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PubMed1999

A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men.

Due to its unique absorption and metabolism characteristics, medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, consisting of fatty acids with 8-12 carbons, has been used therapeutically since the 1950s in the treatment of fat malabsorption, cystic fibrosis, epilepsy, weight control, and to increase exercise performance. Medium chain triglycerides are easily hydrolyzed in the intestines and the fatty acids are transported directly to the liver via the portal venous system, in contrast to long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), which are incorporated into chylomicrons for transport through the lymphatic system or peripheral circulation. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) do not require carnitine to cross the double mitochondrial membrane of the hepatocyte, thus they quickly enter the mitochondria and undergo rapid beta-oxidation, whereas most LCFAs are packaged into triglycerides in the hepatocyte. In this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study, 20 healthy men ingested a single dose of either 71 g of MCT oil or canola oil. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at hours one through five post-ingestion to compare the effect of a single oral dosing of MCT oil versus canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels. Mean triglyceride values after canola oil increased 47 percent above baseline (p <0.001), while mean triglyceride values after MCT oil decreased 15 percent from baseline (p <0.001), which is consistent with several other studies involving short- and longer-term feeding with MCT oil. The effect of long-term usage of MCT oil on triglycerides is yet to be established.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

The absorption and transport of dietary cholesterol in the presence of peanut oil or randomized peanut oil.

Peanut oil has been shown to be unexpectedly atherogenic for cholesterol-fed rats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. However, randomization (rearrangement of fatty acids to random distribution) of peanut oil significantly reduced its atherogenicity for rabbits and monkeys. This study was conducted to investigate whether the absorption and transport of dietary cholesterol was altered in the presence of peanut oil or randomized peanut oil, thereby accounting for the difference in the atherogenicity of the two diets. Intestinal lymph fistula rats were infused intraduodenally with a lipid emulsion at a rate of 3 ml/hr. The lipid emulsion contained either peanut oil (control) or randomized peanut oil (experimental) (10 mM), 14C-cholesterol (1.3 mM) and sodium taurocholate (19 mM) in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 6.4. Lymph triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid outputs were similar in both groups of rats during fasting and subsequently during lipid infusion. Comparable recovery of 14C-cholesterol from the intestinal lumen and the intestinal mucosa of the control and the experimental rats showed that the absorption and transport of dietary cholesterol were similar in both groups of rats. Analyses of the fatty acid of both lymph and intestinal mucosal lipid again failed to reveal a difference between the 2 groups of rats. It is concluded that the difference in the atherogenicity between the peanut oil and the randomized peanut oil is probably caused by events subsequent to the release of cholesterol containing chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins by the small intestinal epithelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of the effects of dietary sunflower oil and virgin olive oil on rat exocrine pancreatic secretion in vivo.

The aim of this study was to investigate the functional consequences in vivo of adapting the rat exocrine pancreas to different dietary fats. Weanling rats were fed diets containing 10 wt% virgin olive oil or sunflower oil for 8 wk. We then examined resting and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8)-stimulated pancreatic secretion in the anesthetized animals. To confirm a direct influence of the type of fat upon the gland, the FA composition of pancreatic membranes as well as tissue protein and amylase content were determined in separate rats. The membrane FA profile was profoundly altered by the diets, reflecting the type of dietary fat given, although this was not paralleled by variations in the pancreatic content of protein or amylase. Nevertheless, dietary intake of oils evoked different effects on in vivo secretory activity. Resting flow rate and amylase output were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by sunflower oil feeding. Time course changes in response to CCK-8 infusion also showed a different pattern in each group. Secretion of fluid, protein, and amylase increased markedly in all animals, reaching a maximum within 20-40 min of infusion that was followed by a dramatic decline in both groups. In the sunflower oil group, this resulted in values reaching the resting level as soon as 60 min after CCK-8 infusion was begun. However, after the initial decline, olive oil group values showed a prolonged plateau elevation above the baseline (P < 0.05) that was maintained for at least the infusion time. In addition, a positive correlation between flow rate and both protein concentration and amylase activity existed in the olive oil group, but not in the sunflower oil group. The precise mechanism by which these effects are produced remains to be elucidated.

Amylases↗
PubMed1993

Effect on serum lipids of addition of safflower oil or olive oil to very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef.

The cholesterol-lowering effect of very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef has previously been shown to be reversed with the addition of beef fat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect on serum lipid levels of the addition of safflower oil or olive oil to a very-low-fat diet rich in lean beef. Subjects were assigned to either the safflower oil or the olive oil group. In the first week the subjects ate their usual diet; in the second and third weeks all subjects ate a very-low-fat (9% of energy) diet rich in lean beef. In the fourth and fifth weeks the fat content of the diet was increased in a stepwise fashion to 20% and 30% of energy, respectively, by substituting safflower oil or olive oil for carbohydrate. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations decreased by 13% to 14%, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations decreased by 20% to 25% in subjects after 2 weeks of the very-low-fat, lean-beef diet. The LDL-C concentrations remained low after the addition of safflower oil or olive oil to the very-low-fat diet. These results indicate that a reduction in saturated fat, not total fat, is required to reduce serum total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. Provided that the total diet is low in saturated fat, these serum lipid responses can be achieved even when the diet is rich in fat-trimmed lean beef.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The desaturation and elongation of linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by hepatocytes and liver microsomes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing fish oil or olive oil.

The products of desaturation and elongation of [1-14C]18:3(n - 3) and [1-14C]20:5(n - 3) were studied using hepatocytes and microsomes prepared from livers of trout maintained on diets containing either olive oil or fish oil, to establish the extent to which the formation of 22:6(n - 3) was enhanced in the absence of dietary 22:6(n - 3) and to investigate the pathway(s) of conversion of 18:3(n - 3) and 20:5(n - 3) to 22:6(n - 3). Levels of 20:5(n - 3) and 22:6(n - 3) in the total lipid of hepatocytes from trout fed olive oil were 20-fold and 10-fold, respectively, lower than in cells from trout fed fish oil. For both dietary groups, [1-14C]18:3(n - 3) was incorporated into hepatocyte lipid to a greater extent than [1-14C] 20:5(n - 3). Almost 70% of the total radioactivity from [1-14C]18:3(n - 3) was recovered in hepatocyte triacylglycerols, whereas radioactivity from [1-14C]20:5(n - 3) was recovered almost equally in neutral lipids (52%) and polar lipids (48%). The products of desaturation and elongation from both labelled substrates were esterified mainly into hepatocyte polar lipids, whereas elongation products of [1-14C]18:3(n - 3) were preferentially incorporated into neutral lipids. Radioactivity recovered in the 22:6(n - 3) of polar lipids of hepatocytes from trout fed olive oil, from both 14C substrates, was approximately double that in hepatocytes from trout fed fish oil. No radioactivity from either [1-14C]18:3(n - 3) or [1-14C]20:5(n - 3) was incorporated into 22:6(n - 3) by microsomes isolated from livers from either group of fish and incubated in the presence of acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADH, NADPH, ATP and coenzyme A. However, significant radioactivity was recovered in 24:5(n - 3) and 24:6(n - 3) from [1-14C]20:5(n - 3) and more radioactive 24:6(n - 3) accumulated in microsomes from trout fed olive oil than from trout fed fish oil. The results establish that the formation of 22:6(n - 3) from both 18:3(n - 3) and 20:5(n - 3) in hepatocytes of rainbow trout is stimulated by omitting 22:6(n - 3) from the diet and are consistent with the biosynthesis of 22:6(n - 3) in trout liver cells proceeding via 24:5(n - 3) and 24:6(n - 3) intermediates.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dietary intake of rapeseed oil or soybean oil as the only fat nutrient in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats - blood pressure and pathophysiology.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed a diet containing 10% rapeseed (canola) oil or soybean oil as dietary fat, and given drinking water containing 1% NaCl for 26 weeks. From the 10th week and later, systolic blood pressure in the canola oil group became higher than that in the soybean oil group in each strain. The 26-week feeding of canola oil increased plasma lipids and the neutrophil counts, and decreased the platelet counts. In the canola oil group the heart and kidney tended to become heavier with sporadically found histologic lesions. Acetylcholine- and nitroprusside-induced dilating responses of isolated aortic rings and norepinephrine- and veratridine-induced increases in vascular tone of isolated perfused mesenteric arteries were not different between the two groups in each strain. These results demonstrate that canola oil intake as the only dietary fat elevates blood pressure of the rat provided with drinking water containing 1% NaCl through mechanisms other than blunt dilating response of the blood vessel due to dysfunction of the endothelium or vascular smooth muscle, the augmented response to norepinephrine in the arteries and the increased amount of norepinephrine in the sympathetic nerve endings. The lesions in the heart and kidney in SHR may be related to a strain-specific peripheral vascular deterioration which was disclosed by the extremely high blood pressure in the canola oil group.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

Dietary fat (virgin olive oil or sunflower oil) and physical training interactions on blood lipids in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the intake of virgin olive oil or sunflower oil and performance of physical exercise (at different states) affect plasma levels of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, and fatty acid profile in rats. METHODS: The study was carried out with six groups of male rats subjected for 8 wk to a diet based on virgin olive oil (three groups) or sunflower oil (three groups) as dietary fat. One group for each diet acted as sedentary control; the other two groups ran in a treadmill for 8 wk at 65% of the maximum oxygen consumption. One group for each diet was killed 24 h after the last bout of exercise and the other was killed immediately after the exercise performance. Triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, and fatty acid profile were analyzed in plasma. Analysis of variance was used to test differences among groups. RESULTS: Animals fed on virgin olive oil had lower triacylglycerol and cholesterol values. Physical exercise reduced these parameters with both dietary treatments. Fatty acid profile showed higher monounsaturated fatty acid proportion in virgin olive fed oil animals and a higher omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion in sunflower oil fed animals. Physical exercise reduced the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids with both diets and increased the proportions of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present study supported the idea that physical exercise and the intake of virgin olive oil are very good ways of reducing plasma triacylglycerols and cholesterol, which is desirable in many pathologic situations. Concerning findings on fatty acid profile, we had results similar to those of other investigators regarding the effect of different sources of dietary fat on plasma. The most interesting results came from the effect of physical exercise, with significant increases in the levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may contribute to the antithrombotic state and lower production of proinflammatory prostanoids attributed to physical exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Performance of crude olive pomace oil and soybean oil during carotenoid production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation.

Crude olive pomace oil (COPO) and crude soybean oil (CSO), two low-cost carbon sources, were examined as cosubstrates of glucose for carotenoid production by Blakeslea trispora. Results were compared to those obtained in glucose as a sole carbon source (medium 1) and glucose plus the respective end-line refined oil counterparts. Microbial growth in the presence of oils resulted in an increase in total carotenoid production. The performance of crude oils was better than that of the respective refined forms. Carotenoid production depended on both type and added oil amount. An increase in added oil amount did not necessarily favor carotenoid accumulation. The addition of 10 g oil/L of substrate stimulated carotenoid synthesis, mainly that of beta-carotene, more than 14 (COPO) and 40 times (CSO) in comparison to that observed in medium 1. The maximum total carotenoid content (as mg beta-carotene per g of biomass dry weight) was 75 (COPO) and 235 mg (CSO), respectively. Growth, substrate assimilation, and lipid accumulation-degradation also depended on the presence of oil in the substrate.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2002

The plasma level of triacylglycerols in horses fed high-fat diets containing either soybean oil or palm oil.

The influence of dietary soybean oil versus palm oil on the plasma level of triacylglycerols was determined in a crossover experiment with four horses. Based on published data for humans and laboratory animals it was expected that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids in the form of soybean oil compared to saturated fatty acids in the form of palm oil would lower the plasma triacylglycerol level. The feeding of soybean oil versus palm oil for a period of four weeks did not change the level of plasma triacylglycerols in horses. Mean levels of triacylglycerol, free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate were 0.17 (SE, 0.04), 0.44 (SE, 0.063) and 0.16 (SE, 0.008) mmol/l, respectively. The fatty acid composition of the plasma triacylglycerols reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. The activity of lipoprotein lipase was not different between the treatments. It is concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, the feeding of soybean oil to horses does not affect triacylglycerol secretion into plasma and thus does not influence the concentration of plasma triacylgycerols, when compared to the feeding of palm oil.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2003

The influence of dietary fish oil vs. sunflower oil on the fatty acid composition of plasma cholesteryl-esters in healthy, adult cats.

The question addressed was whether the fatty acid composition of plasma cholesteryl esters (CEs) in cats reflects the intake of fatty acids. Diets containing either fish oil or sunflower oil were fed to six healthy, adult cats in a cross-over trial. The dry cat foods contained approximately 18.5% crude fat, of which two-third was in the form of the variable oil. Blood samples were collected at the end of each 4-week feeding period, and the fatty acid composition of plasma CEs and plasma concentrations of lipoproteins were determined. Consumption of the diet with fish oil was associated with significantly greater proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid in plasma CEs. The intake of fish oil instead of sunflower oil reduced the percentage of linoleic acid in CEs. The plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides were not affected by fish oil vs. sunflower oil feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Studies on acid oils and fatty acids for chickens. I. Influence of age, rate of inclusion and degree of saturation on fat digestibility and metabolisable energy of acid oils.

1. Using a multi-rate assay, 3 commercial acid oils (sunflower, soyabean and tallow) were evaluated for AMEn and added fat digestibility with broiler chicks, at 11, 25, 39, 53 and 60 d of age. The regression equations of AMEn values or ME of available fat on rate of inclusion of fat were calculated. 2. Significance was achieved for linear regression but not for quadratic regression in both variables; neither rate of inclusion nor age of birds (except for tallow acid oil at 25 d) significantly affected the AMEn or ME of fat. Metabolisable energy of fat (on a dry matter basis) calculated from combined linear regression equations was 19.14MJ/kg for sunflower acid oil, 18.09MJ/kg for tallow acid oil and 27.94MJ/kg for soyabean acid oil. Differences between sunflower and soyabean acid oils were attributed in variations in unsaponifiable and non-eluted materials of both fats. 3. Abdominal fat pad weight and its relationship to carcase weight were also studied with birds slaughtered at 67 d of age. Chicks given tallow acid oil deposited larger amounts of abdominal fat, and this deposition was directly related to the rate of inclusion of acid oil in the diet.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

Corn oil, palm oil and butterfat fractions affect postprandial lipemia and lipoprotein lipase in meal-fed rats.

Our objective was to investigate the time course of postprandial lipemia and lipolytic activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to eat meals containing butterfat fractions, palm oil or corn oil. Baseline and postprandial blood samples were obtained via a carotid cannula in rats fed the experimental diets for 4 wk. Rats fed saturated fats compared with corn oil showed a significantly greater peak increase in postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations. Corn oil ingestion resulted in significantly lower concentrations of cholesterol and triacylglycerol in plasma and significantly less triacylglycerol accumulation (millimoles per liter per 24 h) compared with ingestion of saturated fats. Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and plasma insulin concentration were generally greater with ingestion of corn oil compared with palm oil or butterfat. Palm oil ingestion resulted in a biphasic plasma triacylglycerol response curve and greater postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity compared with butterfat ingestion, suggesting differential effects of saturated fats on postprandial lipemia. Our results indicate that greater postprandial lipemia with ingestion of saturated fats compared with corn oil may be due in part to slower plasma triacylglycerol clearance.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Relationships between fatty acid status of sow plasma and that of umbilical cord, plasma and tissues of newborn piglets when sows were fed on diets containing tuna oil or soyabean oil in late pregnancy.

To investigate the relationships between maternal, umbilical cord and piglet fatty acid status, multiparous sows (six per diet) were fed on diets containing supplements (30 g/kg) of either soyabean oil or tuna oil for the last 21 d of pregnancy. The proportions of most fatty acids differed between diets: in particular, the tuna-oil-containing diet supplied more 22:6n-3 and less 18:2n-6 fatty acids than the soyabean-oil-containing diet. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentrations (mg/l) were greater than those in umbilical plasma and 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids were present in higher proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) in umbilical than maternal plasma. Feeding tuna oil increased the proportionate amounts (g/100 g fatty acids) of total n-3 fatty acids (particularly 22:6n-3) in umbilical cord, plasma and piglet tissues compared with feeding soyabean oil: in contrast, the proportion of 20:4n-6 was decreased by feeding tuna oil. Changes in piglet fatty acid proportions as a result of oil feeding were not influenced by piglet weight. While proportions of the long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglet liver, spleen and reproductive tract (ovaries plus uterus of the female, testes of the male) correlated well with those of umbilical plasma, those in brain and retina were poorly correlated. Therefore umbilical plasma cannot be used to predict the fatty acid status of piglet brain.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Palm oil versus hydrogenated soybean oil: effects on serum lipids and plasma haemostatic variables.

The purpose of this study was to test if replacement of trans fatty acids by palmitic acid in an experimental margarine results in unfavourable effects on serum lipids and haemostatic factors. We have compared the effects of three different margarines, one based on palm oil (PALM-margarine), one based on partially hydrogenated soybean oil (TRANS- margarine) and one with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-margarine), on serum lipids in 27 young women. In nine of the participants fasting levels and diurnal postprandial levels of haemostatic variables on the 3 diets were compared. The sum of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 provided 11% of energy (E%) in the PALM diet, the same as the sum of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and trans fatty acids in the TRANS-diet. Oleic acid provided 10-11E% in all three diets, while PUFA provided 5.7, 5.5 and 10.2 E%, respectively. Total fat provided 30-31% and the test margarines 26% of total energy in all three diets. Each of the diets was consumed for 17 days in a crossover design. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apoB between the TRANS- and the PALM-diet. HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I were significantly higher on the PALM-diet compared to the TRANS-diet while the ratio of LDL- to HDL-cholesterol was lower, although not significantly (P = 0.077) on the PALM-diet. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apoB were significantly lower on the PUFA-diet compared to the two other diets. HDL-cholesterol was not different on the PALM- and the PUFA-diet while it was significantly lower on the TRANS-diet compared to the PUFA-diet. Triglycerides and Lp(a) were not different among the three diets. The diurnal postprandial state level of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity was significantly decreased on the TRANS-diet compared to the PALM-diet. t-PA activity was also decreased on the PUFA-diet compared to PALM-diet although not significantly (P=0.07). There were no significant differences in neither fasting levels or in circadian variation of t-PA antigen, PAI-1 activity, PAI-1 antigen, factor VII coagulant activity or fibrinogen between the three diets. Our results suggest that dietary palm oil may have a more favourable effect on the fibrinolytic system compared to partially hydrogenated soybean oil. We conclude that from a nutritional point of view, palmitic acid from palm oil may be a reasonable alternative to trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil in margarine if the aim is to avoid trans fatty acids. A palm oil based margarine is, however, less favourable than one based on a more polyunsaturated vegetable oil.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets enhance platelet in vitro aggregation and thromboxane production in healthy men when compared with milk fat or habitual diets.

In this highly controlled trial, 26 normolipidemic men (average age 28 years, range 18 to 60) were fed a baseline diet high in milk fat (MF) (fat 36% of energy, saturates 19%, monounsaturates 11%, polyunsaturates 4%), followed by a diet high in sunflower oil (SO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 13%, monounsaturates 10%, polyunsaturates 13%) and another diet high in low erucic-acid rapeseed oil (RO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 12%, monounsaturates 16%, polyunsaturates 8%). All diets were mixed natural diets with the same cholesterol contents. The baseline milk fat diet was given for 14 days and the oil diets for 24 days in a blind cross-over design. The platelet in vitro aggregation (slope %/min) induced by 1, 2 and 3 microM ADP and collagen (25 micrograms/ml PRP) was highly significantly (p less than 0.001) increased after both oil diets when compared with the results from the milk fat diet. The aggregation pattern determined by threshold collagen concentration confirmed increased collagen sensitivity of the platelets after the rapeseed oil diet (p less than 0.001). The enhancement of platelet aggregation was associated with increased in vitro platelet thromboxane production after the oil diets vs. the milk fat diet (p less than 0.05 after the sunflower oil diet and p less than 0.001 after the rapeseed oil diet).

Adolescent↗