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PubMed1982

[Status of occupancy and structure of homes, institutions and workshops for the handicapped-results of a survey in Baden-Württemberg].

Despite an increasing availability of smaller decentralized facilities, the main responsibility for provision of inpatient nursing and care of disabled persons continues to lie with the homes and institutions traditionally providing long-term services for disabled people. In Baden-Wuerttemberg, a total of 70 homes and institutions, which vary greatly in size and structure, as available, comprising a total of 10,457 places in their nursing and residential sections. By far the greatest portion of the existing places (78.5 percent) is provided by institutions catering people with mental retardation. The average utilisation of the places available in homes and institutions is 97.4 percent. Client population structure in the facilities for mentally retarded persons differs appreciably from that of other facilities. This applies in particular to client age and to the treatment and therapy the individual receives. According to a 1979-1980 survey, the waiting lists of the homes and institutions comprised 785 applications for admission of disabled persons among them 290 applications for urgent admission and 495 made for precautionary reasons. A total of 9,148 places are available in sheltered workshops in Baden-Wuerttemberg. Average utilisation is 92.2 percent. Workshop population structure is characterised by a high share of younger clients. Only few openings will therefore presumably contrast with a high number of applications for entry that are expected to be forth-coming The need for sheltered workshop places will therefore continue to rise over the years ahead.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Condom awareness and use in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions, Tanzania: a population-based study.

A cross-sectional study of condom awareness, perceived availability, and use was conducted using a questionnaire in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions in northern Tanzania. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample (n = 1,081) of males and females (15-54 years of age) from four localities in the Arusha, Babati, Moshi, and Same districts. Of the 1,081 respondents, 69.9% knew what condoms are and, of these, 31.7% reported having ever used a condom, while 20.7% stated that they used condoms regularly. Furthermore, of the 756 respondents who knew what condoms are, 62.2% stated that condoms were available in their localities and, of these, 44.1% reported having used condoms regularly. The results suggested that, while the majority of the respondents knew about condoms and stated that condoms were available in their localities, reported regular condom use was low. Age, gender, marital status, occupation, and place of residence appeared to be significant determinants of condom awareness and use, while educational status was not. Although barmaids and professional drivers have been shown to practice high-risk sexual behavior, reported condom use among them was low.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Middle childhood and adolescent contextual and personal predictors of adult educational and occupational outcomes: a mediational model in two countries.

The authors examined the prediction of occupational attainment by age 40 from contextual and personal variables assessed during childhood and adolescence in 2 participant samples: (a) the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a study of 856 third graders in a semirural county in New York State that began in 1960, and (b) the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, a study of 369 eight-year-olds in Jyväskylä, Finland, that began in 1968. Both samples were followed up during adolescence and early and middle adulthood. Structural modeling analyses revealed that in both countries, for both genders, children's age 8 cognitive-academic functioning and their parents' occupational status had independent positive long-term effects on the children's adult occupational attainment, even after other childhood and adolescent personal variables were controlled for. Further, childhood and adolescent aggressive behavior negatively affected educational status in early adulthood, which in turn predicted lower occupational status in middle adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethnicity, sibling, and family correlates of young adults' status attainment: a follow-up study.

Longitudinal data were used to examine relationships among sibling variables, perceptions of family environments, and measures of educational attainment, occupational status, and occupational aspirations. The analyses involved 21-year-old Australians from Anglo-Australian, Greek, and Southern Italian families. Regression surfaces were plotted from models that included terms to test for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. The study indicated that sibsize and birth order continued to have many significant associations with young adults' status attainment even after taking into account the mediating influence of perceived family environments. Also, the investigation suggested that there are ethnic-group differences in relations among sibling variables, perceived parents' support for learning, and young adults' status attainment.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Polish education in the crisis decade--the testimony of population census.

"The purpose of this essay is to offer information on the links that exist between...demographic growth, education and the [labor force] in Poland, as revealed in past population censuses...taken in 1978 and 1988...." The effect of education on occupational status is discussed, and some projections for Poland's educational and employment sectors are made.

Demography↗
PubMed2001

Relationships between satisfaction with occupational factors and health-related variables in schizophrenia outpatients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between satisfaction with occupational factors, operationalized as occupational status and the total daily occupational situation, and health-related variables among people with schizophrenia. The health-related variables included quality of life, perceived control, sense of coherence, and psychopathology. Gender differences in these relationships were explored as well. METHODS: A sample of 74 individuals, aged 20-55 years, from outpatient psychiatric services were recruited to the study. A variety of interviews and self-rating scales were used in the data collection. RESULTS: When controlling for depressive symptoms, the results showed that satisfaction with employment status was of significance for health among patients with schizophrenia, but satisfaction with the total daily occupational situation seemed to be even more important to quality of life and other health-related aspects. In particular, satisfaction with daily occupations constituted an important dimension for self-rated quality of life. Some minor sex differences could be discerned in the pattern of associations. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association between satisfaction with daily occupations and self-rated quality of life adds a new dimension to the understanding of quality of life for this group of subjects, and suggests that helping to organise an individual's daily occupations ought to be a significant task in planning for psychiatric services.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Temporary employment and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality.

The number of nonpermanent employees is rising, but mortality in this group has received little attention. The authors examined the associations between temporary employment and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Longitudinal data from 10 towns in Finland related to 26,592 men and 65,759 women, of whom 1,332 died between 1990 and 2001. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, occupational status, salary, and change in occupational title showed that overall mortality was 1.2-1.6 times higher among male and female temporary employees compared with permanent employees. Temporary employment was associated with increased deaths from alcohol-related causes (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.9 for men; HR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5 for women) and, for men, smoking-related cancer (HR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 6.0). Corresponding risks were greater for the unemployed. Moving from temporary to permanent employment was associated with a lower risk of death than remaining continuously in permanent employment (HR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9 for men and women combined). These findings suggest that the conventional research practice of treating the employed as a single group may attenuate the associations between employment status and mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Ecological structure and incidence rates of schizophrenia in Nagasaki City.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between incidence rates of schizophrenia and residential features in Nagasaki City, Japan. Social features of residents in 259 areas in the Nagasaki City ecological structure were determined using the results of the 1980 national census. Six residential factors--employment status, occupational and academic career, household status, length of residence, housing tenure and young male predominance--were selected as factors that clearly reflect residential differentiation of residents. Contrary to the findings of many other studies conducted in Western cities, no statistically significant differences were observed, although it seemed that incidence rates were comparatively higher in the lower social classes. These results possibly reflect differences in cultural and social values and structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer: a population-based prospective cohort study in China.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To asses the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Chinese population. DESIGN: A population-based prospective cohort study was initiated from the colorectal cancer screening population in Jiashan County in 1989-1990. The drinking habits of individuals were investigated with demographic information. SETTING: A cohort study was followed-up from 1st May 1990 to 1st January 2001 and censored at the date of diagnosis of CRC, at death from any causes, or at 1st January 2001, whichever came first, and the person-time was computed. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and forty two CRC patients were diagnosed during the study period and 64,100 individuals finished the follow-up. RESULTS: The distribution of sex, smoking status, occupation, education level and marital status were all significantly different among different drinking habits at baseline. When the above factors were adjusted, no significant association was observed between alcohol consumption and the risk of CRC. Exclusion of individuals diagnosed cancer less than 1 year after the examination date did not alter the strength of an alcohol-CRC relationship. Further analysis in sex strata also did not show a significant relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol drinking may not be associated with a higher risk of CRC in the Chinese population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The influence of perceived well-being and reported symptoms on health care utilization: a population-based study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of reported well-being and symptoms on the utilization of health care, including alternative medicine. A random, age-stratified sample was drawn from the general population of Håbo, a municipality in mid-Sweden. Of the 1312 subjects sampled, 827 responded to a postal questionnaire, providing information on health care utilization during the previous year, on a number of well-being variables and on perceived symptoms during the past 3 months. Subjects who reported low scores for perceived health and sleep had significantly more appointments with a physician than subjects reporting high scores. These results remained when the influence of age, sex, marital status, household size, educational level, occupational status and presence of chronic disease, shown to affect health care utilization in a previous report, was taken into account. In addition, multi-symptom reporters had higher odds for appointments with physicians or providers of alternative medicine than those with few symptoms when account was taken of potential confounders. The effect of perceived health was independent of symptom reporting on health care utilization, indicating that there is probably no simple chain of causation involved. Health care consumption, especially out-patient care, appears to be linked to perceived bad health and the multi-symptom reporting, factors that together with other known predictors perhaps might be used to estimate future health care needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A study of prevalence of protein energy malnutrition among 0-5 years in rural Benue State, Nigeria.

Three hundred and seventy pre-school children (181 males and 189 females) were studied in order to document the prevalence of protein energy malnutrition and factors that militate it. The prevalence of protein energy malnutrition among the children was revealed to be 41.6% (154). One hundred and fiftyone (40.8%) of them were found to have weight-for-height below -2SD indicating level of stunting among the children. Most malnourished children belonged to mothers who were illiterate 97 (54.8%) when viewed from the mothers' educational perspective. This study also showed the following factors that were statistically significant with PEM: educational status of mothers (p<0.05), marital status (p<0.05) of mothers, occupational status of mothers (p=0.000), parental income per annum (p=0.000), length of breastfeeding (p=0.000), water supply and regularity, type of housing and toilet facilities. Intensification of health education aimed at encouraging beneficial childhood feeding practices in the community is needed together with further study on the subject, which will be directed at actual analysis of the nutritive values of available local foodstuffs as a prerequisite for an effective intervention programme.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2006

Professional correlates of insomnia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is a highly prevalent disorder that affects daytime functioning, behavior, and quality of life. Several reports have shown that insomnia impacts on the workforce and is associated with an increased risk of absenteeism. However, few workplace studies have been performed. Our study attempted to evaluate the professional correlates of insomnia by comparing a group of workers with insomnia to a matched group of good sleepers. The main objective measure was absenteeism. Accidents, self-esteem at work, job satisfaction, and efficiency at work were also investigated. DESIGN: Pairs of workers with insomnia (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition definition) and good sleepers, matched by age, sex, and occupational status, were interviewed by their occupational physician and also answered a self-administered questionnaire on work-related criteria. Objective data on absenteeism (number of days absent from work) were provided by the employers' health resource databases. SETTING: Paris and the Ile de France region (France). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Seven hundred eighty-five subjects completed the questionnaire. We retained 369 pair (ie, 738 subjects) for analysis. Insomniacs missed work twice as often as good sleepers. The difference between insomniacs and good sleepers in terms of absenteeism was particularly high for blue-collar workers (odds ratio = 3.0) and men (odds ratio = 2.31). Insomniacs had also a higher accident rate while driving and, strikingly, a 3-fold greater risk of having 2 or 3 serious road accidents. They also reported poor self-esteem at work, less job satisfaction, and less efficiency at work, compared with good sleepers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found an objective increase in absenteeism in insomniacs compared with good sleepers.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1991

[The use of extended family APGAR index in OPD].

The present study was designed to evaluate the clinical availability of extended family APGAR in OPD. Five hundred and twenty two patients were collected from three different out-patient departments were studied during a 6 month period. All 522 patients were over 12 years of age and asked to completed an extended family function questionnaire. The patient's age, sex, marital status, occupation, education, family role, socioeconomic status and religion were also recorded. The results showed that there were significant difference among the extended scores of patient's marital status and the socioeconomic status. We also found that patients suffering from family problems, psychosomatic problems and multiple problems have significantly lower extended scores. Because only 3 patients were diagnosed as having family problems by a chart reviewed in all 522 patients, we suggest further research on the extended family APGAR before widely using it in OPD.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Occupational prestige for registered nurses in the Asia-Pacific region: status consensus.

Occupational prestige for nurses may result in improved job satisfaction, enhanced abilities in health promotion activities, and autonomy in decision-making related to patient care. Regional consensus in the ascription of professional occupational status and consequent prestige, between health workers and within registered nurses, has been investigated within the Asia-Pacific region and other countries. Consensus for registered nurses and medical officers at the level of professional was supported for 66% of countries. Australia, although rapid and complete in its transition to degree level education, still reflects a paraprofessional status compared with the professional status of medical officers. Registered nurses from Thailand and the Philippines led the region in within-group consensus with 80% of registered nurses holding a degree as their minimum educational qualification. Findings highlight the need to promote professional status for all registered nurses within the Asia-Pacific region and outline areas for potential disjuncture between status and prestige achievement.

Asia↗
PubMed1989

[Fertility, employment, and migration. Differential fertility according to migration experience using census data].

Differential fertility in Italy by occupation is analyzed using census data. The author uses the own-children method to develop retrospective estimates of period fertility for women in 1976 and 1981. The occupational status categories used are "employed in the same sector, employed in a different sector, no longer employed, new employed, never employed. A strong relation appears between work status changes and fertility trends: the women who recently obtained a new job touch the lowest level of fertility, while those who left their job reach the highest level." The impact of migration and nuptiality is also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Demography↗