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PubMed1988

Diabetes, gallbladder disease, obesity, and hypertension among Hispanics in New Mexico.

Because Hispanics in the Southwest are genetically admixed with American Indians, the hypothesis has been advanced that the excess occurrence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and gallbladder disease in this ethnic group may be genetic in origin and results from genes derived from American Indians. This report describes the prevalence of these diseases in 1,175 adult Hispanic participants in a survey of a New Mexico community conducted in 1984-1985. At nearly all ages, the majority of subjects had a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater, and a substantial proportion exceeded 30 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity was much greater in these Hispanics than is shown in nationwide data for US whites. Diabetes mellitus was also reported more often by Hispanic subjects in this survey than by US whites nationwide. A report of gallbladder trouble or of gallbladder removal was common in both males and females; the prevalence of gallbladder removal was as high in this population as in Mexican Americans previously studied in Starr County, Texas. In spite of the high prevalence of obesity, hypertension was less frequent among the New Mexico Hispanics than is shown in nationwide data for US whites. These findings complement those of previous surveys in Texas, which have shown a notably high proportion of adults to be obese, to have non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and to have gallbladder disease. The similar epidemiology of these diseases in the Hispanics of New Mexico and the Mexican Americans of Texas supports the hypothesis that American Indian admixture underlies the development of these conditions in Hispanics throughout the Southwest.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Update: mercury poisoning associated with beauty cream--Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, 1996.

During September 1995-May 1996, the Texas Department of Health (TDH), the New Mexico Department of Health (NMDH), and the San Diego County (California) Health Department investigated three cases of mercury poisoning associated with the use of a mercury-containing beauty cream produced in Mexico. The ongoing investigation has found this product in shops and flea markets in the United States located near the U.S.-Mexico border, and a U.S. distributor has been identified in Los Angeles. The cream, marketed as "Crema de Belleza--Manning" for skin cleansing and prevention of acne, listed "calomel" (mercurous chloride [Hg2Cl2]) as an ingredient and contained 6% to 10% mercury by weight. This report presents findings of a continuing investigation by these health departments, the Arizona Dept of Health Services (ADHS), California State Department of Health Services (CSDHS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and CDC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Characteristics of foreign-born Hispanic patients with tuberculosis--eight U.S. counties bordering Mexico, 1995.

During 1986-1995, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases among foreign-born persons in the United States increased 61%, from 4925 cases (22% of the national total) to 7930 cases (35% of the national total). This increase probably reflected, in part, the immigration of persons from regions of the world that have a high incidence of TB. In 1995, 22% of all foreign-born persons with TB (8% of the national total) were born in Mexico; of these, 81% were reported by the four U.S. states bordering Mexico--Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. In 1995, local health departments in these states conducted an epidemiologic study to characterize patterns of immigration and migration among foreign-born Hispanic patients with TB and their behaviors in seeking health care. This report summarizes the findings of the analysis, which indicate that collaborative efforts for controlling TB should include and extend beyond border areas and that drug-susceptibility testing should be conducted for all TB isolates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Prostate cancer mortality trends in Mexico, 1980-1995.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, prostate cancer (PC) is the second highest cause of mortality by cancer in men. In 1991, there were 2,473 deaths, with a crude rate of 5.66 cases per 100,000 men age 40 or over. For this same year, the ratio of proportional mortality to the total number of malignant tumors was 12.6%. Our objectives were to determine the trends and geographic distribution of mortality for PC in Mexico for 1980-1995. METHODS: Crude and adjusted mortality rates were carried out for 1980-1995. A test for trend was done using the simple lineal regression method. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for 1980-1995 for each Mexican state. RESULTS: The total number of deaths by PC in Mexico for 1980-1995 was 32,349. The crude mortality rate increased during that period from 3.16 to 6.75 cases per 100,000 men over age 40. The statistical trend test with respect to time was significant (P<0.0001). The state of Southern Baja California showed a higher SMR, and a smaller SMR was shown for the state of Quintana Roo. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality trends for PC increased for the period studied. It represents a serious problem for public health. We find that the central and northern states of the country, characterized by a greater industrial and socioeconomic development, are those with a higher SMR.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Reproducibility study of cervical cytopathology in Mexico: a need for regulation and professional accreditation.

Due to the high rate of false negative results in diagnosis of cervical cytopathology, in many countries its practice has been transformed through the application of several interventions aimed at medical regulation to improve diagnostic accuracy. Diagnostic reproducibility of gynecological cytopathology was evaluated in a series of 20 cytology specimens [Papanicolaou (Pap)] and 20 cervical biopsy. (CB) studies in different clinical stages, during 1994. The observation unit consisted of 30 pathologists who observed 2 groups of 20 Pap and 20 CB specimens. The standard was a cytopathologist certified by the Pathological Anatomy Council of Mexico. Intraclass reproducibility in gynecological cytopathology is low in Mexico. In a group analysis, concordance increased as clinical status of the cervical lesion increased. For moderate dysplasia, concordance in Pap was kappa = 0.04, compared to 0.23 in CB. Concordance of diagnosis of invasive cancer was 0.29 for Pap and 0.64 for CB. Using weighted kappa at the individual level for all possible diagnoses, concordance varied from 0.29 to 0.59 for Pap, and 0.42 to 0.65 for CB. The problem of reproducibility in cervical cytopathology in Mexico emphasizes the need for continuing education, uniform diagnostic criteria, and the advantages of a single operational classification-possibly the Bethesda System-since current classification systems are obsolete.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1994

Contrasting trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in New Mexico's Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, American Indians, and blacks.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer has increased in epidemic proportions during the 1980s. Although marked differences in ethnic and racial temporal trends for prostate cancer have been observed both in the United States and internationally, the trends in Hispanics and American Indians have not been described extensively. METHODS: To characterize the occurrence of prostate cancer among non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks in New Mexico, the authors examined cancer incidence data collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry for the period 1969-1991 and mortality data collected by the New Mexico Bureau of Vital Statistics for the period 1958-1991. RESULTS: From 1969 to 1991, age-adjusted incidence rates increased from 74.4 to 139.1 per 100,000 (87%) among non-Hispanic whites and from 54.0 to 94.7 (75%) among Hispanics. American Indians had the lowest incidence rates of all groups. Over the same period, incidence rates for local-stage cancers increased by 93% and 81% among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, respectively, but were stable for American Indians and blacks, whereas rates for regional-stage cancers increased sharply. Incidence rates of distant-stage disease decreased among non-Hispanic whites from 1969 through 1991. In contrast, incidence rates of distant-stage disease among Hispanics increased through 1982. From 1983 to date, age-adjusted mortality rates of prostate cancer decreased among all groups except Hispanics. CONCLUSION: The patterns of incidence and mortality are consistent with a stage migration. The recent decrease in age-adjusted prostate cancer mortality rates for non-Hispanic whites is consistent with that expected following the decrease in distant-stage disease incidence. Differential access to medical care and prostate cancer screening may account for these trends.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maximum likelihood estimates of admixture in Northeastern Mexico using 13 short tandem repeat loci.

Tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms are widely used in population genetics, molecular evolution, gene mapping and linkage analysis, paternity tests, forensic analysis, and medical applications. This article provides allelic distributions of the STR loci D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, and D16S539 in 143 Mestizos from Northeastern Mexico, estimates of contributions of genes of European (Spanish), American Indian and African origin in the gene pool of this admixed Mestizo population (using 10 of these loci); and a comparison of the genetic admixture of this population with the previously reported two polymorphic molecular markers, D1S80 and HLA-DQA1 (n = 103). Genotype distributions were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) for almost all 13 STR markers. Maximum likelihood estimates of admixture components yield a trihybrid model with Spanish, Amerindian, and African ancestry with the admixture proportions: 54.99% +/- 3.44, 39.99% +/- 2.57, and 5.02% +/- 2.82, respectively. These estimates were not significantly different from those obtained using D1S80 and HLA-DQA1 loci (59.99% +/- 5.94, 36.99% +/- 5.04, and 3.02% +/- 2.76). In conclusion, Mestizos of Northeastern Mexico showed a similar ancestral contribution independent of the markers used for evolutionary purposes. Further validation of this database supports the use of the 13 STR loci along with D1S80 and HLA-DQA1 as a battery of efficient DNA forensic markers in Northeastern Mestizo populations of Mexico.

Genetic Markers↗
PubMed1994

Back to the future: sweatshop conditions on the Mexico-U.S. border. I. Community health impact of maquiladora industrial activity.

Present working conditions in one of the most active areas of the maquiladora system along the Mexico-U.S. border are reminiscent of nineteenth-century U.S. sweatshops. This conclusion was reached after evaluating two separate but interrelated surveys among Mexican nationals living near the Mexico-U.S. border, one of community leaders (Paper I), and one of workers in maquiladora enterprises in the towns of Matamoros and Reynosa, Mexico (Paper II). Paper I evaluates the results of the community leaders' survey. Criteria for selection of the leaders were: level of responsibility in the community; knowledge of the industry in the region, and length of residence in the area (more than 3 years). Representatives from government, maquiladora industry management, labor union leadership, labor union activists, and community improvement activists were interviewed. Structured questionnaires with opportunities for open-ended answers were used by trained Spanish speaking interviewers. The questions covered community demographics, health care structures, governance of the region, knowledge of working conditions, and knowledge of environmental impact on the region and the community. Community leaders were ambivalent on the purported benefits of the development of these types of industries in their communities. A substantial majority (21 of 25) thought that the maquiladoras brought few positive developments, other than creating jobs. Serious concerns about overextending weak social infrastructures and about environmental deterioration were voiced. Immediate (preventive) measures appear necessary to develop community infrastructures and to protect environmental health.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico.

Analyses were conducted to estimate lifetime and current prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for four representative cities of Mexico, to identify variables that influence the probability of MDD, and to further describe depression in Mexican culture. A multistage probability sampling design was used to draw a sample of 2,509 adults in four different regions of Mexico. MDD was assessed according to DSM-IV criteria by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview collected by trained lay interviewers. The prevalence of MDD in these four cities averaged 12.8% for lifetime and 6.1% for the previous 12 months. MDD was highly comorbid with other mental disorders. Women were more likely to have lifetime MDD than were men. Being divorced, separated, or widowed (compared to married or never married) and having experienced childhood trauma were related to higher lifetime prevalence but not to current prevalence. In addition, age and education level were related to current 12-month MDD. Data on the profile of MDD in urban Mexico are provided. This research expands our understanding of MDD across cultures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Capsaicin consumption, Helicobacter pylori positivity and gastric cancer in Mexico.

Gastric cancer (GC) incidence has not declined in Mexico. We assessed whether the intake of capsaicin (CAP), the pungent compound of chili peppers, increases the risk of GC independently of H. pylori positivity (Hp). From 1994 to 1996, a hospital-based case-control study was performed in 3 areas of Mexico; 234 cases of GC and 468 matched controls were enrolled and their diet and other characteristics were inquired. Chili pepper intake was queried by interview and CAP content of chilies was determined in a separate analysis by gas chromatography to estimate CAP intake; IGg Hp serum antibodies were determined by ELISA. The risk of GC was increased (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 0.76-3.88) among high-level consumers of CAP (90-250 mg of capsaicin per day, approximately 9-25 jalapeño peppers per day) as compared to low-level consumers (0-29.9 mg of capsaicin per day, approximately 0 to less than 3 jalapeño peppers per day; p for trend p = 0.026); this effect was independent of Hp status and other potential GC determinants and was higher among diffuse GC cases (OR = 3.64; 95% CI = 1.09-12.2; p for trend = 0.002) compared to intestinal GC cases (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.31-5.89; p for trend = 0.493). No significant interaction was found between CAP intake and Hp on GC risk. Chili pepper consumption might be an independent determinant of GC in Mexico.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of spirometry in children from Mexico City.

A study was conducted in two elementary schools in Mexico City to determine values for pulmonary function tests in school-aged residents of Mexico City. The schools were located in Xalostoc, a highly industrialized area of Mexico City, and San Lorenzo, a suburban area of the city. Although data regarding atmospheric pollution were not available, there is an acknowledged higher level of macroenvironmental air pollution in Xalostoc. Pulmonary function tests were performed on 468 children in San Lorenzo and 405 children in Xalostoc. No differences between residents of the two communities for acute or chronic respiratory conditions were detected by questionnaire. The pulmonary function data demonstrate that boys have larger forced vital capacities (FVC) and forced expiratory flows over the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75) than girls. Slopes of regression lines for FVC but not for FEF25-75 are greater in boys and girls from Xalostoc than in boys and girls from San Lorenzo. This suggests that young children from Xalostoc may experience ill effects of air pollution but develop catch-up growth later. There were no important community or gender effects on slopes of regression lines for height and weight on age. In general, the regression lines for FVC and FEF25-75 were below regression lines reported for children of Mexican ancestry living at sea level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Metal pollution in coastal areas of Mexico.

Metals are natural constituents of the earth core and can be widespread in all environments, forming part of sediments, rocks, animal and plant tissues, crude oil, hemoglobin, pigments, proteins, and enzymes. However, some of these metals, such as lead, chromium, and mercury, have been widely used in industrial and human activities, thus provoking an alteration in their geochemical balance and causing high concentrations, frequently three to four orders of magnitude higher than their natural concentrations. The aggressive industrialization and urbanization of coastal areas in Mexico have given rise to singular pollution problems in which such metals play an important role. Thus, this review identifies the main sources and quantifies the concentration levels of metals in the water, sediments, and organisms of coastal ecosystems (rivers, estuaries, coastal lagoons, Continental Shelf) in the Gulf of Mexico as well as the Mexican Pacific. The results show high concentrations of lead, chromium, and nickel in sediments and animal tissues from coastal states (Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, and Campeche) in the Gulf of Mexico, especially in areas close to industrialized towns such as Tampico, Veracruz City, and Villahermosa. On the other hand, studies conducted on Mexican Pacific coasts indicate low levels of metals in sediments and organisms, an indication that the metal pollution here is closely tied to human, industrial, and oil activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Assessment and comparison of human exposure to lead between Belgium, Malta, Mexico and Sweden.

This is a follow-up study of UNEP/WHO Pilot Project on Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead and Cadmium through Biological Monitoring, carried out in 1983/1984. The main objectives of the follow-up study were: to study whether differences in blood-lead levels found between countries in the Biological Monitoring Project were confirmed and were primarily due to exposure via ingested lead (oral intake) or via inhaled lead; to make a preliminary survey, in selected areas, of the possible sources of high exposure (Malta, Belgium). Four countries participated: Belgium, Malta, Mexico, Sweden. To insure comparability between the populations, certain categories were monitored: teachers for socio-economic status, non smoking males, aged between 25 and 50 years old. The blood-lead concentration (PbB) was measured to determine the current exposure and the feces-lead excretion (PbF) was determined to find out the part of the exposure due to ingestion. Blood-lead levels and feces-lead excretion were very different between the four countries. Median values for PbB, in micrograms Pb/1, were, in decreasing values 247 in Malta, 188 in Mexico, 135 in Belgium and 53 in Sweden. Median values for PbF, in micrograms Pb/day, were 361 in Malta, 159 in Mexico, 82 in Belgium and 22 in Sweden. Oral intake seems to be the major exposure route in the four countries. The relationship between PbB and PbF is curvilinear. To investigate the possible source of high exposure, a preliminary survey was made in Malta and Belgium; lead in air suspended and sedimenting particles was monitored as well as the lead concentration in some food and street dust samples. Concerning the comparison of lead concentrations in these environmental samples between Belgium and Malta, no major differences were detected. The high internal exposure to lead in Maltese people, as measured by PbB, is probably due to a combination of several factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Mental disorders among family practice patients in the United States-Mexico border region.

A standardized interview including parts of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to determine the prevalence of depressive and generalized anxiety disorders among female family practice patients in San Antonio, Texas, and Monterrey, Mexico. Rates of depression and anxiety were not significantly different in Texas and Mexico. There were differences in age-specific rates of anxiety with the disorder being prominent among middle-aged women in Mexico. In both countries, women with mental disorders had higher rates of hospitalization, use of psychotropic medication(s), and physical complaints than women without such disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Nephrosclerosis and aortic atherosclerosis from age 6 to 70 years in the United States and Mexico.

With increasing age, the thoracic aorta shows progressive fibroplastic intimal thickening, which is thought to be pre-atheromatous. A similar progressive intimal thickening in the renal cortical arteries is the distinguishing feature of the nephrosclerosis which underlies essential hypertension. Therefore, the earliest detectable youthful precursors of atherosclerosis and hypertension show strong morphological resemblances to each other. In this study, close statistical associations have been shown between the two types of arterial intimal fibroplasia. Both conditions show similar sigmoid growth curves from ages 6 to 70 years, thereby generating correlations across age groups of r = 0.99 in New Orleans and r = 0.95 in Mexico City. Specimens gathered in New Orleans were found to have about 1.4 times greater arterial intimal thickening than specimens from Mexico City, and this excess was seen at all ages in both the aortas and the renal cortical arteries. It seems likely that intimal fibroplasia of arteries is reflecting similar biological principles at all levels of the vascular tree. Whatever etiological factors vary between New Orleans and Mexico City, those factors appear to act directly at a tissue level to promote the early precursors of atherosclerosis and of the nephrosclerosis that underlies hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Demographic, clinical and comorbidity data in a large sample of 1,147 patients with migraine in Mexico City.

The objective was to identify the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of a large sample of patients with migraine in Mexico City. This cross-sectional study was performed in two tertiary centers in Mexico City and affiliated hospitals. We evaluated the presence of migraine through a standardised interview according to the criteria of the International Headache Society. We studied 1,147 patients. The mean age was 37.1+/-13.6 (6-77) years. Nine hundred and twenty one patients were female (80%). The age of onset of migraine was 19.4+/-10.3 (1-69) years. Six hundred and four patients had migraine with aura (53%) and 543 without aura (47%). The female/male ratio was 4:1. One hundred and forty-seven patients had cardiovascular problems (13%), 72 had neurological problems (6%), 233 had gastrointestinal problems (20%) and 323 had psychiatric problems (28%). In this study we described the clinical characteristics of a large sample of patients with migraine in Mexico City. Our sample has similar characteristics to other countries.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Estimated numbers of men and women infected with HIV/AIDS in Tijuana, Mexico.

Tijuana, Mexico, just south of San Diego, California, is located by the busiest land border crossing in the world. Although UNAIDS considers Mexico to be a country of "low prevalence, high risk," recent surveillance data among sentinel populations in Tijuana suggests HIV prevalence is increasing. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of men and women aged 15 to 49 years infected with HIV in Tijuana. Gender and age-specific estimates of the Tijuana population were obtained from the 2000 Mexican census. Population and HIV prevalence estimates for at-risk groups were obtained from published reports, community based studies, and data from the Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH/SIDA (CENSIDA). Age-specific fertility rates for Mexico were used to derive the number of low and high-risk pregnant women. Numbers of HIV-positive men and women were estimated for each at-risk group and then aggregated. A high growth scenario based on current HIV prevalence and a conservative, low growth estimate were determined. A total of 686,600 men and women in Tijuana were aged 15 to 49 years at the time of the 2000 census. Considering both scenarios, the number of infected persons ranged from 1,803 to 5,472 (HIV prevalence: 0.26 to 0.80%). The majority of these persons were men (>70%). The largest number of infected persons were MSM (N = 1,146 to 3,300) and IDUs (N = 147 to 650). Our data suggest that up to one in every 125 persons aged 15-49 years in Tijuana is HIV-infected. Interventions to reduce ongoing spread of HIV are urgently needed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

L-tryptophan and eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in New Mexico.

On Oct 30, 1989, the New Mexico Health and Environment Department learned of 3 patients with eosinophilia and severe myalgia who had been taking L-tryptophan. Further review of these and similar cases led to the initial recognition of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) epidemic. To elucidate the apparent association between L-tryptophan-containing products (LTCPs) and EMS a case-control study was done. The case definition was unexplained peripheral eosinophilia (2000/microliters or more) and incapacitating myalgia. Cases were found through review of white blood cell counts from May 1 to Oct 31, 1989, in nine medical laboratories in New Mexico. 11 cases and 22 matched controls were interviewed for information on symptoms and other clinical findings, on the use of LTCPs, and on potential confounding factors. All 11 cases (100%) used LTCPs compared with only 2 controls. These findings led to a ban on the sale of LTCPs in New Mexico, followed by a nationwide recall of such preparations in the United States.

Adult↗