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Ritual prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

Behaviouristic theories of obsessive-compulsive neurosis are reviewed and their relationship indicated to the introduction of ritual prevention as a form of treatment for this condition. Studies investigating aspects of ritual prevention are summarised. The treatment of six obsessive-compulsive patients in a psychiatric ward of a general hospital is described and the difficulties encountered outlined. The authors' impression was that the response of patients shown was more marked and immediate than with any other treatment apart from leucotomy.

Anxiety Disorders↗

The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)--factors derived from the HSCL-90.

A factor analysis of the 90-item version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, performed on the pretreatment self-ratings of nonpsychotic outpatients with symptoms of depression and anxiety, revealed the presence of 8 clinically meaningful factors. These eight orthogonal factors each contained at least 5 items with loadings above 0.40 and explained 4.5% or more of the matrix variance. They were labeled Somatization, Phobic-Anxiety, Retarded Depression, Agitated Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anger-Hostility and Psychoticism.

Adolescent↗

Depressive disorders and religious conversions.

The sparse psychiatric literature concerning religious conversions is reviewed. Four case histories of diagnosed depressive illness followed by religious conversion are presented. In two obsessive-compulsive patients, the religious experience failed to resolve the depression, and both ended in suicide. Two hysterical personalities had a resolution of depressive symptoms following the religious experience. The authors suggest that religious conversion dynamically strengthens repression in hysterical persons, but in some cases fails to resolve obsessive isolation of affect and ambivalence.

Adult↗

[Psychological resistances of women to the principal female methods of contraception. Clinical classification].

According to the literature and to the experience of the authors gathered at the family department at the Louvain Faculty of Medicine, these psychological resistances may schematically be classified as follows: normative and socio-cultural resistances; medical resistances (wish of pregnancy, personality traits, narcissm, sexual and technical resistances); psychopathological resistances (unspecific neurotic behavior, phobias, hypochondriasis, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, character neurosis); secondary resistances.

Attitude↗

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in predicting response to pharmacotherapy of neurotic outpatients.

The utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in predicting treatment response to pharmacotherapy for a group of 54 anxious and 43 depressed outpatients was examined. Discriminant function analyses using the MMPI scales were conducted on groups of improved and unimproved patients. Several significant function, as well as zero-order, differences were found. In general, improved patients scored significantly lower on scales reflecting depression and obsessive-compulsive or schizoid tendencies. They also obtained lower scores on scales measuring interpersonal sensitivity and suggestive of character traits such as low frustration tolerance, impulsivity, and resentment toward authority figures. Additional analyses in which several different profile types were compared for treatment outcome revealed few differences among groups.

Adjustment Disorders↗

[Case of compulsive-obsessive neurosis. Clinical observations].

The authors describe a clinical case of obsessive-compulsive neurosis, from eight years of evolution. The out-lined therapy was in agreement with the principles of "behaviour therapy" and had two main goals. The first one, was obtaining the emotional desinhibition of the patient and, the second one, preventing him from doing any ritual, 24 hours per day, using the method of "response prevention". By now he has more than a year after treatment and is maintaining without medicines and leading a professional, active life.

Bipolar Disorder↗

On the psychology of the aging woman. Depression in late mid-life: change or repetition? Another chance for working through.

A woman of 58 came for psychotherapy for the first time suffering from a depressive reaction precipitated by two mid-life events: the marriage of her daughter and the realization that her own cherished marital dream would never be fulfilled. She had postponed coming to terms with the disappointments of her marriage as long as she had had other objects. When these objects were lost, and the distance she had maintained to handle her feelings was threatened, she sought help. There was suggestive evidence that a collusive marital system had sustained an unsatisfactory relationship for 35 years. Her husband was described as an obsessive-compulsive character. His traits were both needed, feared, and resented by the patient, representing the rejected part of herself and aspects of her hated grandmother. Mrs. A. had character traits and a developmental history which supported a diagnosis of primitive hysterical personality. (This type has been described by Zetzel (1968) as "the so-called good hysteric.") The paucity of object relationships in her life, her poor work habits, her inability to tolerate affects were striking. The patient had identified with a pathological mother in a family dominated by rejecting and depreciating attitudes. The patient's use of the defense mechanisms of splitting, projection, and withdrawal as ways of dealing with ambivalence significantly interfered with her self-object differentiation and her capacity for intense emotional or physical intimacy. She could only love men whom she rescued or protected, a pattern consistent with the fact that she could not relate to equals or superiors. Yet she was unable to draw on a good identification with a nuturing mother, so as to really be able to give. There was too much hurt and uncontrolled anger when she was in the superior position with the kind of man who could not meet her dependency needs. Feeling unprotected, she had married a "strong" man, who she expected would meet her narcissistic and dependency demands. He was inhibited and controlled and could neither need nor be needed by her during his active work life. This led to immediate disappointment of her conflicting conscious and unconscious expectations. She wanted him to be strong and ideal, yet to need her and never oppose her. Hence, there was a failure to establish a mature or satisfying marital relationship. She turned to her children for comfort, particularly her daughter, becoming depressed when her daughter married. She found gratification by staying busy tutoring and teaching underprivileged children. In the course of treatment her depressive symptoms disappeared. She felt hopeful, capable of being believed in, and able to cope as a result of the therapist's functioning as her uncritical ally. After she resumed living with her husband she began to acknowledge an ambivalence toward her cherished, confidante daughter and in some ways reversed her previous splitting of husband and daughter. The mean husband became a kindly saint and the darling daughter became a critical, spiteful queen...

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Cerebral lateralization and personality style.

Hysterical and obsessive-compulsive style subjects, as determined by a modified Rorschach test and the Wechslar Adult Intelligence Scale Comprehension subtest, were questioned in a face-to-face format where lateral eye movements were surreptitiously observed. Only right-handed subjects were used. It has been argued that lateral eye movements index immediate hemispheric activation after questions--the first such eye movement being a direction opposite to the putatively activated hemisphere. There was significantly more left-looking among the hysterical subjects than among the obsessive-compulsive style subjects.

Adult↗

Gene interaction in the phenotypic expression of mental diseases.

A genealogical analysis is carried out on the pedigrees of 10 twin pairs with two or more psychoses. The probands' symptoms reveal some peculiar aspects, i.e., an atypical phenomenology possibly due to the interference of more pathological genes. Schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and obsessive neurosis, are found in the pedigrees in different combinations. The study of these pedigrees would lead to the conclusion that interaction of more than one psychosis gives rise to atypical forms as a result of an attempt to establish a state of balance between opposing dynamic actions, as in reversible chemical reactions. Probands' symptoms are less severe and with an often more favourable prognosis. Epilepsy tends to become independent and the major psychoses seem to be epistatic on it. As for obsessive-compulsive neurosis, probands may progress into schizophrenia or depression if one of these psychoses is present in the pedigree, or may represent the neurotic form of the major disease.

Adolescent↗

Costs and benefits of behavioural psychotherapy: a pilot study of neurotics treated by nurse-therapists.

A pilot study is reported of costs and benefits from behavioural psychotherapy by nurse-therapists for selected neurotic problems. Figures are based on the treatment of 42 neurotics (mainly phobics and obsessive-compulsives) who completed treatment with nurse-therapists in a mean of 9 sessions (16 hours). The year before and after treatment was studied. Apart from significant and lasting reduction in patients' distress, economic benefits to them, their families and the community yielded a worthwhile internal rate of return when benefits from the cohort continue for 3 years, a reasonable assumption on available other evidence. Though untreated phobics did not improve elsewhere over 5 years follow-up, a controlled study would seem desirable.

Absenteeism↗

Factor analy of orality and anality in selected patient groups.

Responses of 150 outpatients, suffering from physical or emotional problems to a 186-item questionnaire concerning their possession of behavioral traits that have been associated with anal and oral personality structures, as well as their practices and concerns about mouth and bowel function, were factor analyzed. Results were comparable with those from an earlier study involvine Army recruits as subjects, in showing some factors that resembled aspects of oral and anal character as described in psychoanalytic theory. These factors were not strong, nor were they clearly related to mouth and bowel behavior. Comparisons among clinical sub-groups showed that on five factors that significantly differentiated the groups, mean factor scores of proctological and ulcer patients resembled each other more than they did those of obsessive-compulsive patients, who were quite similar to passive-dependents. A control group of other types of psychiatric patients mixed with dermatological patients was intermediate between the physical and neurotic groups of patients. As seen in these factors, the somatic patients were relatively easy-going, slipshod, and accepting of change. Proctological and obsessive-compulsive patients, both linked to anal fixations by psychoanalytic theory, were the most dissimilar of all groups.

Anus Diseases↗

Psychogenic vertigo within an anxiety frame of reference: an experimental study.

The theoretical point of departure here was the assumption that a psychogenic vertigo patient displaces affect, or experience of anxiety to one of dizziness, the dizziness serving as an anxiety equivalent. This is seen to imply a change in the locus of experience from the me to the not-me sphere. "Percept-genetic" techniques and a spiral after-effect measurement were used to compare 23 patients with presumed psychogenic vertigo with a control group matched in sex, age, education and occupation. Results of the percept-genetic techniques showed the patients to display stronger signs of affect anxiety than subjects in the control group. Also two main subgroups of patients were differentiated with the help of the descriptive instruments, one group with signs of a primitive-hysteroid mode of functioning, the other with signs of an obsessive-compulsive mode. For both subgroups the suggested displacement mechanism seemed to be functioning. Its apparent effect differed, however, for the two subgroups: in the "primitive-hysteroid" group the displacement mechanism was more effective. The "obsessive-compulsive" group showed stronger signs of affect anxiety, dizziness here being better characterized as a concomitant than as an equivalent of anxiety. Results of a follow-up two years after the investigation also showed a poorer development of symptoms within the "obsessive-compulsive" group.

Adult↗

Self-mutilation, obsessionality and narcissism.

A controlled study of the clinical and biographical features of 22 female repeated self-cutters is described. The results of the assessment of these patients, using the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and the Obsessive-Compulsive section of the Tavistock Inventory, is presented. The marked obsessionality of these patients is emphasized and the possible implications of these findings for treatment is discussed.

Adolescent↗