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PubMed2000

The nature and development of student motivation.

AIM: The aim of the present series of studies was to investigate what motivates undergraduate students and how their motivation changes during their degree course. The present research investigated both subject specific and generic motivators by asking students what knowledge areas, skills and experiences were important to them. SAMPLE: Study 1: 336 prospective and current undergraduate psychology students at a university in southern England. Study 2: 57 year one psychology students from a university in the north of England. Study 3: 30 undergraduate psychology students from the university used in Study 1. METHOD: The studies used a modified version of the Radford and Holdstock (1993) scale to assess students' objectives in taking a degree programme, by rating the importance of knowledge areas, skills development and experiences. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design comparing responses of student by year of study. Study 2 compared responses of students in year one in Study 1 to students at a second university. Study 3 used a longitudinal design to investigate changes in values by year of study. RESULTS: The findings suggest that there are two types of students: those who are motivated by the discipline itself and those who are motivated by the acquisition of more general skills and experiences. The perceived importance of many aspects declines over the three years of the degree, and seems especially low in year two. However, some aspects, notably research methodology, and some skills and experiences show marked increases in the final year. CONCLUSIONS: Current theories of educational motivation need to be extended to account for the difference between subject-related and generic motives.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

A self-determination approach to the understanding of motivation in physical education.

BACKGROUND: It is widely acknowledged that Physical Education (PE) can play a potentially important role in enhancing public health by creating positive attitudes toward exercise and by promoting health-related fitness programmes. However, these initiatives will have limited success if students are not motivated to participate actively in their PE lessons. AIM: A sequence of motivational processes, proposed by Vallerand (1997), was tested in this study. The sequence has the form 'social factors-->psychological mediators-->types of motivation-->consequences'. SAMPLE: Participants were 424 British students aged 14-16 years from Northwest England. METHOD: Questionnaires were used to measure cooperative learning, self-referenced improvement, and choice of tasks (social factors), perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness (psychological mediators), intrinsic motivation, identification, introjection, external regulation, and amotivation (types of motivation), and boredom, effort, and future intention to exercise (consequences). RESULTS: A SEM analysis showed that perceived competence was the major psychological mediator. Intrinsic motivation was related to positive consequences, whereas external regulation and amotivation were predictors of negative consequences. A multisample analysis indicated that the model was largely invariant across gender. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underline the importance of perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in compulsory PE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Motivational-emotional vulnerability and difficulties in learning to read and spell.

BACKGROUND: Although the relationship between motivation and learning problems has been studied in older children, little is known about how these factors interact during the first years of schooling or even earlier. AIMS: To compare the development of motivational-emotional profiles from preschool to grade 2 between groups classified as poor readers, good decoders and good readers in grade 2. To study the possibility that diverging motivational-emotional paths occur concomitantly with school experience. SAMPLE: A total of 127 children were followed longitudinally from preschool up to the second grade. In preschool, their mean age was 6 years 8 months. METHOD: Two different methods tapping motivational-emotional vulnerability were used. Firstly, researchers at preschool age and classroom teachers in grades 1 and 2 rated children's task, ego-defensive and social dependence orientations. Secondly, an experimental situation was arranged each year where children's play behaviour with LEGO bricks was observed in free play vs. in induced pressure situations, and their motivational orientations were scored. RESULTS: In preschool, the motivational-emotional profiles were almost the same among the three prospective reading-level groups, but in grades 1 and 2, classroom teachers rated poor readers as less task-oriented and more ego-defensive and socially dependent compared to good decoders and good readers. The ratings were corroborated by observational data on play behaviour in induced pressure situations. CONCLUSIONS: Early problems in learning to read and spell are related to motivational-emotional vulnerability in learning situations in the school context.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

The role of different types of instrumentality in motivation, study strategies, and performance: know why you learn, so you'll know what you learn!

BACKGROUND: Two theories in the field of motivation and achievement, namely the future time perspective theory and goal theory, result in conflicting recommendations for enhancing students' motivation, because of their differential emphasis on the task at hand and on the future consequences of a task. AIMS: We will present a framework consisting of four types of instrumentality that combines both perspectives. The implications of those different types for goal orientation, motivation, cognitive strategies, study habits and performance are investigated. SAMPLES: Participants were a group of 184 first-year nurse students with ages ranging from 18 to 45 years. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered that measured instrumentality, goal orientation, motivation, deep and surface level learning strategies, study habits, and a manipulation check. At the end of the year, exam scores were collected. RESULTS: The results showed that different types of instrumentality are related differently to the motivational, cognitive and achievement measures. Being internally regulated and perceiving the utility of the courses resulted both in a more adaptive goal orientation and higher intrinsic motivation, which led to the use of more adaptive cognitive strategies and to better study habits, which ultimately enhanced performance. Linking performance to extrinsic rewards and not seeing the utility of the course for the future yielded the opposite pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Type of instrumentality has indeed a differential influence on motivational, cognitive, and behavioural variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sensitivity theory of motivation and psychopathology: an exploratory study.

Sensitivity theory, a comprehensive theory of human motivation, states that people with mental retardation are motivated by the same basic motives as are individuals without mental retardation, but to different extents. Reiss and Havercamp, the conceptualizers of this theory, suggested that unusually high or low set points to certain motives may lead to behavioral or psychiatric problems. Here we examined the relationship between psychopathology and motivation in 111 participants with a dual diagnosis and 111 participants with mental retardation only. The former scored higher on 8 of the 15 motives and had more motives above one standard deviation from the mean of the normative sample. Results lend support to the original hypothesis of Reiss and Havercamp.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Stress-motivated drinking in collegiate and postcollegiate young adulthood: life course and gender patterns.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines stress-motivated drinking and its potential contribution to alcohol problems for young adults in college and subsequent postcollegiate contexts, specifically focusing on the simultaneous influences of life course stage and gender. METHOD: Data are drawn from a research project on health and well-being among multiple cohorts of college students and graduates from an undergraduate institution of higher education. Representative samples of students were surveyed in 1982 (n = 1,514), 1987 (n = 659) and 1991 (n = 926). Surveys were administered to graduates in 1987 (graduating classes of '79, '82 and '85; n = 860) and again in 1991 (graduating classes of '79, '82, '85 and '89; n = 1,151). Using this cross-sectional and longitudinal database, developmental aging effects are tested while checking for historical cohort and period effects. RESULTS: Stress-motivated drinking is somewhat more prevalent in the undergraduate years as are other drinking motivations, but stress-related reasons for drinking are relatively more prominent among motivations and relatively more problematic in terms of consumption levels and consequences in succeeding years after college. The prominence of stress-related drinking and its increased negative effects begin sooner for women than for men. CONCLUSION: Moving from college to stages of postcollegiate young adulthood is associated with substantial decreases in alcohol consumption and related problems. Drinking for stress-reduction, however, becomes increasingly prominent as the primary motivation for the drinking that does occur in postcollegiate life and this drinking motivation also becomes increasingly problematic in terms of negative consequences of alcohol use as each cohort ages. The problematic prominence of stress-motivated drinking is notable at earlier developmental points in this trajectory for women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

"I'll never drink like that again": characteristics of alcohol-related incidents and predictors of motivation to change in college students.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use and its associated behaviors are among the most common reasons for medical treatment and disciplinary infractions among college students. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of students who had recent serious alcohol-related incidents and to identify predictors of motivation to change alcohol use and heavy drinking in particular, with specific attention to gender. METHOD: Students (N = 227; 52% female) who had been mandated to attend a session of alcohol education following alcohol-related medical treatment and/or a disciplinary infraction were assessed on their alcohol use, alcohol problems, characteristics of their alcohol-related incident, reactions to the incident, attributions about the incident, and motivation to change drinking and heavy drinking. Path and regression analyses were used to identify the individual and incident-related characteristics that were related to motivation to change. RESULTS: Perceived aversiveness of the incident was directly and positively related to motivation to change drinking and heavy drinking. Alcohol consumption in the month before the incident and past-year alcohol problems were negatively related to motivation to change heavy drinking, and women were more motivated to change heavy drinking than men. The more students consumed in the incident, the more likely they were to feel responsible for it, and the more responsible they felt about the incident, the greater its aversiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and incident-related characteristics are both directly and indirectly associated with motivation to change following an alcohol-related incident, and therefore have implications for interventions with college drinkers who have experienced an alcohol-related incident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Drinking motives as mediators of the link between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test whether the link between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use (drinking frequency, usual quantity, five-plus drinking) is mediated by drinking motives. METHOD: Linear structural equation models were estimated based on a nationally representative sample of 5,616 8th, 9th, and 10th graders in Switzerland (51% female; mean [SD] age = 15.1 [1.0] years). RESULTS: In most cases, a perfect mediation occurred. Although all expectancy and motive dimensions were related to all alcohol-use measures in multivariate models, the expectancy link in multiple multivariate models was reduced to zero, whereas the motive link remained basically the same. One exception was the Tension Reduction Expectancy scale, which included aspects other than problem coping that were still related to alcohol consumption, even when coping motives were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Given the consistency of the results across different alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, and alcohol-use measures, the present study provides evidence to support one basic assumption of the motivational model of alcohol use: Drinking motives are the most proximate factor that precedes alcohol use. They are the gateway through which more distal influences (e.g., alcohol expectancies) are mediated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Adolescents' motivations to abuse prescription medications.

OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to (1) determine adolescents' motivations (reasons) for engaging in the nonmedical (illicit) use of 4 classes of prescription medications and (2) examine whether motivations were associated with a higher risk for substance abuse problems. RESPONDENTS: The 2005 sample (N = 1086) was derived from one ethnically diverse school district in southeastern Michigan and included 7th- through 12th-grade students. METHODS: Data were collected by using a self-administered, Web-based survey that included questions about drug use and the motivations to engage in nonmedical use of prescription medication. RESULTS: Twelve percent of the respondents had engaged in nonmedical use of opioid pain medications in the past year: 3% for sleeping, 2% as a sedative and/or for anxiety, and 2% as stimulants. The reasons for engaging in the nonmedical use of prescription medications varied by drug classification. For opioid analgesics, when the number of motives increased, so too did the likelihood of a positive Drug Abuse Screening Test score. For every additional motive endorsed, the Drug Abuse Screening Test increased by a factor of 1.8. Two groups of students were compared (at-risk versus self-treatment); those who endorsed multiple motivations for nonmedical use of opioids (at-risk group) were significantly more likely to have elevated Drug Abuse Screening Test scores when compared with those who were in the self-treatment group. Those in the at-risk group also were significantly more likely to engage in marijuana and alcohol use. CONCLUSION: The findings from this exploratory study warrant additional research because several motivations for the nonmedical use of prescription medications seem associated with a greater likelihood of substance abuse problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A structural model of achievement motives, performance approach and avoidance goals, and performance among Norwegian olympic athletes.

A structural model of achievement motives, performance approach and avoidance goals, and performance was applied and tested among 136 Norwegian Olympic level athletes. Achievement motives, competitive behavior over time, performance approach goal-clarity, and performance-avoidance goals were assessed, and elite performance observed. Analysis indicated that the motive to achieve success is positively correlated with competitive behavior over time (a long-term goal), whereas the motive to avoid failure is positively associated with performance avoidance goals. Both long-term competitive behavior goals and performance approach goal-clarity were positively correlated with elite performance whereas the performance-avoidance goal was negatively correlated with performance. When the proximal influences of goals are controlled, the achievement motives are not significantly related to performance. In this structural model, motives and goals shared 32% of the variance with the performance measure, whereas a more complicated model including goals, sex, and a triple interaction of sex and motives shared 42% of the variance with the performance measure.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Parenthood motives in IVF-mothers.

This is an exploratory study to answer two questions: (1) does in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-mothers' motivation for parenthood differ from the naturally conceiving mothers' motivation for parenthood? and (2) are IVF-mothers' parenthood motives correlated with their adjustment to parenthood (in the same way as they are for naturally conceiving mothers)? The study sample consisted of 31 mothers with a 24-30 month old, single-born child conceived by homologous IVF and a comparison group of 31 mothers with a naturally conceived child. Self-rating questionnaires were used. Overall, the parenthood motivation pattern was quite similar for IVF-mothers and mothers by natural conception. However, 'identity', 'motherhood' and 'social control' were significantly more important motives for IVF-mothers than for the naturally conceiving mothers. The two former motives remained more important for IVF-mothers when findings were adjusted for the influence of the mothers' age and educational level. Possible explanations for these findings refer to the infertility history. Overall, few correlations between parenthood motives and the adjustment to parenthood were significant, both for the IVF-mothers and for the mothers by natural conception. Further (hypothesis-testing) research is needed to support these findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

[Self-conciousness and conformity: moderating effects of conformity motives and task-interest].

This study investigated the relationship between self-consciousness and conforming behavior, with conformity motives and task-interest as their moderator variables. One hundred fifty-six (156) participants were asked to imagine themselves in a hypothetical conforming situation, and estimate the probability of their conforming behavior and various conformity motives behind it, as well as their interest in the task. They also completed Self-Consciousness Scale. Among low task-interest participants, those high on private self-consciousness conformed more than the low if either motive for avoidance of isolation or motive for fairness was high, while those high on public self-consciousness conformed more than the low if motive for avoidance of isolation was high. Among high task-interest participants, those high on private self-consciousness conformed less than the low, while those high on public self-consciousness conformed more than the low if motive for fairness was high. The relationship between conformity motives and standards of behavior was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Treatment motivation of patients admitted for substance abuse treatment according to the section 64 StGB regulation].

OBJECTIVE: Describe treatment motivation in offenders with addiction problems, who enter treatment in forensic hospital departments according to section 64 of the German penal code. Consider relevance of treatment motivation with regard to course and outcome of treatment. METHOD: 83 patients were interviewed within the first days of psychiatric detention and after six month of treatment. They also filled in questionnaires on treatment motivation. Hospital staff reported another six month later about course of treatment. RESULTS: Most patients express awareness of drug/alcohol related problems and an intention to participate in treatment. But only a minority of patients shows a very strong motivation to stay abstinent from alcohol/drugs. More than half of the patients relapse during the first year of treatment. In more than one third of the cases, psychiatric detentions are cancelled due to a negative assessment of prognosis of further treatment. Most of these patients are returned to prison. CONCLUSIONS: Initial treatment motivation shows some relevance with regard to course of treatment. But negative outcomes of treatment shouldn't be explained simply as effects of insufficient motivation. A conception of treatment fostering hope and social competence seems to be most effective in strengthening treatment motivation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Motivation to quit smoking among ex-smoker university workers and students].

BACKGROUND: In Chile, 10% of deaths in adults are directly attributed to smoking. AIM: To identify intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to quit smoking among a group of subjects that quitted without external help. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The motivations to quit smoking were measured using the 20 items Reasons for Quitting Scale (RFQ), in 145 ex smokers (80 students and 65 workers at The University of Conception). The scale identifies intrinsic motivations in the categories health and self control and extrinsic motivations in the categories immediate reinforcement and social pressure. RESULTS: Factorial analysis with orthogonal rotation of the 20 items of the scale, suggested an optimal solution with five factors, that had a maximal impact of 0.43 and explained the motivations in up to a 66% of workers and 65% of students. The factors with the greater impact were the items of immediate reinforcement, social pressure and self control. The category health had only a 6% influence in the modification of smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: The most important motivations to quit smoking in this sample were an immediate reinforcement, social pressure and self control. The analysis of motivations will help to orient smoking cessation programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Motivational climate and attitudes to change: a hospital study.

Change can be highly motivating when it is perceived as results-oriented, well planned and well communicated. However, there appears to be a lack of evidence on the actual existence of such relationships between motivational climate and attitudes to change in management literature, especially under the specific conditions of health care organisations in Slovakia. Using a sample of 243 employees of the University Hospital Bratislava, the present study has investigated the validity of the assumption that: (i) low motivational climate will represent an inhibitor to change, and vice versa, (ii) the more attention is being paid by the organisation's management to implementation of change, resulting in the staff having positive attitudes to change, the higher the motivational climate within the organisation will be. The findings indicate that motivational climate of the hospital can be heavily influenced by the manner in which the change is being managed. Moreover, not only how change is being managed, but also how it is understood and accepted by the employees, as well as which outcomes the change results in, have significant effects on the perceived motivational climate. The results also show that to maintain the high motivational climate, thus stimulating desired behaviours in the staff, the hospital managers should keep, among other things, (i) encouraging the workers to make a creative contribution, (ii) informing them about the reasons why changes are being made, (iii) showing them how their work objectives relate to where the hospital is heading and that the cost of the current changes will not outweight the benefits, and (v) ensuring that adequate training is available to equip people for changes and giving them the support they need to cope with change. Last, but not least, the present study helps to demonstrate the importance of attitudes as a force that is powerful in determining work output. (Tab. 3, Ref. 37.)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Motives for exercise participation as predictors of exercise dependence among endurance athletes.

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether motives for exercise participation predicted exercise dependence (ED) among endurance athletes. The rationale for the study centred upon a test of the affect regulation model utilising constructs that form part of the Self-Determination Theory as predictors of ED. It was hypothesised that non self-determined motivation, specifically external regulation, would be predictive of ED. METHODS DESIGN: correlational design, with a time gap between predictor and dependent variables. SETTINGS: competitive sports environment. PARTICIPANTS: 188 competitive endurance athletes were recruited from amateur sports clubs. INTERVENTIONS: none. MEASURES: the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire was administered before a training session to measure the predictor variables (motives for exercise participation), and the Running Addiction Scale was administered before a similar training session, one week later, to measure the dependent variable (ED). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictor variable of ED was introjected regulation (beta=0.29, p<0.001), followed by identified regulation (beta=0.19, p<0.05). External regulation and intrinsic motivation were weak and non-significant predictors. The total variance in ED explained by the exercise participation motives was 15% (R(2)= 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: ED was predicted by motives that did not support the tenets of the affect regulation model. Results are discussed in light of the potential influence of exercise participation motives on ED and their implications for intervention strategies and diagnosis of the ED syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Motivations for condom use and nonuse.

This exploratory study investigates the motivations for condom use and nonuse among a sample of drug users and nonusers. Participants who reported condom use in the previous 30 days rated various reasons for using a condom the last time they had had sex (79 participants). Those who reported not using a condom rated reasons for not using a condom the last time they had had sex (147 participants). Factor analyses of these responses were used to summarize reasons for condom use and nonuse. It was found that a peer norms motivation and a relationship motivation (caring) supported both condom use and nonuse. A moral norms motivation supported condom use, but a motivation that denied moral norms supported nonuse. A self interest motivation of personal pleasure supported nonuse. No strictly self-interest motivation was identified for condom use: self-protection was associated with protection of the partner.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Motivation to participate in mammography screening program for breast cancer].

The rates of incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Lithuania are increasing. The causal prophylaxis is unknown. The early mammography diagnosis improves results of treatment. The aim of the study is to investigate the motivation to participate in mammography screening program for breast cancer and to evaluate the relationship between these motives and women age, education, family history, personal income. Two hundred three women were interviewed about the motivation to participate in mammography screening program for breast cancer. The strength of motivation was estimated in parametric variable. It was attempted at evaluating the influence of age, education, family history and personal income on the level of motivation. Logistic analysis was used. Asymptotic women participated in mammography screening program for breast cancer. Complaints about their breasts as a motive to participate indicated only 31.8% of all women. After the survey it was observed that women understand the danger of breast cancer (86.1%) and believe that early diagnosis can protect from the poor outcome of the disease. Out of interviewed women, 85.3% (independently from their income, age, education and family history) think that it is essential for every woman to participate in mammography screening program for breast cancer. The majority of all surveyed women were informed about the program by their doctors. This motive became the main one to consult about breast cancer for 63% of women. The mass media made no significant impact to participate in mammography screening program for breast cancer.

Adult↗