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PubMed1990

The family histories of Australian women.

"This paper exploits retrospective life-history data to examine changing age-specific patterns of co-residence of Australian women between the ages of 20 and 59 years at interview in 1986. Overlaying histories of leaving home, marital unions and childbearing, we identify cohort changes in the time spent before leaving the parental home, in transition between leaving home and forming a conjugal union, in times spent in union and times spent with children. Our analyses show that, despite massive recent declines in fertility and nuptiality, and a greater diversity in living arrangements, the nuclear family of couple and children remains the most common household unit and is unlikely to lose its pre-eminence in the near future." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Variation in fertility between different types of local area.

Trends in fertility at the national level have been described in a recent article in the Population Review series. This article examines variations in the pattern of fertility experienced in different kinds of area within England and Wales. For this purpose use is made of the new ONS classification of local authorities into 11 groups and 29 clusters of areas with similar socio-economic characteristics. The classification was developed from statistics collected in the 1991 Census of Population. Although proportions of residents aged 0-4, 5-14, and 25-44 were among the 37 Census variables used to define groups and clusters of similar areas, the analysis did not make direct use of any measure of fertility related to ages of women at childbirth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Female employment and fertility: further investigation of an ambivalent association.

"This study of the relationship between female employment and fertility is based on a survey of 1,000 ever-married women in Karachi, [Pakistan]. A distinct pattern of differentials in actual performance and in desired fertility is observed across working and non-working women.... Women in higher status occupations marry much later than and have half the completed family size of those women working in lower status occupations. The fertility of non-working women lies somewhere in between these two groups. Some reasons for the fertility differentials found are identified in variations in point of entry into the labour force relative to the stage in child-bearing, in expectations from sons in old age support, and in relative facility in seeking means of fertility control. Working women in higher status occupations also have better chances of their children surviving, whereas women in lower status occupations suffer a greater toll of child deaths."

Asia↗
PubMed1985

Canberra--the demographic experiment.

"The aims of this paper are to describe the demographic outcome of the early patterns of growth of...[Canberra, Australia], and to illustrate the way in which refinements in the measurement of demographic events can provide a more accurate picture of the true situation than occurs from crude measures. Much of the discussion is based on a comparison of the demographic situation in the ACT [Australian Capital Territory] with that in the nearest State capital city, Sydney, or with total Australia." Information is included on age structure, mobility, socioeconomic status, fertility, divorce, female labor force participation, and child care. "The ACT population has always been considered to be different from that of the other capital cities and from the overall population of Australia, and in many respects this is true. At the same time, however, recent data suggest that the ACT population profile is now converging towards the Australian experience."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Family formation patterns among migrant women in Sydney.

A demographic survey among a probability sample of 980 married migrant women was carried out in Sydney in 1988. The sample included 507 Lebanese, 250 Turkish and 223 Vietnamese women. The study revealed differences in family formation patterns within and between the three groups and between them and the general population. Family size had declined among all three groups compared with their family of origin, and it was clear that the younger women would not achieve the same family sizes as the older women. Migrant women tended to marry earlier than the general population and to start their families earlier. While they showed a strong preference for their children to marry within their own ethnic and religious group, nearly one-third said it was up to the choice of the individual. Overall, the future family size of younger migrant women is expected to converge towards the Australian norm. Migrant families are in a state of transition between two cultures which needs to be recognised by health and family planning service providers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Use of obstetric services in rural Nigeria.

The pattern and determinants of maternal service utilization were studied in a rural Nigerian community. The study sample consisted of 488 randomly selected women who had a childbirth or an abortion between May 1987 and September 1989. Although 93% registered for prenatal care in a health care institution, only 51% delivered in a health institution while 49% delivered at home mainly under the care of traditional birth attendants. Factors found to be most consistently associated with the use of health institutions for delivery were maternal education and occupation, religion, and occupation of the husband. Maternal age, parity and marital status and place of the residence were not significantly associated with the choice between home and institutional delivery. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio and to quantify the weight of these independent variables found to be significantly associated with the place of delivery as the outcome variable.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Child spacing and two child policy in practice in rural Vietnam: cross sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the reproductive pattern of women in rural Vietnam in relation to the existing family planning policies and laws. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey with question-naires on reproductive history. SETTING: Tien Hai, a district in Red River Delta area, where the population density is one of the highest in Vietnam. SUBJECTS: 1132 women who had at least one child under 5 years of age in April 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth spacing and probability of having a third child. RESULTS: The mean age at first birth was 22.2 years. The average spacing between the first and the second child was 2.6 years. Mothers with a lower educational level, farmers, and women belonging to the Catholic religion had shorter spacing between the first and second child and also a higher probability of having a third child. In addition, women who had no sons or who had lost a previous child were more likely to have a third child. CONCLUSION: Most families do not adhere to the official family planning policy, which was introduced in 1988, stipulating that each couple should have a maximum of two children with 3-5 years' spacing in between. More consideration should be given to family planning needs and perceptions of the population, supporting the woman to be in control of her fertility. This may imply improved contraceptive services and better consideration of sex issues and cultural differences as well as improved social support for elderly people.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal variation in the mating structure of Sanday, Orkney Islands.

Pedigree and vital statistics data from the population of Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland, were used to assess temporal changes in population structure. Secular trends in patterns of mate choice were analysed for three separate birth cohorts of spouses: 1855-1884, 1885-1924 and 1925-1964. The degree to which mating was random or assortative with respect to both genealogical and geographic distance was determined by comparing average characteristics of all potential mates of married males with those of actual wives. We integrated this procedure, originally developed by Dyke (1971), into a three-fold investigation of population structure: (1) comparison of random and non-random components of relatedness as measured from pedigree data; (2) an analysis of marital distance distributions for actual and potential mates of married males; and (3) the relationship between genealogical relatedness and geographic distance. As population size decreased from 1881 to the present, total kinship and spatial distances between spouses increased. Whereas the random component of relatedness increased over time, consanguinity avoidance was sufficient to decrease the total coefficient of kinship over time. Part of the increase in consanguinity avoidance was associated with isolate breakdown, as distances between island-born spouses, as well as the total amount of off-island migration, increased from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Mate choice was influenced by geographic distance for all time periods, although this effect diminished over time. Since decreases in population size, concomitant with increases in consanguinity avoidance and community exogamy, have probably occurred quite frequently in small human populations, as well as in rural Western communities in the past century, observed secular trends illustrate the potential for change in population structure characteristic of isolate breakdown.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1975

Genetic microdifferentiation in the Semai Senoi of Malaysia.

Blood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalcytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent-offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migration matrix) and settlement histories show that settlements are not strongly isolated. Genetic differences in the study area demonstrate a reasonable correspondence with migration and the history of the settlements. Genetic convergence also occurs through the addition of migrant groups to established populations leading to new patterns of marriage between donor and recipient groups. The genetic structure of the total Semai population through time thus comprises a mosaic of shifiting allele frequencies in a series of semi-isolated local populations.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1992

Family structure and educational attainment of children: effects of remarriage.

"This study explores how remarriage alters the effect of living in a female-headed family on children's educational attainment. The analysis is based upon data from a mother/child extract taken from the 1984 March/April Match file of the [U.S.] Current Population Survey. Ordinary least squares regression analysis and logit analysis are used. The results are mixed. While remarriage mitigates the negative effects of single-parent family living on years of school completed and the probability of high school graduation, it exacerbates these effects on the probability of entering college by ages 18-20 years, especially for boys. Thus, while remarriage increases income and reduces time pressures compared to single-parent family living, the presence of a stepfather appears to complicate the college entrance decision."

Americas↗
PubMed1990

On marriage-specific human capital: its role as a determinant of remarriage.

"This paper focuses on the determinants of the likelihood and timing of remarriage for women: which characteristics of women and their first unions are conducive to quick remarriage and which are associated with low remarriage probabilities?... By analyzing the role of transferable marriage-specific capital as an asset, the present paper suggests a reinterpretation of past results and shows that such human capital constitutes an important component of women's gains from remarriage....[It] studies the determinants of remarriage separately for white and black women. The effects of the duration of first union and the presence of children from that union on remarriage probabilities are found to differ by race, results which can be interpreted within the context of the model developed here." Data from the 1982 U.S. National Survey of Family Growth are used to test the model.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Kipsigis women's preferences for wealthy men: evidence for female choice in mammals?

Factors affecting the choice of a male mate in a polygynous society are examined using data on the Kipsigis people of Kenya. "This paper has two aims: first, to test whether Kipsigis women prefer wealthy men by examining the sequence of marriages among a group of pioneers...who established a settlement in the territory of their enemies (1930-1949); second, to determine whether women suffer reproductively as a result of polygynous marriage."

Africa↗
PubMed1994

The declining marital-status earnings differential.

"Earnings differentials between married and unmarried [U.S.] men have been declining since the late 1960s. We consider two possible explanations for this decline: changes in the nature of selection into marriage; and changes in role specialization within marriage. Our analysis of changes in marriage differentials within cohorts supports only a small contribution of changes in selection. There is some evidence that differences in human-capital investment between married and unmarried men have fallen over time, but this effect has apparently been largely offset by increases in the return to that human capital." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.

Americas↗
PubMed1989

Economic analysis of age at first marriage.

A subject of great interest to demographers is to relate the timing of demographic events to individual characteristics and environmental variables. Static models of marriage tend to give corner solutions, the choice of marriage, or remaining single. This article develops an economic model of marriage which gives interior solutions to the optimum age at 1st marriage and which does not include an explicit argument about the age at marriage in the utility function. In theoretical analysis, the life cycle model is modified to capture different aspects of the decision of when to get married. Results from empirical analysis support implications derived from the theoretical analysis.

Americas↗