Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “NIPPLE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Mothers' reports of the outcome of nipple shield use.

Although nipple shields have undergone significant design improvements in recent years, many lactation consultants are reluctant to use them to assist with breastfeeding challenges. This article shares the experience of lactation consultants and their clients in the Breastfeeding Center at Evergreen Hospital with the use of ultrathin, silicone nipple shields. Fifty-one clients who used ultra-thin nipple shields were interviewed by telephone to determine patterns of use and client satisfaction. Eighty-six percent of the respondents reported that the ultra-thin nipple shield helped them continue to breastfeed. Our positive experiences, along with those of our clients, suggest that ultra-thin nipple shields can be a useful lactation tool in maintaining the breastfeeding relationship until problems are resolved.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1997

Long-term treatment of a breastfeeding mother with fluconazole-resolved nipple pain caused by yeast: a case study.

This case follows a breastfeeding mother with cracked nipples undergoing antibiotic treatment (dicloxacillin) for mastitis. Nipple candidiasis also presented with burning, stinging pain radiating from the nipples into the breast, lasting throughout feedings and beyond. Over a 7-week period, the asymptomatic infant was treated with the oral antifungal, nystatin. After other antifungal treatment regimens (oral nystatin, tristatin ointment) had been deemed unsuccessful for the mother, the physician prescribed fluconazole (200 mg loading dose plus 100 mg/day for 15 days) which reduced, but did not eliminate, the nipple yeast and accompanying pain. Fluconazole was continued for an additional 30 days (200 mg/day) for a total of 6 weeks of treatment with this medication. Concurrently, a topical yeast medication (tristatin ointment) was used for a total of 8 weeks on the nipples/areola, after which the overt pain was resolved. Although the mastitis resolved after 1 week, the cracked nipples did not completely heal for several months. During the initial 3 weeks of treatment, neither over-the-counter pain medication nor acetaminophen with codeine relieved this mother's pain. Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen (10/650 mg/tablet) (Lorcet) offered the pain relief necessary for this mother to continue to breastfeed.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1997

Nipple wound care: a new approach to an old problem.

Nipple soreness and nipple trauma have long been associated with breastfeeding, and persist despite the many clinical advancements in the field of lactation. Management of nipple wounds has been approached in a variety of ways over the years in an attempt to treat and resolve this problem. Incorporating the scientific principles of modern wound care management can provide additional effective treatment options. Wounds are characterized by depth and extent of tissue destruction, regardless of their location on the body. Current wound treatment methods employ the use of moisture to aid healing. A moist environment is critical for epithelization, the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells across the surface of a wound during healing. Nipple wounds also heal by this process. Using a particular type of wound dressing, a hydrogel sheet wound covering, on a nipple wound offers several advantages. These dressings help maintain a moist environment, decrease the chance of bacterial infection, are easy to use, and provide immediate pain relief.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1999

The treatment of Staphyloccocus aureus infected sore nipples: a randomized comparative study.

Sore, cracked nipples are commonly experienced by breastfeeding mothers. We have previously reported a strong correlation between sore, cracked nipples and S. aureus colonization. A prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed to compare four treatment regimes for S. aureus infected sore nipples. Eighty-four breastfeeding mothers were enrolled in the study. After 5 days to 7 days of treatment, only 8% of mothers showed improvement in the "optimal breastfeeding technique alone" group, 16% improved with topical mupiricin, 29% improved with topical fusidic acid, yet 79% improved with oral antibiotics (p < .0001). Optimal breastfeeding techniques and topical antibiotics ointment failed to heal most infected, sore, cracked nipples. Mastitis developed in 12% to 35% of mothers not treated with systemic antibiotics compared to 5% of mothers treated with systemic antibiotics (p < .005). In conclusion, S. aureus infected sore, cracked nipples should be diagnosed as a potentially widespread impetigo vulgaris and treated aggressively with systemic antibiotics in order to improve healing and decrease the risk of developing mastitis due to an ascending lactiferous duct bacterial infection.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1995

Immunohistochemical localization of specific relaxin-binding cells in the cervix, mammary glands, and nipples of pregnant rats.

Previously, we demonstrated that endogenous circulating relaxin promotes the growth and softening of the cervix, the development of the mammary glands, and the growth and development of nipples. Due to the remarkably similar modifications in the histological appearance of the extracellular matrix in the cervix, mammary glands, and nipples, we hypothesized that there may be a common mechanism(s) of action of relaxin in these tissues. A fundamental step toward understanding this mechanism is to identify specific cells that contain relaxin receptors, that is to identify those cells that initiate relaxin's effects within relaxin target tissues. To identify specific relaxin-binding cells in the cervix, mammary glands, and nipples of the pregnant rat, a biologically active biotinylated relaxin probe was prepared. This probe for putative relaxin receptors was administered to intact rats on day 18 of pregnancy. After 1 h, the animals were killed, and tissues were fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 h. Fixed tissues were rinsed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and cryoprotected in an ascending series of 5%, 10%, and 20% sucrose solutions. The tissues were frozen in Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound and stored at -70 C until sectioning. Frozen sections (12 microns) were cut on a Tissue Tek II cryostat at -24 C and thaw mounted on slides coated with 0.01% poly-l-lysine (mol wt, 300-6000). The biotinylated relaxin was localized in cryosections with an antibiotin immunoglobulin G conjugated to colloidal gold, which was subsequently visualized for light microscopy with silver intensification. Specific binding of the biotinylated relaxin was localized in the epithelial and smooth muscle cells of the cervix, the epithelial cells of the mammary glands, and the epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and skin of the nipples. We conclude that those cells exhibiting specific relaxin binding probably contain relaxin receptors and, therefore, mediate relaxin's effects in these tissues. As relaxin bound specifically to epithelial cells in the cervix, mammary glands, and nipples, we postulate that the epithelial cells may initiate a common mechanism of action that brings about modifications of the extracellular matrix in all three tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prolactin gene expression in the mouse nipple.

In this study, we attempted to examine the presence of prolactin (PRL) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein in the mouse nipple and mammary gland in pregnancy and lactation. PRL-like substances were found by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against the mouse PRL (mPRL) in the sebaceous gland cells of the nipple during late pregnancy and lactation, and the cistern of alveoli in mammary glands during lactation. Western blot analysis of proteins extracted from the nipple and the mammary gland showed immunoreactive bands corresponding to molecular weights of approximate 16 kDa and 32 kDa, respectively. The expression of mRNA for mPRL in the nipple and mammary gland during late pregnancy and lactation was demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Southern blotting, and nucleotide sequence analyses. These results suggest that mPRL mRNA and its translation product are synthesized in the mouse nipple.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Incidental treatment of nipple discharge caused by benign intraductal papilloma through diagnostic Mammotome biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate imaging-guided vacuum-assisted mammotome biopsy as a minimally invasive method of obtaining a satisfactory diagnosis and eliminating the bothersome symptoms in patients presenting with nipple discharge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine women who presented with nipple discharge and who had final pathologic diagnoses of papillary lesions were retrospectively identified. Fifty-six lesions were biopsied in this group. The examinations included mammography, ductography, sonography, and, if possible, percutaneous biopsy. All lesions were centrally located and most were superficial. Of this study group, four patients with five lesions proceeded to sonographically guided automated core biopsy, and 38 patients with 44 intraductal lesions identified by sonography advanced to sonographically guided biopsy with an 11-gauge mammotome probe. One patient underwent stereotactic 11-gauge mammotome biopsy. Patients not advancing to sonographically guided biopsy were those with masses either in the nipple or nipple-areolar complex (five patients), one patient with no identifiable lesion at sonography, and one directly referred for open surgical biopsy. RESULTS: In all biopsied patients, satisfactory tissue for diagnosis was obtained. In patients biopsied with the mammotome probe, follow-up at a mean time of 13 months revealed resolution of the presenting problematic discharge in 97.2% of patients. Complications were mild and infrequent. Only one of 50 percutaneously biopsied lesions was not benign and required subsequent surgery. CONCLUSION: Papilloma excision with percutaneous biopsy allows safe and accurate tissue analysis and a high probability of terminating the symptomatic nipple discharge.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Adenoma of the nipple: report of a case.

We report a case of an adenoma of the nipple in a 33-year-old Japanese woman who presented with a 2-year history of itching, eczema, and discharge from the left nipple. Examination revealed a firm, well defined and erosive tumor measuring 10 x 11 mm that was sore, crusted, and indurated. There was a slight serosanguineous discharge from the tumor. Cytological material from the tumor obtained from the discharge and by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and scraping showed a papillary cell cluster thought to be a benign papilloma. We performed a tumor resection with preservation of the nipple. The histological diagnosis was adenoma of the nipple. The patient was left with a cosmetically well-preserved nipple. No recurrent tumor has been observed for two years after surgery.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1988

Skin circulation in the nipple after reduction mammaplasty by upper and lower glandular resections.

Avascular necrosis of the nipple is a serious complication of reduction mammaplasty with nipple transposition. A study was undertaken to measure the skin circulation in the nipple before, during and after this operation. In 14 patients undergoing a reduction mammaplasty according to the method of Strömbeck, the skin circulation was measured in 25 breasts with laser doppler flowmetry (LDF) and fluorescein flowmetry (FF). LDF showed that the skin circulation increased after de-epithelialization to 204.4 +/- 31.0% of the preoperative value (100%) (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01). After the upper and lower glandular resection the circulation was reduced to 90.7 +/- 12.3% of the preoperative value. The division of the lateral pedicle did not affect the circulation. After the skin had been sutured, the circulation was 71.5 +/- 9.1% of the preoperative value (p less than 0.01). One to four days postoperatively the circulation was 100.3 +/- 13.2% of the preoperative value. At FF uniform fluorescence was observed in the nipple postoperatively in all patients but two, in whom avascular necrosis later developed. Our results thus show that the circulation in the nipple after reduction mammaplasty by the Strömbeck method is adequate and that it is safe to divide the lateral dermal pedicle.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

On the significance of nipple discharge in the diagnosis of breast disease.

Nipple discharge, especially the blood-stained type, is regarded as an important symptom in breast disease. In many reports the high incidence of malignancy is stressed and an active surgical approach has often been recommended. In this series of 80 women with nipple discharge the type of secretion and the result of exfoliative cytology were evaluated. Three women had cancer but the nipple discharge was important for the diagnosis in only one case. Six women had papilloma and in all the nipple discharge was essential for the diagnosis. Fibroadenosis and duct ectasia were the most common diagnoses. The blood-stained secretion was due to fibroadenosis in about half of the cases. No cancer was found in 46 women with a serous secretion. When a tumour is present nipple discharge is of little importance for the diagnosis and treatment. In the absence of a tumour and when exfoliative cytology gives no suspicion of cancer and no atypical cells or papillomatous clusters are present, an expectant attitude towards surgery seems satisfactory. With such an approach many surgical biopsies prove unnecessary, but a prerequisite is an organized follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Microdochectomy for single-duct nipple discharge.

INTRODUCTION: Isolated single-duct nipple discharge is worrying and poses a surgical dilemma. Factors predicting malignancy are controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 92 consecutive microdochectomies for single-duct nipple discharge in a tertiary referral centre over 8 years. RESULTS: The commonest causes were ductal papilloma (52%) and fibrocystic diseases of the breast (21%). Five (5%) patients had breast carcinoma, of whom only 1 had an invasive component. The median age of these patients was 43 years (range 26 to 72 years) which was similar to median age of the whole cohort. Sixty-seven (73%) patients presented with blood-stained nipple discharge. The 5 patients with breast carcinoma had blood-stained discharge. Mammography was abnormal in 1 out of 4 patients in the carcinoma group. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of breast carcinoma in patients presenting with isolated single-duct nipple discharge was low (5%) among Singaporean women. There was no reliable predictors of malignancy, though all patients with carcinoma presented with blood-stained discharge. Microdochectomy still remains an effective treatment for nipple discharge both for cure and diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nipple discharge: personal experience with 2,818 cases].

After mastodynia, nipple discharge is the second most frequent condition that brings women to the attention of breast clinics. Seven types of nipple discharge exist: milky, multicolored, purulent, clear-watery, serous, pink or serosanguineous, brown or reddish-brown. From January 1982 to January 2003 we observed 2818 patients with nipple discharge (range: 16-83 years). Amongst these, 805 patients with nipple discharge were submitted to cytological examination of the secretions. One hundred and seventy-six had bilateral discharge, and 629 unilateral discharge. All patients with positive C3, C4 or C5 cytology and with unilateral discharge (227) were referred for surgical treatment. In 92 of these 227 cases (41%) the secretion was serous, in 59 cases (26%) bloody, in 45 cases (20%) purulent and in 31 cases (13%) multicolored. We performed duct galactophorectomy in 89 cases (39%), resection with reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex in 48 cases (21%), microdochectomy in 42 cases (18.5%), segmentectomy or quadrantectomy in 41 cases (18%), and mastectomy in 6 cases (3%); we also removed a papilloma from the ductal orifice in 1 case (0.44%). Histological specimens showed papilloma in 98 cases (43%), breast cancer in 39 cases (17%), galactophoritis in 36 cases (16%), fibrocystic disease in 46 cases (20%), including 31 (14%) with florid adenosis, and papillomatosis in 8 cases (4%). An increased probability of cancer is therefore associated with serous, bloody, reddish brown and watery secretions. This is particularly true when the secretion is unilateral and originates from a single duct, when there are cytological alterations, whether mammographic or galactographic, and when the patient is aged over 50 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Lansinoh in the treatment of sore nipples in breastfeeding women].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and side effects of purified lanolin (Lansinoh) in the prophylactics and treatment of sore nipples. Fifty-seven women aged 20-35 years have been treated - 41 (72%) with phototype III-IV and 16 (28%) with phototype I-II. Thirty-seven (65%) of them were primiparous and 20 (35%) were multiparous. Pre-delivery preparation of the breast has been performed in 16 (28%) of the women. Two groups of patients were formed: I gr. - 10 women (17,5%) with no complaints applying the preparation with preventive aim and II gr. - 47 (82,5%) women with sore nipples of different severity. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed according to the nipple attribute score. In the first group of patients due to the application of Lansinoh the skin remained smooth and elastic and breast-feeding was not disturbed. In the II group Lansinoh lead to a statistically significant difference in the nipple attribute score before and after treatment. The improvement was most pronounced in patients with light and moderate forms of inflammation, in women with phototype III-IV, in multipara and in patients with pre-delivery preparation of the breast. CONCLUSION: Lansinoh is purified lanolin suitable for prophylactics and treatment of sore nipples.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple.

Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple is a distinct, benign clinical entity. It is similar histologically to a syringoma, a benign tumor originating in the ducts of the dermal sweat glands. When located in the nipple, this lesion has been mistaken for nipple duct adenoma or tubular carcinoma. Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple is locally infiltrating but does not metastasize. Appropriate local management depends on an accurate diagnosis. Following is a case report, review of the literature, and therapeutic options for infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1991

[A case of adenoma of the nipple with breast cancer].

Adenoma of the nipple is an uncommon lesion which can be mistaken clinically for Paget's disease and pathologically be misinterpreted as an adenocarcinoma. We recently experienced a case of very rare adenoma of the left nipple with left breast cancer. The patient was a 42-year-old, married woman with a firm, partially erosive lump measuring 12 X 12mm in her left nipple and with a left breast lump. Biopsy revealed the breast lump invasive ductal carcinoma and lump of the nipple was adenoma. Modified radical mastectomy was carried out. It is important to bear this rare lesion in mind and perform a thorough examination before making a diagnosis of a lump in the nipple.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

[Paget's disease of the nipple].

Fifty-five female patients with Paget's disease of the nipple treated in our Hospital from 1958 to 1987 are reported. It comprised 1.1% of all the breast carcinomas. The lesions was on the left side in 27 and on the right side in 28. The average age was 48 years. The primary lesion was in breast ducts and then invaded the nipple, areola superficially and deeper breast tissue. Dermal manifestation of Paget's disease is easily confused with chronic dermopathy. In this series, four patients (7.2%) did not have the typical symptoms so pathologic or cytologic examination was relied upon for correct diagnosis. Thirty-one patients were treated by radical mastectomy giving a 3-year disease-free rate of 70.9%. It seems that radical mastectomy is more superior to the other surgical procedures. The 3-year recurrent rate was 38% for patients with Paget's disease of the nipple coexisting with breast carcinoma, but no recurrence was found in patients with simple Paget's disease of the nipple. The 3-year survival rate was 46.4% in patients with axillary lymph node metastasis, 85.2% in patients without, 54.3% in patients with palpable masses in the breast and 85.0% in patients without. Paget's disease of the nipple coexisting with breast carcinoma, axillary lymph node metastasis, palpable breast masses has poor prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Significance of nipple discharge clinical patterns in the selection of cases for cytologic examination.

The cytodiagnostic significance of the clinical patterns (types and sites) of nipple discharges was studied in 5,305 cytologically examined discharges from 3,687 women in a consecutive series of 50,181 self-referred women in whom 1,062 breast cancers were detected. The clinical patterns were correlated with cytologic and histologic results in both the whole series and in 119 biopsied cases, and the relative risk of association with breast cancer was calculated for each pattern. As a whole, aside from the pattern, cases with nipple discharges showed a higher relative risk (48.5) than did asymptomatic cases, but a bloody nipple discharge was by far more frequently associated with cancer than was any other pattern, being present in 70% of the cancer cases and in almost all cancer cases with suspicious cytologic findings in the discharge smear. The presence of a nipple discharge, being associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, is an indication for a careful physical examination; systematic cytologic examination should be limited only to bloody discharges. Since cancer is rare in cases with nonbloody discharges and is difficult to detect in cytologic smears of such discharges, systematic cytologic examination of all nipple discharges would not be cost-effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of uterine activity induced by nipple stimulation and oxytocin.

Intermittent nipple stimulation has been proposed as a substitute for exogenous oxytocin infusion in the performance of contraction stress tests. To compare the uterine activity produced by these two methods, we studied a group of 45 term pregnant women undergoing indicated inductions of labor. Twenty-five patients had nipple stimulation and 20 patients received oxytocin infusions according to a study protocol. The two groups were similar in all obstetric parameters. Pre- and posttest uterine activity was measured by internal tocodynamometry and quantified in Montevideo units. A significant increase in uterine activity occurred in both groups (P less than .01). Regular uterine activity (three contractions in ten minutes) was achieved more rapidly (P less than .005), but at a lower level (P less than .001) in the nipple stimulation group. Pre- and posttest tonus did not change significantly in either group. In the nipple stimulation group, five patients (20%) did not achieve adequate contraction patterns after 15 stimulation-rest cycles (a total of 110 minutes) and three subjects (12%) experienced uterine hyperstimulation. These observations suggest that exogenous oxytocin and intermittent nipple stimulation may not have equivalent effects on uterine contractility. Therefore, it may not be justified to substitute one technique for the other or to use the same criteria for interpretation of contraction stress tests produced by both techniques.

Adult↗