent foramen ovale were required to include at least 10 patients followed for more than 1 year and to report recurrent neurologic events. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from published studies were manually extracted and summarized. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ten studies of transcatheter closure (1355 patients) and 6 studies of medical therapy (895 patients) for patent foramen ovale were included. Overall, the 1-year rate of recurrent neurologic thromboembolism with transcatheter intervention was 0% to 4.9%, and the incidence of major and minor complications was 1.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Medical management was associated with a 1-year recurrence rate of 3.8% to 12.0%. However, limitations resulting from uncontrolled data, nonstandardized definitions, vigilance of follow-up, and baseline imbalances preclude definitive conclusions about the superiority of a particular approach. General differences in study samples included older age, greater proportion of men, and higher prevalence of diabetes and smoking among medically treated patients. Patients undergoing treatment with a transcatheter device were more likely to have had multiple thromboembolic events at baseline. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale may prevent a substantial proportion of cryptogenic strokes. Randomized clinical trials are needed.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed2000

Diagnosis of early pre-patent schistosomiasis by cystatin capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

To test the efficacy of detecting anti-Schistosoma mansoni cysteine proteinase antibodies (CP Abs) by cystatin capture (CC) ELISA in the diagnosis of prepatent schistosomiasis (before egg passing); 253 schistosome negative individuals were selected and divided into two groups. The first comprised 118 children whose first water contact occurred in March and April 1999 (primarily infected), and the second 135 individuals were previously treated for schistosomasis (re-infected). All the individuals were followed up triweekly by stool for detecting schistosome eggs and by serological tests for detecting antibodies against CP and anti-soluble egg antigens (SEA) by ELISA technique. CP seropositivity was detected in 92 from all examined individuals, out of them 38 were primarily infected (PI) children (20 of them were pre-patently treated), the rest; 54 were re-infected patients (28 out of them were pre-patently treated). The untreated (44) individuals from both groups were followed up till they passed eggs within 4 weeks and then were treated (post-patent). CP Abs were reassessed for the 92 patients after treatment, only 11 (12%) were still seropositive with marked decrease in optical density (O.D.) level than before treatment. Anti-SEA IgM Abs were sought in the 92 CP seropositive sera, and the seropositivity rate was lower in 38 PI children (5.3%) than in the 54 re-infected individuals (92.6%). The anti-SEA seropositivity rate in the PI children was 5% in the pre-patent and was 94.4% in the post-patent. None of the 161 CP seronegative individuals passed eggs up to 12 weeks.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous occlusion of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism.

INTRODUCTION: A patent foramen ovale can be found in about one quarter of adults and in a small percentage it is a wide opening and may be associated with aneurysmal formation. The association between a wide patent foramen ovale and paradoxical embolism is well established. In such cases percutaneous closure is indicated, as an alternative to life-long anticoagulant therapy or surgery. Percutaneous closure is an attractive technique and is more advantageous than other methods. METHODOLOGY: We describe the first cases of percutaneous occlusion of patent foramen ovale performed in Portugal, using the Amplatzer PFO occluder, in three female patients with documented cerebrovascular accidents due to paradoxical embolism. We also analyze the rationale for using this technique in such patients and its preliminary results. RESULTS: All three patients submitted to percutaneous occlusion of patent foramen ovale had a similar history of ischemic cerebrovascular accident. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a wide-open foramen ovale ranging from 9 to 12 mm, with spontaneous right-to-left shunt in all patients, and one of them also had an aneurysmal formation. Total procedure time ranged from 30 to 55 minutes and fluoroscopic time from 9 to 12 minutes. There were no complications and during the short follow up all patients are asymptomatic and free of recurrent events. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale is a safe and promising technique in the prevention of recurrent systemic thromboembolism in appropriately selected patients. Prospective studies comparing antithrombotic therapy or surgery with percutaneous closure should clarify its efficacy and therapeutic value.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Myocardial infarction and patent coronary arteries--an uneventful association?

BACKGROUND: Although many studies addressed the issue of the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with angiographically patent coronary arteries, controversies exist concerning the pathophysiology and clinical outcome in this syndrome. AIM: To evaluate the clinical course of patients with MI and patent coronary arteries as well as to assess the post-infarction short-term prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with acute MI admitted to our institution over a period of 8 years (1995-2002) was performed. The study group consisted of 62 patients with MI and angiographically patent coronary arteries, examined within the first 30 days after the infarction, and the age and gender-matched control group of 62 patients with acute MI and significant coronary artery stenoses. RESULTS: Cardiovascular risk factors found in the study group versus the control group were: smoking 47 (66.1%) vs 54 (87.1%) patients (NS); dyslipidemia 18 (29.0%) vs 44 (74.2%) patients (p<0.005), and family history of coronary artery disease 16 (25.8%) vs 37 (61.3%) patients (p<0.05). The post-infarction complications were: ischaemic recurrences in 25 (40.3%) vs 46 (74.2%) patients (p<0.05); heart failure in 11 (17.7%) vs 26 (41.9%) patients (p<0.05); mechanical events in 12 (19.4%) vs 16 (25.8%) patients (NS); arrhythmias in 18 (29.0%) vs 12 (19.4%) patients (NS); peripheral thromboembolic complications in 5 (8.1%) vs 2 (3.2%) patients (NS), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the population with MI and patent coronary arteries, smoking was the only well represented risk factor. Although there was a significantly lower incidence of ischaemic events and heart failure after MI in patients with patent rather than stenotic coronary arteries, the mechanical, arrhythmic and thromboembolic complications occurred with the same frequency.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Routine reimplantation of patent inferior mesenteric arteries limits colon infarction after aortic reconstruction.

Ischemic colitis resulting in colonic infarction after aortic reconstruction is a highly lethal complication. Reimplantation of all patent inferior mesenteric arteries should improve this problem but can be justified only if the procedure is effective and safe. To investigate this, 337 aortic reconstructions done between July 1982 and May 1989 were reviewed. Patent inferior mesenteric arteries had been reimplanted when possible during 151 aortic reconstructions done between April 1986 and May 1989. Before this, patent inferior mesenteric arteries were selectively ligated on the basis of intraoperative bowel inspection, colonic mesenteric Doppler signals, and inferior mesenteric arteries stump pressures during 186 aortic procedures. No patient had colonic infarction as a result of ischemia during the period in which patent inferior mesenteric arteries were reimplanted if possible. In contrast, five patients (2.7%; p less than 0.05) had colonic infarction and perforation during the period of selective inferior mesenteric arteries ligation resulting in four deaths. The operative mortality rate was less during the period of inferior mesenteric arteries reimplantation (4.0% vs 14.5%; p less than 0.05), and transfusion requirements were unchanged. Thus routine reimplantation of patent inferior mesenteric arteries limits colonic infarction and operative deaths after aortic reconstruction.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[False low oximetry reading caused by patent blue vital dye during breast surgery].

Patent blue vital (patent blue V; Laboratoire Guerbet, France) is used to identify the sentinel node during surgery for invasive breast cancer. Detecting the sentinel node that first drains the primary tumor reduces the need for total breast and wide axillary node removal, with the problems that such radical surgery involves. Like other dyes, patent blue V can interfere with accurate pulse oximeter reading, leading to underestimation of real values. We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who underwent lumpectomy and removal of the sentinel node. After intradermal injection of patent blue V dye into the left breast (100 mg administered because the sentinel node was difficult to locate) a drop in peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation from 99% to 93% was detected by the pulse oximeter. When arterial blood gas analysis showed normal values and other causes were ruled out, the diagnosis was false low oximetry reading due to patent blue V dye.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Detection of right to left shunting through a patent foramen ovale in Japanese patients with ischemic stroke by transesophageal echocardiography using a standardized Valsalva maneuver.

We attempted to clarify the usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography performed using a standardized Valsalva maneuver to detect the presence of a patent foramen ovale in Japanese patients with ischemic stroke. Four hundred ninety six patients with ischemic stroke who were admitted to the Yokohama City Brain and Stroke Center between September 1999 and February 2002 were enrolled for the study. All the enrolled patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography with contrast injection and color Doppler imaging. During the procedure, a standardized Valsalva maneuver was performed to induce right to left shunting through a patent foramen ovale. Other related structural abnormalities, such as atrial septal aneurysm and the Chiari network anomaly, were also detected by the test. Transesophageal echocardiography without the Valsalva maneuver revealed a functional right to left communication in only 8.2% of the ischemic stroke patients, whereas the procedure conducted using a standardized Valsalva maneuver to provoke shunting revealed a patent foramen ovale in 15.3% of the patients. The presence of an atrial septal aneurysm or the Chiari network anomaly was not sensitive or specific enough to predict the presence of a patent foramen ovale as diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography using the standardized Valsalva maneuver. Our results suggest that the standardized Valsalva maneuver is a safe and useful technique to detect the presence of a patent foramen ovale, which is potentially known to be associated with paradoxical embolism.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Stem cell technologies: regulation, patents and problems.

Human embryonic stem cell research promises to deliver in the future a whole range of therapeutic treatments, but currently governments in different jurisdictions must try to regulate this burgeoning area. Part of the problem has been, and continues to be, polarised community opinion on the use of human embryonic stem cells for research. This article compares the approaches of the Australian, United Kingdom and United States governments in regulating human embryonic stem cell research. To date, these governments have approached the issue through implementing legislation or policy to control research. Similarly, the three jurisdictions have viewed the patentability of human embryonic stem cell technologies in their own ways with different policies being adopted by the three patent offices. This article examines these different approaches and discusses the inevitable concerns that have been raised due to the lack of a universal approach in relation to the regulation of research; the patenting of stem cell technologies; and the effects patents granted are having on further human embryonic stem cell research.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patent protection for stem cell procedures under the law of the European Union.

Stem cell research shows an immense diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The procedures based on human stem cells seem to allow new medical treatments for serious diseases like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, leukaemia or diabetes. However, as no company or inventor would take the risk of immense investments without an adequate legal protection of the possible benefits arising out of their work, intellectual property law plays a pivotal role for the further development of stem cell techniques. Although international patent law knows protection of inventions using biological substances and living matter for about 160 years, patents on stem cells, DNA and other parts of the human body raise specific objections. Nevertheless, from a strictly legal angle, there are no barriers to patents on stem cell procedures. In particular, Art. 6 of the "Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of July 6, 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions" - which qualifies inventions as unpatentable where their commercial exploitation would be contrary to ordre public or morality - does not hinder patent protection for stem cell research.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quarterly U.S. patent review: first quarter, 1999.

The following are among the U.S. patents, issued in the first quarter of 1999, directed to combinatorial chemistry and related technologies. Patent issuances in the field are growing in number. Additionally, patents claiming libraries themselves, as opposed to synthetic methodologies, are becoming more common. It is impossible to be comprehensive. The author would be pleased to recognize additional patents and invites the use of his e-mail address for this purpose.

Organic Chemicals↗
PubMed2004

How property rights and patents affect antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance tends to increase when a patent on an antibiotic expires. Since other companies can now sell the antibiotic, more of the antibiotic is produced and prices fall. Because the benefits of reducing current production go to other firms, pharmaceutical companies will have little concern about future resistance. This 'open-access' problem causes excessive antibiotic use and resistance problems in the future. Extending patents is one solution. However, a pharmaceutical company that has patent protection on a drug that is cross-resistant may have little concern about future resistance. This is because when people use completely different antibiotics which cause bacteria to become resistant to the original antibiotic, then the benefits of reducing current production go to other companies. A single buyer such as national health insurance or private health insurance may also have an incentive to reduce antibiotic resistance since they bear the future cost of future resistance. However, insurance coverage reduces the price that patients pay at the margin and thus the patients are likely to use more antibiotics. National health insurance policies may even set the price of antibiotics so low that resistance problems are created even when the patent is in effect.

Drug Resistance↗
PubMed2003

Innovations and intellectual property: the case of genomic patenting.

In an effort to balance static and dynamic efficiency in the production and use of knowledge, societies institute intellectual property policies. In the United States, the patent system is a well-established mechanism to provide inventors with time-limited protection of new technologies in exchange for disclosure of information about their inventions. Emerging biotechnology, specifically the filing of patents on gene sequences, raises serious questions about whether the patent system is appropriately weighing societal costs and benefits in its grants of intellectual property protection. Gene sequences represent a hybrid case between discrete inventions and more general pieces of information that are useful for many, potentially very different, purposes. This information content in genes makes it possible for a patent on a gene to cover a wide range of possible technological applications and, as a result, be of unknown breadth when issued. This analysis explores the potential effect of these characteristics on future innovation in biotechnology.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1989

[Analysis of the relation of research and development and patents].

Although there exists a close causal relationship between R&D and patents the attempt to establish a real connection suffers from certain difficulties. By means of specific methods a correlation between patent applications and R&D expenditure could be achieved at the national economic level. A previously developed concordance between the International Patent Classification and the systematics of sectors of the economy opens the possibility for a more differentiated analysis of the relationship between R&D and patents.

Germany, West↗