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Results for “Maxillofacial Development”

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PubMed1986

Prenatal growth of the median face.

The growth and development of the median facial region remain incompletely understood. Data concerning the prenatal size and growth rates of facial components are especially lacking. A group of fetuses and newborn infants with apparently normal craniofacial development and body size was therefore studied at autopsy. The interorbital distance and dimensions of the external nose, philtrum (upper lip), and mouth were determined; the growth of morphogenetically related structures--the ethmoid bone and tongue--was also studied. The slopes of linear regressions of these variables against body length indicated that growth of the median facial region proceeds slowly in the latter half of gestation. The center of the face seems to grow slower than the sides of the face. A multivariate technique, factor analysis, identified and ordered relationships among the variables. The best statistical summary of size in the median face was given by four transversely oriented variables, nose breadth, outer orbital distance, inner canthal distance, and mouth width. Within the region, a secondary cluster was dominated by sagittally oriented variables. The second best summary of median facial relationships was provided by three variables of lingual size and was followed by a group of variables representing ethmoidal size. This pattern of growth may represent the effects of a developmental hierarchy. Growth seems to be coordinated along the major axes of the body, with transverse growth controlled more rigidly than sagittal growth. The statistical independence of the three regions suggests that the controls of growth are also separate.

Biometry↗
PubMed1999

Bolkian and Bokian retardation in Homo sapiens.

Although a low genetic barrier is said to separate humans from apes, Homo sapiens is characterized by striking developmental and anatomical particularities. On the one hand, humans have a very extended life history (retardation). On the other hand, human anatomy shows many instances of both neoteny and hypermorphosis. In 1918, Bolk proposed his 'retardation theory' that links both aspects of the human condition. We show in this paper that his theory becomes surprisingly powerful when Bolk's retardation principle is applied to generalized developmental gradients (such as the cephalocaudal gradient that dominates overall ontogeny). In this way, the main particularities of the human body (extended life history; long limbs, and very long legs; very low brachial and crural indices; highly developed pollex and hallux; reduced prognathism; advanced telencephalization etc.) can be reduced to a single developmental matrix. In 1926, Bok noted that, in a series of equivalent organs (such as the finger row), the ontogenetic latecomer tends to be more neotenic than a corresponding forerunner. We show that Bok's observation is a logical corollary of Bolk's retardation theory and that it is important for understanding some pecularities of human anatomy such as the pronounced differentiation between hands and feet.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Consequences of bottle-feeding to the oral facial development of initially breastfed children.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and assess the possible consequences of bottle-feeding on the oral facial development of children who were breastfed up to at least six months of age. METHOD: Two hundred and two children (4 years of age) enrolled in an early health attention program participated in the study. The sample was divided into two groups: G1 (children who used only a cup to drink) and G2 (those who used a bottle). RESULTS: Lip closure was observed in 82% of the children in G1 and in 65% of those in G2 (p = 0.0065). The tongue coming to rest in the maxillary arch was found in 73% of the children in G1 and in 47% of those in G2 (p = 0.0001). Nasal breathing was observed in 69% of G1 and in 37% of G2 (p = 0.0001). The maxilla was shown to be normal in 90% of G1 and in 78% of G2 (p = 0.0206). CONCLUSION: Use of the bottle, even among breastfed children interferes negatively with oral facial development.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1995

Craniocervical junction as a focus for craniofacial growth studies.

The craniocervical junction is a highly specialized unit simultaneously supporting head during movements in all planes and protecting the spinal cord. Anatomically, it includes an atlantoaxial complex, part of which embryonically arises from the occipital region of the skull. This review deals with the gross anatomy, kinematics, and growth reactions associated with functional alteration in this complex. Particular attention is paid to the atlas, the connecting element between the head and the vertebral column proper. From several studies it is concluded that the horizontal growth of the atlas is regulated by synchondroseal growth, whereas the vertical growth is determined by appositional growth. Some vertebral anomalies and concomitant anomalies of the cranial base are reported, to point out the ontogenetic integration between the skull base and the craniocervical junction. The high frequencies of atlantal posterior arch deficiency in cleft palate patients have led to speculations about common etiologic factors in these conditions.

Atlanto-Axial Joint↗
PubMed2000

[Progressive hemifacial atrophy in the young patient: surgical problems in children].

Parry-Romberg syndrome is characterized by a limited progressive hemifacial atrophy. For young patients, the surgeon has to deal with two tendencies: the patient's growth and the course of the syndrome. When managing such an unpredictable disease, the surgeon has to make a guess about the future course of the structural movements. We reviewed our experience and analyzed the different surgical possibilities for reconstructive surgery for Parry-Romberg syndrome.

Adipocytes↗