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PubMed2006

Intraoperative skeletal traction in the dog: a cadaveric study.

A standard skeletal traction technique was applied to each major segment of the appendicular skeleton of ten fresh dog cadavers. Opposition points and anchorage points for the application of traction were determined for each skeletal segment. Traction was exerted by means of a micrometric traction stand, connected to the limb by bands or a stirrup. Traction was applied to the antebrachium and the tibia through nylon traction bands anchored to the metacarpus and metatarsus, respectively. A traction stirrup applied to the condylar region was used as the anchorage point to load the humerus and femur. Once a peak force of 25 kg weight was achieved, the load was monitored for half an hour to check for any variation. After that, each skeletal segment was osteotomized in the mid-diaphyseal region, and evaluated for any angular malalignment due to a mismatch between the axis of the bone and the applied loading. Any ensuing angular malalignment was successfully corrected by manoeuvres using the traction stand. The technique used in this study to perform intraoperative skeletal traction proved to be reliable and consistent for each segment of the appendicular skeleton.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Arthrotomy and arthrodesis in the treatment of complicated arthritis of the fetlock joint in adult cattle.

One Galloway bull and three German Holstein-Friesian cows aged between three and five years with complicated arthritis of the fetlock joint were treated by arthrotomy (on the bull and two of the cows) or by arthrodesis (on the other cow). Arthrotomy involved four vertical dorsolateral/dorsomedial and palmolateral/palmomedial incisions 5 cm long to give access to the joint cavities and allow fibrin, debris and necrotic tissue to be removed. Arthrodesis consisted of lateral and medial (abaxial) horizontal 5 cm incisions along the joint space. After debridement, the joint surfaces (cartilage and superficial bone tissue) of the metacarpus and first phalanx were completely abraded with a high-speed surgical drill. The interdigital region, palmar and dorsal tendons, vessels and nerves were conserved during both arthrotomy and arthrodesis, and the pouches were flushed during the surgery. The incisions were sutured and a casting tape was applied. Six weeks later, the cast was removed and a supporting bandage was applied. Each animal received 10 mg/kg ampicillin subcutaneously twice a day from one day before surgery until a mean (sd) of 23 (4) days after the arthrotomies and 36 days after the arthrodesis. After a recovery period of at least one year, all the animals could be used without restrictions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cutaneous laser-Doppler velocimetry in nine animal species.

The assessment of cutaneous microcirculation by laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) has been primarily limited to human studies. The purpose of this investigation was to establish normal values in various species and anatomic sites for blood flow, velocity, and volume as determined by LDV. Microcirculation was measured with a laser-Doppler velocimeter in 54 animals, 6 healthy animals from each of 9 species. The standard sites used were the buttocks, convex surface of the ear, metacarpal pad, humeroscapular junction, thoracolumbar junction, ventral portion of the abdomen, dorsal metacarpus (hooved animals), and ventral surface of the tail (horse). Significant differences in blood flow, velocity, and volume were measured between species and sites within species. The ventral portion of the abdomen consistently had the highest relative blood flow across all species except the monkey. Measurements in the canine metacarpal pad had a high SD, possibly indicating the stratum corneum and epidermis to be too thick for LDV. Our findings provide baseline data in several species, with application of LDV in comparative dermatologic research.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Early calcipenic osteopathy in the panoramic x-ray image of the maxillary and mandibular alveolar process of young adult alcoholics].

The authors have examined 220 maxillary and mandibular panoramic roentgenograms of 55-55, all 110, between 21-34 years of age alcohol addict males and females with a complete dentitions and intact parodontium. In 19 per cent of patients developed osteoporomalacia, cystic rarefications and multiple pathologic microfractures of the alveolar spongy bone tissues. The calcipenic osteopathia was verified by the routine laboratory disorders of calcium and phosphor metabolisms, besides by the diminution of roentgenmorphometrical index of right 2nd metacarpus and tibia. The osteoporomalacia of alveolar parts preceded calcipenic osteopathia of all bones in 52 per cent of patients. A quantity of 25-50 g alcohol consumed daily would be resulting the calcipenic osteopathia after 3-5 years. Its development may be due to individual praedisposition influenced by nutritional, hormonal, genetic and hepatopancreatic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Clinical anatomy of the m. flexor carpi radialis tendon sheath.

At the transitional zone from the forearm to the hand the insertion tendon of the m.flexor carpi radialis (FCR) glides on a fibrous and fatty cushion, which is connected dorsally with the joint capsule of the radiocarpal articulation. The tendon distally crosses the palmar side of the scaphoid tubercle and enters the dorsally curved rim of the trapezoid tubercle. At the level of the wrist joint the narrow tendon sheath begins, which extends to the insertion at the metacarpus. Immediately after entering the gliding tunnel the tendon branches off radially as a rule with an accessory fibre strand 8 mm in width to the scaphoid, trapezium and the joint capsule between these two bones. The insertion tendon regularly is attached to the palmar and radial surfaces of the second and third metacarpal bones. The wall of the osteofibrous gliding tunnel can be prominent following trauma, inflammation or arthrosis deformans in the trapezio-scaphoideal joint and may irritate the tendon (tendovaginosis stenosans). Against resistance forces pain will occur in the wrist joint during palmar flexion. The typical point of tenderness is situated at the entering of the tendon in the thenar region. Operative decompression will be effective by opening the radial wall of the tendon sheath from the carpal tunnel.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bone and joint manifestations of Rieger's syndrome: a report of a family.

Rieger's syndrome is a disease characterized by ocular anomalies usually associated with glaucoma but very rarely with bone and joint abnormalities. In three cases in a family with Rieger's syndrome, the proband was a 6-year-old girl, with involvement of her 9-year-old sister and 39-year-old father. The skeletal abnormalities found in these three individuals were a prominent posterior clinoid process (sella turcica), hypoplasia of the maxilla and the mandibula, pseudoepiphyseal center of the metatarsus and the metacarpus, and irregular ossification of the femoral head, the distal femoral, and distal tibial epiphyses and the short second and fifth metatarsi.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Preventive effects of fortified pollen on diphenylhydantoin teratogenesis].

This paper reports the preventive effects of fortified pollen and folic acid on diphenylhydantoin (DPH) teratogenesis in pregnant SD rats. The experiment showed that i.p. injection of DPH 75mg/kg per day to pregnant rats on gestational days 7 through 11, and feeding of fortified pollen (pollen 10g/kg per day plus folic acid 20mg/kg per day) or folic acid (20mg/kg per day) on gestational days 0 through 20 may partly prevent the embryotoxicity and fetal toxicity produced by DPH. However, the preventive effects of fortified pollen is better than those of folic acid on the following: decrease of fetal body weight; retarded ossification of metacarpus, proximal phalanx, metatarsus, and supraoccipital bone; sternebrae ossification agenesis; subcutaneous hemorrhage; single eye defect; hydronephrosis and the widening of subarachnoid space. This paper also discusses the possible mechanism of prevention of fortified pollen and folic acid against DPH teratogenesis.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1987

[Congenital hemihypertrophy associated with cutaneous pigmento-vascular, cerebral, visceral and bone abnormalities].

A case of hemihypertrophy associated with multiple anomalies of the skin, bone and visceral organs is presented. A 31-year-old female was admitted for evaluation of her skin conditions. Her family history is noncontributory, while her past history discloses operations for syndactyly of the right foot, tonsillar hypertrophy, anal prolapse and ovarial cyst. Erythemas of the face and the left upper extremity were noticed during the neonatal period and hypertrophy of the right side of the body started at age 2 months. On admission, hemihypertrophy was observed in the face, trunk and extremities. Multiple faint nevi flammei were seen on the right half of the face and on the left side of the trunk and extremities. Telangiectasis and nevus anemicus were seen in the upper chest. The left upper extremity showed diffuse brown patches that was histologically basal pigmentation with some giant melanosomes. Visceral anomalies consisted of fibromatous tumors of the tip of the tongue and mitral prolapse. Angiography and computed tomography revealed a possible arteriovenous malformation of the right occipital region, small hemangiomas around the patella, dilation of the lateral ventricle, and calcification of the choroid plexus. Tortuous superficial veins were noted in the right leg. She had no seizure, but her IQ was 68. The bone disorders consisted of scoliosis, short forth metacarpus, hypoplastic mandible and peroneal exostosis. Examination revealed a slight diminution of urinary corticosteroid, but no other endocrinological disorders were found. The hemihypertrophy in this case is at least partially due to an arteriovenous shunt, suggested by elevated oxygen saturation of the blood obtained from the internal saphenous vein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1988

[Osteoporotic changes in rheumatoid arthritis--longitudinal bone mass study and effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3].

Serial measurements of bone mass were carried out by single photon absorptiometry and/or X-ray microdensitometry of the second metacarpus in 29 rheumatoid arthritis patients not treated by corticosteroids. The effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on rheumatoid arthritis was also investigated by longitudinal bone mass study. In premenopausal females and also males, the rate of radial diaphyseal bone loss was less than 1%/year and bone loss was seen only in the periarticular region of affected joints. On the other hand, bone loss was much more rapid in both the periarticular and diaphyseal regions in postmenopausal patients. 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 administration for more than 1 year produced no significant change of blood biochemical examination and Lansbury's index, but resulted in a significant attenuation of bone loss rate.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1987

[CT study of the carpal tunnel. Normal anatomy].

The standard technique for CT investigation of the carpal tunnel and its normal anatomy were studied. Ten healthy asymptomatic volunteers, age 25-45, underwent wrist CT. The hand is placed in prone position with the third metacarpus in line with the radius. Digital radiograph and four axial CT scans are performed respectively: at the distal end of the radius, at the scaphoid tubercle level, at the hamate hook level and at the carpal-metacarpal joint. Standard carpal tunnel diameters are thus available with good reliability and repeatability when correct technique is adopted. The results permit a morphological description of the osseous walls, transverse ligament, flexor tendons with synovial sheets and median nerve. Gujon's canal and its content can also be investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Relationships between stride length, stride frequency, velocity, and morphometrics of foals.

Velocity-dependent changes in stride length and frequency were studied in 19 male foals, 6 to 8 months of age, and were related to body morphometrics. Eighteen distance and 8 angle measurements were digitized from 16-mm films of standing foals. The total mass and the percentage of total mass acting through the forelimbs were also recorded. Stride length and frequency data were extracted from 16-mm films of 239 strides of the walk, trot, and canter-gallop. Polynomial-regression analysis was used to determine the equation that best described the relationship between data of stride length or frequency vs velocity and stride length vs stride frequency for each foal, for the total population, and for the walk, trot, and canter-gallop data from the total population. Stepwise-regression analysis was done of stride length, or slope of the stride length-velocity line (frequency-1) vs distance, angle, and mass measurements. The stride length for each foal was calculated for a stride frequency of 2 strides/s. The maximum recorded velocity was 11.45 m/s. There was overlap in the velocity ranges at which gaits were used: the walk or trot were used at velocities between 1.7 to 2.0 m/s and a trot or canter were used over a wider velocity range of 3.2 to 5.8 m/s. Stride length did not exceed 4.72 m. The mean stride length at a frequency of 2 strides/s was 2.57 m and was significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated to total mass (r = 0.6335) and length of the metacarpus (r = -0.5115), but not to wither height.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: radiographic observations.

Radiographs of 23 foals (35 forelimbs) with carpal region angular limb deformities, which later were corrected by hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping, were evaluated as to geometric and morphologic abnormalities. Geometric evaluation included deviation angle and deviation pivot point. Morphologic abnormalities were categorized as: asymmetric width of the distal radial physis; asymmetric width of the distal radial epiphysis; carpal bone collapse or fracture; carpal bone hypoplasia; carpal bone displacement; and metacarpal bone displacement. Fifty-seven percent of limbs had radiographic lesions in the carpal joints and 20% had lesions in the metacarpus. Of all the limbs, 48% had carpal or metacarpal bone hypoplasia, 26% had carpal or metacarpal bone displacement, and 12% had carpal bone collapse or fragmentation. On long-term followup (5 months to 2 years), 83% of the foals were sound and had straight limbs, regardless of the deviation angle, deviation pivot point, or morphologic carpal bone changes. Sixty percent of the foals were in performance training. About 50% of these foals in performance training had carpal bone hypoplasia before correction of the deviation. It was concluded that geometric and morphologic radiographic interpretation should be performed before surgical correction of carpal angular limb deformities with hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping, but that epiphyseal, carpal bone, or metacarpal bone changes, severe deviation angle (20 to 29 degrees) or distal location of the pivot point should not discourage attempted surgical correction.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Congenital familial dwarfism with cephaloskeletal dysplasia (Taybi-Linder syndrome)].

The authors report the case of an infant presenting with a syndrome associating dwarfism, microcephaly, facial dysmorphy and important skeletal abnormalities consisting of radiologic changes concerning the skull, long bones, vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, metacarpus and metatarsus. Severe cerebral atrophy and neurologic involvement were responsible for death in the first year of life. This rare syndrome is likely to have an autosomal recessive transmission.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗
PubMed1984

Radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic changes in growth plates of calves raised on hard flooring.

The effect of flooring on the development of physeal and metaphyseal lesions of the limbs was studied in 1- to 5-month-old dairy calves. Calves were allotted to 2 groups. Group I was housed on a clay floor throughout the study and group II was housed on metal slats until weaned and then on concrete. Radiographs of the right thoracic limb of the animals were made 7 times during the experimental period and of the right thoracic and pelvic limbs at necropsy. Selected sections of the physeal regions of the distal part of the radius, metacarpus, metatarsus, and rib were examined microscopically. The physes of the limbs in the 2 groups had eosinophilic streaks and patches which originated in the germinal zone and were associated with blood vessels. These foci varied from small streaks parallel to the chondrocyte columns to multiple horizontal branching patches in which cleft formation and necrosis interrupted the physis, resulting in osseous bridging. Remnants of necrotic cartilage or cartilage containing hypertrophied chondrocytes were located in the metaphysis adjacent to the areas of physeal disruption. Multiple undulations of the physes with variations in thickness and orientation of the chondrocyte columns occurred in the physes of all limbs examined. These areas did not interrupt the physis and were not associated with metaphyseal lesions. The ribs in both groups had focal areas of failure of endochondral ossification characterized by elongation of the hypertrophied zone, accumulation of fibrin and hemorrhage in the zone of provisional calcification, and retention of cartilage within the metaphysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Acro-osteolysis].

A case of essential carpal osteolysis is reported. The morphological appearance of the hands is described. They showed ulnar deviation; they were short and pudgy, the carpus and metacarpus being almost absent. The fingers were normal, but the left thumb was atrophic. Radiographies of the left hand showed an almost complete disappearance of the carpus and severe irregularities of the ulna and radius. Aetiology, treatment and prognosis are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Primary care of extensor tendon injuries].

Therapeutic conclusions are derived from the anatomical peculiarities of the extensor apparatus of the fingers and the extensor tendons of the metacarpus and the wrist. In open wounds primary sutures are universally possible and promising except in cases with tendon defects or with special risk of infection. Our preferred technique employs a central wire suture which is barbed to resist proximal traction, combined with fine peripheral sutures. In closed ruptures at the DIP-level conservative as well as operative treatment can be advised, whereas at the PIP-joint and in more proximal regions operative measures are preferred.

Casts, Surgical↗
PubMed1982

Secondary operations after replantation.

104 secondary operations after 76 successful replantations in the upper limb in 49 patients have been evaluated. Of 150 successful replantations in 106 patients this represents an incidence of secondary procedures of 50.6%. 28.5% for skin cover, 18.6% on nerves, 17.6% on joints, 7.4% on bones and 3.9% on vessels. 1.5% of secondary operations were for removal of materials used for bone fixation. The most frequent operations on the individual structures in relation to level of amputation and the interval after replantation have been described. The inference that the number of reconstructed vessels influences the number of secondary operations can at least be drawn from the figures for skin cover for the finger as a whole, but not for the other structures. From the metacarpus proximally, no relationship could be demonstrated between vessels anastomosed and secondary procedures. An association between type of injury and incidence of secondary operations could be demonstrated. The so-called "unfavourable" slicing injuries. It was remarkable that circular saw and crush injuries, usually regarded as "unfavourable", necessitated fewer further operations than slicing injuries. Equally unexpected was the finding that secondary operations were most frequent not in the oldest age groups but in the group aged between 10 and 20. The type of injury can be excluded as a reason for this. No satisfactory explanation can be given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Mineral metabolism and immobilization osteopenia in ponies treated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.

The left thoracic limb was immobilized in a plaster cast in 6 grade weanling ponies for 6 weeks. Two ponies were injected intramuscularly each day with 2.4 micrograms of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] per kg bodyweight, two with 1.2 micrograms and two received no injections. Immobilization of 25(OH)D3 treatment had no significant effect on mineral metabolism. Immobilization resulted in significantly decreased weight and specific gravity of metacarpus III (MCIII). Histologic examination and triple fluorochrome incorporation showed that the osteopenia was caused by atrophy of osteoblasts with failure of bone apposition. Immobilization caused retardation or cessation of proliferation of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate with thinning or premature closure. Treatment with 25(OH)D3 further reduced apposition and enhanced significantly the osteopenia as shown by quantitative morphometry of microradiographs of the MCIII metaphyses. There was parathyroid gland atrophy and fibrosis in proportion to the level of 25(OH)D3 treatment, which, in absence of hypercalcemia in all ponies, was interpreted to be a direct result of vitamin D treatment. It was concluded that immobilization osteopenia under the present design and duration is caused by failure of bone apposition and that treatment with 25(OH)D3 at dose levels applied is contraindicated.

Animals↗