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PubMed1978

Cerebellar regulation of phonation in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to emit a "coo" vocalization with a duration of at least 500 msec. After stable performance was achieved cerebellar lesions were introduced, and various pre- and postlesion measures of phonation and of laryngeal EMG activity were compared to assess the effects of the lesions. The phonatory changes were interpreted with respect to possible laryngeal or respiratory modifications. The relation between fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation was changed in some animals, with no obvious alterations in either fundamental frequency or intensity considered separately. Intensity of phonation was decreased while duration was prolonged in two animals. Fundamental frequency of phonation was also affected in some animals. Reliable laryngeal EMG was obtained in two animals and was affected by cerebellar lesions. These results indicate that normal cerebellar function is involved in the control of fundamental frequency, intensity, duration, and the coordination of the laryngeal and respiratory systems for the control of phonation.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1977

The zonal anatomy of the prostate in man and in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Study of whole sections of human prostate has confirmed McNeal's (4) concept of a dual morphology of the external glands (2) in the terms of a central zone cranially and a peripheral zone caudal to this. A study of the non-human primate, Macaca Mulatta, has shown cranial and caudal prostatic entities in this animal whose anatomical relationships and histological characteristics suggest homology with the central and peripheral zones of the human.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Rod-shaped bodies and crystalloid inclusions in ocular vascular endothelia of adult and developing Macaca mulatta.

In addition to the usual organelles, endothelial cells of ocular blood vessels and Schlemm's canal in adult and fetal Macaca mulatta, contain two types of inclusions: rod-shaped bodies and crystalloids. The rod-shaped bodies are similar to those first described in arterial endothelia of the rat. They are between 0.2 to 0.35 micrometer in diameter, up to 2.5 micrometers in length, and are membrane bounded. The crystalloid inclusions are up to 1.2 micrometers in diameter and are associated with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Their crystalline lattice consists of subunits, 28 nm in diameter, which are either arranged in rows separated by amorphous matrix or tightly packed in a honeycomb-like lattice. The rod-shaped bodies are much more numerous than the crystalloids; however, both kinds of inclusions are consistently found in both adult and fetal vessels. The represent normal components of ocular vascular endothelia which appear very early in the development of the eye.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Genetic variations in primates. Red cell enzymes and serum proteins in Macaca mulatta.

Blood and serum from 17 Macaca mulatta were analysed for haptoglobins, transferrins, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase, phosphoglucomutase, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphohexose isomerase. Compared to the human pattern, the AcPh and the ADA components of macaques are fast moving; AK, PGM, 6-PGD and G-6-PG have almost uniform and similar electrophoretic mobilities; and the Hp, Tf and PHI show differential mobilities. All these macaques possess similar karyotypes.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

Influence of morphine and naltrexone on the intraocular pressure of conscious cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry in four trained conscious monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) which were treated with morphine (5 mg/kg), naltrexone (1 mg/kg) and a mixture of both drugs (in the same doses as given separately). Morphine lowered IOP in all animals at both 20 and 40 min after drug administration. The inter-individual scatter was 1.8--11 mm Hg. Mydriasis was noted in three monkeys. Behaviour was characteristically affected. The morphine antagonist naltrexone one and the mixture of morphine and naltrexone had no effect on IOP or pupil. Behaviour, however, differed from the normal as well as the morphine-induced behaviour. The results indicate that the morphine effect on IOP must be mediated by a specific agonistic action on the morphine receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Two-nucleotide codon change in a hemoglobin polymorphism of the Celebes black ape (Macaca nigra).

A hemoglobin polymorphism involving variant beta-chains was demonstrated in the Celebes black ape, Macaca nigra. Fingerprinting and amino acid analysis of the tryptic peptides from the two chain types have shown that they differ by a single amino acid substitution, between lysine and aspartic acid, which requires a two-nucleotide change in the corresponding codon. Another substitution in the same codon is found as a species between the black ape and that of other macaques.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Properties of arginase from liver of Macaca fascicularis; comparison of normals with red blood cell arginase deficient monkeys.

Deficiency of arginase (E.C. 3.5.3.1), the fifth enzyme of the urea cycle, was found in the red blood cells (RBCs) of Macaca fascicularis monkeys (less than 0.2 micromol arginine cleaved/g Hb/min; normal equals 49.2). Liver biopsies were obtained from two of these monkeys and from one monkey with normal levels of RBC arginase activity. Arginase from both groups of animals required Mn2+ for maximal enzyme activity and demonstrated a pH optimum of 10.2 in vitro. The activity of arginase in the livers of all three monkeys was 1.1 millimol arginine cleaved per g protein per min. The apparent Km for arginine of arginase in the livers of the RBC-deficient monkeys was 7.4 and 5.9 mM and in the normal monkey was 6.9 mM. Similar patterns of heat denaturation was seen at 69 C without Mn2+ present and 79 C in the presence of 20mM Mn2+. No difference in mobility on either RBC-deficient or normal monkeys was found. In addition, liver arginase from all three monkeys reacted similarly with anti-human liver arginase antibody. Liver arginases in RBC-deficient and normal monkeys were identical by ten criteria. These studies do not distinguish among several hypotheses for the genetic determination of arginase in different organs of this species and of man.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1981

Hand usage in a colony of bonnet monkeys, Macaca radiata.

Handedness and its possible inheritance have been studied in a colony of 69 Macaca radiata by observation of hand usage during daily feeding and foraging activities. Each animal was observed for the number of right- and left-handed actions made during two tasks:feeding and searching. Individual animals fell into one of three classes: significantly right-handed, significantly left-handed, and no significant preference. For analysis, handedness was considered as both a directional phenomenon (percentage right-handed usage) and a degree phenomenon (absolute deviation from 50:50 hand usage). Feeding and searching were significantly correlated for both direction and degree. Therefore, laterality for handedness does exist in this primate species. A developmental aspect to laterality was suggested by the positive correlation of degree with age. No mother-offspring correlations were found for either direction or degree and half-sibships were not more similar for either. Thus, there is no evidence for a genetic component to either direction or degree of handedness.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructure of the primate carotid body: a morphometric study of the glomus cells and nerve endings in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

The carotid body of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied at both the light and electron microscopic levels in an effort to provide a detailed quantitative characterization of this chemoreceptor organ in the primate. Structurally, the monkey carotid body was organized into lobules of from three to eight glomus cells (in section) and their ensheathing supporting cells. Interspersed among the lobules was abundant connective tissue stroma, fibroblasts and mast cells. Fenestrated capillaries, small arterioles and venules also permeated the organ. Each supporting cell partially ensheathed about three glomus cells and could be easily differentiated from glomus cells by their darker cytoplasmic staining, lack of dense-core vesicles and angular nuclear profile. Glomus cells exhibited an intense catecholamine histofluorescence and contained abundant dense-core vesicles. On the basis of dense-core vesicle size, shape and numerical density, four types of glomus cells were identified. The most common type (62% of all glomus cells) contained vesicles with an average diameter of 219 nm and a density of 8 vesicles per micron 2 of cytoplasm. The second type possessed larger vesicles (264 nm in diameter) and accounted for about 14% of all glomus cells. A third type of glomus cell contained smaller (167 nm) and fewer (5 vesicles per micron2) dense-core vesicles. The fourth type of glomus cell contained pleomorphic-shaped vesicles with a maximal diameter of 232 nm. Each of these last two types accounted for about 12% of all glomus cells. All four types of glomus cells were innervated, averaging 1.43 nerve endings per glomus cell (in sections). Nerve endings were primarily of the bouton-like variety averaging 2 micron2 in sectional area and containing 34.3 clear-core synaptic vesicles (average size 73.5 nm in diameter) per micron2 of cytoplasm. Of the 57 nerve endings examined in single sections, 16% displayed junctions typical of synaptic specializations and most of these were presynaptic to glomus cells. Glomus cell-glomus cell synapses were not observed. Based on these quantitative observations and on previous studies of carotid body cytoarchitecture in other laboratory species, it appears that the primate organ most closely resembles the cat carotid body, although several differences exist.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Female homosexual behavior in Macaca mulatta.

Homosexual activity among adult females in a heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) is documented and discussed. The mounter was usually in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle and the mountee was in the ovulatory period. Activity during the luteal phase was low for all animals. Female mounting did not appear to be a preparation or substitute for heterosexual activity. Ritualized solicitation patterns among the females were intense and varied, strongly resembling those for heterosexual pairs. Dominance, partner preference, sexual stimulation, reproductive state, individual characteristics, and past experience are discussed in the framework of multiple factors influencing the homosexual relationship.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of skin-surface lipids from the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

Skin-surface lipids from the monkey Macaca fascicularis are composed of sterol esters (38%), cholesterol (4%) and two types of wax diesters, identified as Type II (IIa and IIb, 17% and 40%, respectively). Type IIa contained diesters of 1,2-alkanediols esterified with two molecules of long-chain (C14-C34) fatty acids having straight and branched chains. In the diesters IIa, fatty acids shorter than C19 predominated in position 1, and fatty acids longer than C20 predominated in position 2. Type IIb contained diesters of 1,2-alkanediols esterified with C4 and C5 branched-chain fatty acids (predominantly isovaleric acid) at position 1 and long-chain (C14-C27) acids, having straight and branched chains, at position 2. The short-chain acids were converted to 2-nitrophenylhydrazides and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ammonia chemical ionization (CI)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) resolved the intact diesters IIb into 12 peaks corresponding to molecular weights ranging from 597 to 748, and showed that the molecular species, such as C21-C16-C5 (diol, fatty acid in position 2, fatty acid in position 1), C22-C16-C5 and C23-C16-C5, were prevalent. The fatty acids from both diesters were mostly (greater than 98%) saturated. The 1,2-alkane-diols from both diesters consisted of C16-C26 saturated straight- and branched-chain components. The acyl groups of sterol esters contained 86% C14-C34 branched-chain acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Isolation and culture of hepatocytes from the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

Isolation and culture techniques for hepatocytes from whole livers of the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis, are described. Hepatocytes were isolated by two-step perfusion of livers, using collagenase with hyaluronidase; fructose and trypsin inhibitor were included to reduce cell loss. Yields from a single liver average 4 X 10(9) cells with viabilities of 90.8 +/- 5.7%. Cells, plated on collagen substrates, were assessed for changes in morphology and various marker enzyme activities over a period of 7 d in culture. Cells exhibited a morphology similar to that observed for this species in vivo; little change in attached and spread cells was observed over the length of time monitored. Enzyme activities for catalase, succinate dehydrogenase, and tyrosine aminotransferase were observed to decrease significantly (though considerable activity remained), whereas acid phosphatase and 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase remained unchanged. Activity of cytochrome P-450 reductase was observed to increase slightly for the first 2 d, then decrease to about 60% of initial levels. Activity of alpha-mannosidase was stable for 4 d but was observed to be increased at Day 7. Cells were observed to retain metabolic responsiveness, demonstrated by glucose production by both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in response to glucagon stimulation. The monkey hepatocytes obtained by methods described here thus retain hepatocellular morphology and activity through at least 1 wk in culture without medium or culture modification.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1983

Dysplasia of the lower genital tract in the female monkey, Macaca fascicularis, the crab-eating macaque from Southeast Asia.

Seventy-eight female reproductive tracts from mature Macaca fascicularis caught in the wild were examined histologically for evidence of dysplasia in immature (metaplastic) and native (mature) squamous epithelium of the cervix and vagina. This series contained equal numbers of experimental animals and control and/or breeding colony animals. Five of 39 experimental animals showed dysplasia, whereas six animals with definite and two with questionable dysplasia were found in 39 control and breeding colony animals. On the basis of the foregoing facts, it would appear that these dysplastic lesions were of spontaneous origin and of undetermined etiology. Therefore, those investigators who experiment upon the reproductive tract of this species of monkey should be wary of interpreting any given experiment as "causing" dysplasia. Monkeys of this same species, born and reared in our Primate Center, have been examined for comparable dysplastic lesions of the lower female genital tract. None was found thus far but the study is continuing.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Alterations in the upper facial growth of Macaca mulatta resulting from high-pull headgear.

Four prepubertal Macaca mulatta monkeys, ranging in age from 13 to 24 months, were used in an investigation of the effects of high-pull headgear (to a face-bow) therapy on the growth of the upper facial skeleton. Amalgam bone implants were placed across the frontomaxillary, frontozygomatic, zygomaticomaxillary, and zygomaticotemporal sutures in each animal. Three of the monkeys wore appliances consisting of a maxillary dental spling, a face-bow, two coil springs, and an acrylic helmet. The fourth monkey (control) wore only a dental splint and a face-bow. A continuous high-pull headgear force of 300 grams per side was applied to the three monkeys for 81, 87 and 89 days, respectively, before death. Procion brilliant red 8-HBS vital stain was administered to all four animals at the start of and 3 days before the end of the treatment period. The facial growth patterns were determined from lateral cephalograms taken before and after treatment, from direct measurement of implant separation at the sutures, and from histologic sections of the four mentioned facial sutures.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Dental development, skeletal maturation and body weight at birth in pig-tail macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

The degree of maturation of the deciduous dentition and the permanent first molar, as assessed from radiographs, was compared to body weight and carpal development in Macaca nemestrina at birth. All deciduous teeth were present in various stages of development. The permanent molar was represented by 1 to 4 mineralized cusps in 85% of the sample population. A dental maturation score, calculated for each animal, ranged from 12 to 19, with approx. 50% having a score of 17. Compared with the human dentition, that of the neonatal macaque was appreciably more advanced at birth. Carpal development and birth weight were much more variable than dental maturation. Because there appeared to be less variability in tooth development at birth than in the other maturational indicators, tooth formation may offer a better and more accurate estimate of physiological age in this species at this critical time of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A specialized innervation of the tensor tympani muscle in Macaca fascicularis.

The innervation of the tensor tympani muscle of the middle ear in Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey) was studied using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) neural tracing technique. A compact column of small trigeminal motoneurons was labeled ipsilaterally following intramuscular application of HRP to the tensor tympani muscle. This column is located ventral and lateral to the dorsolateral division of the trigeminal motor nucleus, and just medial to the descending trigeminal nerve rootlets. No labeled neurons were present in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus or any other brainstem nucleus. Results are compared with those previously reported in several non-primate mammalian species, and in detail with that of the cat. A possible differential role of the tensor tympani muscle in acoustic modulation/middle ear aeration between primate and non-primate mammals is discussed.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1989

Atherosclerosis research in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

This is a review of the utilization of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in atherosclerosis research. Naturally occurring and experimentally induced atherosclerosis progression and regression studies are described. This species has been utilized as an animal model to study the effects of immunologic injury, aging, exercise, and drug intervention on atherosclerotic lesions. Cynomolgus macaque atherosclerosis induced by feeding cholesterol is a good model of human atherosclerosis because of similar gender-related differences in susceptibility to coronary artery atherosclerosis, a relatively high incidence of myocardial infarction, and characterized psychosocial factors that influence the development of atherosclerosis.

Aging↗