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PubMed1987

In search of paintings influence on time judgement.

The influence of paintings on short time interval perception was studied. Three methods for time estimation were tested: direct scaling and two modifications of the method of reproduction with and without simultaneous presentation of the painting whose duration was, reproduced. The results show that short time interval perception is influenced by such complex stimuli as paintings. The motor reproduction with simultaneous presentation of the visual stimulus was the most effective in revealing the influence of paintings on short time interval perception.

Art↗

PubMed1980

Contact dermatitis in children due to face paints.

A four-year-old girl in whom severe, acute contact dermatitis of the face developed following a face painting party is presented herein. Subsequent investigation established that the paints consisted of tempera pigments mixed in a full-strength commercial dishwashing liquid. Similar contact dermatitis developed in at least five other children, all of whom had continued to wear the face paints overnight while sleeping. The dishwashing liquid was implicated as the causative factor in the eruption. Since a full-strength commercial dishwashing detergent may cause severe irritant contact dermatitis in children, this product should be strongly discouraged as a vehicle for face paints.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Portable X-ray fluorescence instruments for the analysis of lead in paints.

In a study in the laboratories of the Chicago Board of Health, the results from determination of lead in paint films by X-ray fluorescence were compared with results from determination by atomic absorption. Portable instruments of three suppliers were used for X-ray fluorescence measurements. An improved version of one of these instruments was also tested. The results of X-ray fluorescence readings on painted card stock panels with one of these instruments compared satisfactorily with the results as determined by the atomic absorption method at levels below 10 mg of lead per square centimeter. Readings on multiple layers of these panels were additive and independent of the order of these panels. All four instruments were tested in the laboratory on painted surfaces from the walls of condemned buildings. The most recent version of each instrument gave a correlation coefficient of 0.96 or better for the linear regression of lead values in milligrams per square centimeter by atomic absorption against instrument readings. It was calculated that a reading of 3.2 or greater on any of the instruments would indicate with greater than 95 percent confidence that 1 mg or more of lead per square centimeter would be found when a sample of the paint was analyzed by atomic absorption. When the readings of one of the instruments showed lead to be absent, that result would inidcate with better than 95 percent confidence that less than 1 mg of lead per square centimeter would be found by the atomic absorption method. Portable X-ray fluorescence instruments can be used in situ to determine whether the walls of a building give readings for lead above the range of 0 to 3.2. Walls with readings above this range can be considered to have 1 mg or more of lead per square centimeter and would not be in conformance with the code of the City of Chicago. Samples would need to be taken for analysis in the laboratory by atomic absorption only from those walls with readings within the range of 0 to 3.2.

Chicago↗

PubMed1997

Impacts of Dibrom concentrate and three new naled formulations on three 1996 Du Pont automotive paint finishes.

To investigate potential impacts on automobile finishes, droplets of 4 naled formulations were applied to 3 contemporary automotive paints and assessed by means of microscopic and unaided visual inspections. Three droplet size ranges simulated ground- and aerial-based ultra-low volume applications and were each generated for Dibrom Concentrate, a new formulation of Dibrom Concentrate (VC-1088), and two other new naled formulations (Trumpet VC-1083 and Trumpet VC-1084). Du Pont automotive paint finishes tested were RK7072, RK8010, and RK7120 used on Ford trucks, General Motors cars, and Cadillacs, respectively. Visible spotting was never produced by small droplets averaging (SE) a volume median diameter of 13.12 microns (0.44), and quantifiable microscopic spots were detected only on the RK8010 paint finish. The latter paint finish was the most susceptible to spotting, whereas RK7072 was not affected by any formulation at each droplet size.

Automobiles↗

PubMed2000

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by skin painting (pseudotattooing) with black henna, a mixture of henna and p-phenylenediamine and its derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Skin painting (pseudotattooing) with henna is traditionally performed mainly in Muslim or Hindu persons. Recently, transient artists have begun using black henna mixtures to temporarily paint the skin. Emergence of allergic contact dermatitis after application indicates the presence of a skin sensitizer in such preparations and poses future risks. OBSERVATIONS: Four patients developed allergic contact dermatitis after skin painting with black henna performed in France, Egypt, and the United States. The delay of symptoms suggested previous sensitization in 1 patient and active sensitization in 3 patients. Of 3 patients who underwent patch testing, the results were positive for p-phenylenediamine in 3 patients and for p-toluylenediamine in 1 patient. These sensitizers are found in hair dye preparations. CONCLUSIONS: The mixtures used by the artists possibly contained natural henna, a rare and weak skin sensitizer, and likely contained chemical coloring agents, diaminobenzenes, such as p-phenylenediamine and/or diaminotoluenes. The long duration of skin contact, the high concentrations of sensitizing materials, and the lack of a neutralizing agent dramatically increase the risk of skin sensitization, which is why such substances are prohibited for direct skin application. Because of the worldwide vogue of skin painting, future cases of sensitization to p-phenylenediamine and diaminobenzenes or diaminotoluenes are expected.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

A Mathematical Model for Crater Defect Formation in a Drying Paint Layer.

Certain deep indentations observed in dry coatings are referred to as "craters". They are believed to arise from gradients in the coating surface tension. A mathematical model of surface-tension-gradient-driven flow, using the lubrication approximation for thin layers, is developed to study the formation of craters. The paint is modeled as consisting of an evaporating "solvent" part and a nonvolatile "resin" part. Surface tension gradients on the coating surface arise due to a nonuniform distribution of surfactant. Axisymmetric numerical simulations using the model are performed to explore two candidate crater production mechanisms: an initial release of concentrated surfactant and a steady surfactant source. The effects of changes in various properties, such as the paint drying rate, the surfactant diffusivity, and the viscosity increase during drying, are examined. The model produces craters with large diameters, pronounced rims, and central peaks, similar to those seen in practice. Drying rate has a large influence on crater diameter and depth, by limiting flow due to surface tension gradients within a given time. Reduction of the paint viscosity increase during drying causes increased flow rates, leading to larger craters. A preexisting layer of surfactant on the paint surface sharply reduces the extent of cratering. Surfactant diffusion also tends to reduce the severity of cratering by alleviating surface tension gradients. In some cases, a simplified form of the drying model may be used to quickly approximate the results of the full model. The model provides useful insights into the craters seen in industrial coating applications. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Mouse chromosome-specific painting probes generated from microdissected chromosomes.

Using degenerate primer amplification of chromosomes microdissected from banded cytogenetic preparations, we constructed both whole chromosome painting probes for mouse Chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 2, 3, and 11 and a centromere probe that strongly paints most mouse centromeres. We also amplified a Robertsonian translocation chromosome microdissected from unstained preparations to construct a painting probe for Chrs 9 and 19. The chromosome probes uniformly painted the respective chromosomes of origin. We demonstrated the utility of the Chr 11 probe in aberration analysis by staining mutants that we had previously identified as containing a Chr 11 translocation, and in some mutant cell lines we observed chromosome rearrangements not previously detected in stained cytogenetic preparations. The technology of microdissection and amplification applies to all mouse chromosomes or to specific subchromosomal regions and will be useful in mouse genetics, in aberration analysis, and for chromosome identification.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Tumors and amyloidosis in mice painted with crude oil found on bathing beaches.

Oil lumps collected on the beaches of Israel in 1970, 1971 and 1973 were extracted with pure acetone and the extracts were used to paint the skin of mice twice weekly for 12 months. The oil lumps originated from crude oil spilled from tankers. The less recently collected oils induced papillomata and lymphomata in some animals. They were also more active than the recent oil in the induction of generalized amyloidosis. Mice painted for 12 months with acetone alone developed amyloidosis to a similar extent as those painted with the oldest oil. In previously reported experiments, however, acetone was much less active than the oil in producing amyloidosis after 5 months of painting. The possibility that acetone and oil might act both synergistically or to be antagonistic at different phases of amyloidogenesis is discussed.

Amyloidosis↗

PubMed1994

A chromosome painting method for human sperm chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization.

A method of chromosome painting on human sperm chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is introduced. Sperm chromosome slides were prepared after in vitro fertilization of hamster eggs with human spermatozoa. The slides were treated by RNase A before FISH. Chromosome 4 was clearly and specifically painted in a majority of sperm-derived metaphase plates after an application of whole chromosome painting DNA probes of this chromosome. This is the first report of successful painting on human sperm chromosomes.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Chromosome-specific paints from a high-resolution flow karyotype of the dog.

Using peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and dual-laser flow cytometry, we have routinely obtained high-resolution bivariate flow karyotypes of the dog in which 32 peaks are resolved. To allow the identification of the chromosome types in each peak, chromosomes were flow sorted, amplified and labelled by polymerase chain reaction with partially degenerate primers and hybridized onto metaphase spreads of a male dog. The chromosome paints from 22 of the 32 peaks each hybridized to single homologue pairs and eight peaks each hybridized to two pairs. Paints from the remaining two peaks hybridized to only one homologue each in the male metaphase spread, thus corresponding to the sex chromosomes X and Y. All of the 38 pairs of autosomes and the two sex chromosomes of the dog could be accounted for in these painting experiments. The positions of chromosomes 1-21 were assigned to the flow karyotype (only chromosomes 1-21 have as yet been officially designated). The high-resolution flow karyotype and the chromosome paints will facilitate further standardization of the dog karyotype. The ability to sort sufficient quantities of dog chromosomes for the production of chromosome-specific DNA libraries has the potential to accelerate the physical and genetic mapping of the dog genome.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Irene, a case study of a bulimia nervosa patient: the therapeutic process of integrative painting therapy.

The bulimic symptomatology--supposedly an expression of certain developments in our society--increased immensely. The progress of Integrative Painting Therapy applied to a bulimia nervosa patient, is simultaneously visible and documented. This gives insight into the psychodynamics and psychopathology of this disorder, as well as its development during treatment. The painting group provides a quick access to the patient's emotions and it permits the establishment of a strong therapeutic relationship. Paintings generated within the group reflect a patient's inner experiences and provide a starting-point for the therapeutic process. In her pictures, Irene confronts her bulimia disorder and is finally able to come to terms with her social role as a woman, her growing up and her longing for a healthy family background especially meaning contact with her father. In this spirally evolving process, where painting groups, single and family therapy work together, she was finally able to break free from her bulimic symptoms and find a new access to herself and her family, especially her father.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Comparative chromosome painting between two marsupials: origins of an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system.

Cross-species chromosome painting was used to investigate genome rearrangements between tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii (2n = 16) and the swamp wallaby Wallabia bicolor (2n = 10female symbol/11male symbol), which diverged about 6 million years ago. The swamp wallaby has an XX female:XY1Y2 male sex chromosome system thought to have resulted from a fusion between an autosome and the small original X, not involving the Y. Thus, the small Y1 should represent the original Y and the large Y2 the original autosome. DNA paints were prepared from flow-sorted and microdissected chromosomes from the tammar wallaby. Painting swamp wallaby spreads with each tammar chromosome-specific probe gave extremely strong and clear signals in single-, two-, and three-color FISH. These showed that two tammar wallaby autosomes are represented unchanged in the swamp wallaby, two are represented by different centric fusions, and one by a tandem fusion to make the very long arms of swamp wallaby Chromosome (Chr) 1. The large swamp wallaby X comprises the tammar X as its short arm, and a tandemly fused 7 and 2 as the long arm. The acrocentric swamp wallaby Y2 is a 2/7 fusion, homologous with the long arm of the X. The small swamp wallaby Y1 is confirmed as the original Y by its painting with the tammar Y. However, the presence of sequences shared between the microdissected tammar Xp and Y on the swamp wallaby Y2 implies that the formation of the compound sex chromosomes involved addition of autosome(s) to both the original X and Y. We propose that this involved fusion with an ancient pseudoautosomal region followed by fission proximal to this shared region.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

FISH "painting" patterns resulting from complex exchanges.

Many of the unusual patterns seen when irradiated chromosomes are FISH painted arise from Complex interchanges. In this paper, we present a method for classifying chromosome-type complex exchanges. Every possible exchange configuration for the first nine complex families has been determined, and for each of these, the expected metaphase pattern forms seen if any one of the participating chromosomes is painted, has been worked out. A total of 65 recognisably different pattern forms emerge, and a simple classification of these is provided for scoring and discussion purposes. 47 of these patterns are unique ("Tell-tale"), in that they are found in, and are diagnostic for, only one complex family or sub-family (of the sub-set analyzed). Analysis of the contingency tables indicates that: (a) The same individual complex exchange can appear in different pattern forms, depending upon which of the participating chromosomes is painted, and the converse-different forms can represent the same exchange. (b) Many different complex exchange configurations, from different families, can give rise to identical pattern forms. (c) If obvious complex forms are at all frequent in a sample, then a lot of the exchanges being scored as "simple" are not. These observations will have considerable repercussions on the numerical assessment of damage when using painted chromosomes at higher radiation doses.

Chromosome Aberrations↗

PubMed1996

Chromosome painting analysis of spontaneous and methyl methanesulfonate-induced trifluorothymidine-resistant L5178Y cell colonies.

Spontaneous and methyl methanesulfonate-induced trifluorothymidine-resistant mutants in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization with mouse probes specific for chromosome 11, on which the tk gene is located, and chromosome 3, as the control. 76.5% (13/17) of small-colony mutants (thought to be the result of chromosomal mutation) and 28.6% (4/14) of large-colony mutants (thought to be the result of gene mutation) showed rearranged chromosome 11. Of the mutants with abnormal chromosome 11 painting pattern, 5 small- and 2 large-colony mutants carried clonal aberrations, while the remaining 8 small- and 2 large-colony mutants showed mosaic aberrations. Most abnormalities in the small-colony mutants involved the distal region of one painted chromosome 11, where the tk+ gene maps. An increase, rather than a decrease, in chromosome 11 material was found in a majority of abnormally painted mutants. On the contrary, no rearrangements involving chromosome 3 were found in any small- and large-colony mutants analyzed except one large-colony mutant, which showed chromosome rearrangements involving both chromosome 11 and 3. The present study confirms that the majority of small-colony mutants in L5178Y cells have chromosome 11 rearrangements that can be detected by chromosome painting and that the majority of the chromosomal abnormalities in TFT-resistant mutants involved complex rearrangements.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Photohapten TCSA painting plus UVA irradiation of murine skin augments the expression of MHC class II molecules and CD86 on Langerhans cells.

Hapten painting of skin is known to augment the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD54, and CD86 on Langerhans cells. We investigated whether painting with 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA), the representative photohapten, and subsequent irradiation with ultraviolet A (UVA) alter the expression of these surface molecules on epidermal Langerhans cells (LC). BALB/c mice were painted with 5 microl of 0.1% TCSA on the earlobes and irradiated with 16 J/cm2 (at 365 nm) of UVA. Epidermal cells were prepared from these earlobes 24 h later, and the levels of MHC class II, CD54, CD80, and CD86 on these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. As compared with untreated earlobes, the levels of MHC class II and CD86 on LC were markedly augmented and those of CD54 and CD80 were slightly elevated in earlobes treated with TCSA/UVA. Since neither TCSA painting nor UVA exposure alone enhanced the expression, both treatments were essential for enhancement. A dot plot analysis showed the presence of subpopulations of LC expressing MHC class II and CD86 at high levels. The percentage of these highly expressing LC was increased with increasing concentrations of TCSA and doses of UVA up to 1% and 24 J/cm2, respectively. In addition, keratinocyte expression of CD54 was also augmented by TCSA plus UVA. These results suggest that photohaptens, with following UVA exposure, augment the expression of immunologically functional molecules on LC as do ordinary haptens, leading to effective sensitization and elicitation of contact photoallergy.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Development of a bovine X chromosome linkage group and painting probes to assess cattle, sheep, and goat X chromosome segment homologies.

The X chromosome linkage group is conserved in placental mammals. However, X chromosome morphological differences, due to internal chromosome rearrangements, exist among mammalian species. We have developed bovine chromosome painting probes for Xp and Xq to assess segment homologies between the submetacentric bovine X chromosome and the acrocentric sheep and goat X chromosomes. These painting probes and their corresponding DNA libraries were developed by chromosome micromanipulation, DNA micropurification, microcloning, and PCR amplification. The bovine Xp painting probe identified an interstitially located homologous segment in the sheep and goat Xq region, most probably resulting from chromosome inversion. Ten type II (microsatellite) markers obtained from the bovine Xq library and five other X chromosome assigned, but unlinked, markers were used to generate a linkage map for Xq spanning 89.4 centimorgans. The chromosome painting probes and molecular markers generated in this study would be useful for comparative mapping and tracing of internal X chromosome rearrangements in all ruminant species and would contribute to the understanding of mammalian sex chromosome evolution.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Combined use of chromosome painting and telomere detection to analyse radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in mouse splenocytes.

PURPOSE: Analysis of chromosomal aberrations by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a combination of chromosome painting and telomere detection in order to get more insight into: (a) the extent of incompleteness of exchanges and (b) the frequencies of interstitial fragments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolated mouse splenocytes were exposed in vitro to X-rays at a dose of 2 Gy. Aberrations involving chromosomes 2 and 3 were analysed by FISH using simultaneous chromosome painting and telomere detection. RESULTS: At 2 Gy, about 10% of apparently simple exchanges are incomplete. A striking observation was the high induction of interstitial fragments, with frequencies nearly as high as that of dicentrics. Assuming, that both ends of all interstitial fragments have rejoined with each other (to form acentric rings), it can be estimated that over 92% of reactive ends of detectable breakpoints have rejoined illegitimately. Overall, equal frequencies of translocation types t(Ab) and t(Ba) (according to the PAINT nomenclature) were observed. Also, the ratios between reciprocal forms of translocations and dicentrics were close to 1 for both the chromosomes studied. CONCLUSIONS: These studies have shown that many of the frequently observed 'one-way' exchanges using painting probes, are in fact reciprocal exchanges with one participating lesion so close to the telomere that no distal signal can be detected. Frequencies of true incomplete exchanges were found to be low. Intrachanges, here detected as interstitial fragments, were observed frequently.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Geographic variation of the physiological response to overwintering in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta).

We compared the physiological responses of latitudinal pairings of painted turtles submerged in normoxic and anoxic water at 3 degrees C: western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) from Wisconsin (WI) versus southern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta dorsalis) from Louisiana (LA), Arkansas (AR), and Alabama (AL), and eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta picta) from Connecticut (CT) versus C. p. picta from Georgia (GA). Turtles in normoxic water accumulated lactate, with C. p. bellii accumulating less than (20 mmol/L) the other groups (44-47 mmol/L), but with relatively minor acid-base and ionic disturbances. Chrysemys picta bellii had the lowest rate of lactate accumulation over the first 50 d in anoxic water (1.8 mmol/d vs. 2.1 for AR C. p. dorsalis, 2.4 mmol/d for GA C. p. picta, and 2.5 mmol/d for CT C. p. picta after 50 d and 2.6 mmol/d for AL C. p. dorsalis after 46 d). Northern turtles in both groups survive longer in anoxia than their southern counterparts. The diminished viability in C. p. dorsalis versus C. p. bellii can be partially explained by an increased rate of lactate accumulation and a decreased buffering capacity, but for the CT and GA C. p. picta comparison, only buffering capacity differences are seen to influence survivability.

Analysis of Variance↗