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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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PubMed1987

Historical perspective of genetic research with nonhuman primates.

Genetics became firmly established as a scientific discipline early in the twentieth century, but major genetic research programs that involve nonhuman primates have been initiated only in the last two decades. Considerable activity in this area has been stimulated by the concurrent development of powerful techniques for detecting variability in chromosomes, proteins, and DNA; the establishment of pedigreed breeding colonies; and the recognition that nonhuman primates are ideally suited as models of human disease and social structure. The subdisciplines of cytogenetics, immunogenetics, and biochemical genetics have established a firm basis for biomedical and evolutionary research with nonhuman primates, and they will contribute greatly to future research initiatives. More recently, the advent of molecular genetics has enhanced the opportunities for research; and the exploration of nonhuman primates as potential models for genetically mediated diseases has been richly rewarded. We stand at the threshold of a new and exciting era in genetic research with nonhuman primates. The results of research programs already underway not only will provide more definitive answers about the origin of man, but also will play a critical role in solving the health-related problems of the present and of the future.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Information services in medical mycology.

The need for information services in medical mycology is discussed. The information service provided by the Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology is described and compared with other information services.

Information Services↗
PubMed1989

Multiple publication of reports of drug trials.

Fourty-four multiple publications of 31 comparative trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis were examined for mutual agreement. Thirty-two of the papers were published in the same language as the primary version. Important discrepancies were seen in 14 trials, involving description of the study design in two, exclusion of protocol violators in two, inconsistency in the number of effect variables in five, in the number of side-effects in five, and in the significance level in one. In three articles the conclusion became more favourable for the new drug with time. Only half of the trials had the same first author and number of authors. For six trials, multiple publication was difficult to detect. Adherence to the manuscript guidelines published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors should diminish the risk of inflated meta-analyses, reference lists and curricula vitae, and inexplicable discrepancies in articles based on the same data.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1989

A review of dietary interventions aimed at controlling hypertension.

Before planning programs to change dietary behavior in groups of individuals, evidence about the effectiveness of different interventions is needed. Articles published in the journals indexed by Index Medicus between the years 1975-84 were reviewed for evidence concerning the effectiveness of dietary modification programs in achieving dietary change. All program evaluations published in English and aimed at control of blood pressure levels in adults were eligible for review. Twenty-nine articles relevant to the synthesis contained sufficient information evaluating the contribution of dietary intervention. These 20 studies addressed changes in fat consumption, reduction in salt intake and reduction in calories consumed. The methods of intervention ranged from residential programs, through individual counseling and group discussion involving spouses, to audiovisual tapes. The studies had varying periods of follow-up; among those with one or more years of follow-up, a number of studies were able to demonstrate effectiveness using different outcome measures. For some dietary components, notably changes in fat intake and reduction in salt consumption, it has been possible to identify a minimal effective intervention, such as self-help materials or individual instruction, while changes in calorie intake or weight seem to require group counseling with family member involvement. The findings from this information synthesis should prove useful to those planning dietary interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Surgical research in the Netherlands. The Dutch experience with clinical studies in surgery].

A large number of good surgical studies have been published in The Netherlands, putting the country at the top of the list in the Western world. It is remarkable that the highest productivity was found in small countries and in countries with a low population. Most of the large European countries have a low scientific output according to the method used in the present study. The Scandinavian countries, Holland, and Switzerland have the best scientific index according to these results. It could be that the larger countries, such as Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, tend more to publish in national journals. Perhaps it is not common in some some countries and regions to publish data in English--which certainly has a negative effect on the scientific index of such a country. The high productivity found among Dutch surgeons could be explained by the fact that the 700 surgeons in a small country with a relatively high population are well organized: Almost all Dutch surgeons are members of the national surgical society. All of them can speak and write English very well. Participation in the activities organized by the national society is high. Scientific meetings where surgeons and assistants get together for a day or two are held twice a year. In addition quality controls are carried out at all teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Through this the surgeons in this relatively small country know each other quite well, which promotes cooperation when studies are undertaken. The Netherlands is just large enough for relevant clinical studies to be conducted and it may be that we initiate a relatively large number of such studies. It is a democratic country in which surgeons and researchers are offered the freedom and opportunity to conduct research and publish their results as they like without being hindered by hierarchic structures. Together, these factors create a scientific climate in The Netherlands which stimulates the organization of multicenter and clinical studies.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology of accidents in a Swedish municipality.

Total population injury surveillance was implemented in a geographical area with a population of over 41,000. All accidents taking place over one year that required medical care were noted. A total of 4,926 were registered, for a rate of 118.9 per 1,000. They consisted of accidents in the home (35.0%), sports accidents (18.9%), accidents at work (13.7%), traffic accidents (12.8%), and "other" accidents (19.5%). Men were involved in 62.2%, and were overrepresented in all age groups but 70 years and over. The commonest cause of injury was falling (36.4%), followed by injuries due to falling objects or blows (17.7%), cutting or piercing objects (15.0%), and physical overexertion (12.9%). Half of the victims covered by health insurance were put on sick leave in connection with the accident, and 12.6% of these were admitted to the hospital. The age group 13-19 years, and also men 20-29 years of age, showed the highest accident rate. The risk of accident was four times the average in mining and quarry workers. The number of accidents per resident for people living in single-family houses was almost twice that for people living in flats, a phenomenon not previously reported. Sports caused many serious injuries. In some respects the accident pattern in this study differed from that in another, comparable study and from official statistics. The difference is especially great concerning the number of accidents in the home.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1987

A vocabulary for medical informatics.

The terminology in medical informatics is evolving rapidly. The organizers of MEDINFO and SCAMC have used different sets of keywords to index their documents. Recognizing the limitations of this approach, members of those organizations joined with the National Library of Medicine in the creation of a better terminology for medical informatics. A hierarchical structure was placed on the terms to produce a thesaurus typical of the sort often used in the indexing and retrieving of documents. The building of this thesaurus began with an automatic merging of the thesaurus used by the Association of Computing Machinery and the Information Sciences component of the "Medical Subject Headings." This product was pruned by eliminating terms not related to those in the MEDINFO keyword list or not in the medical informatics literature. Further refinement of the thesaurus resulted from extensive discussions among the authors of this paper. The first major application of this terminology has been to the indexing of the articles in "MEDINFO-86 Proceedings." Major components of this medical informatics thesaurus also have been incorporated into the "Medical Subject Headings." This paper describes the process of preparing the thesaurus and presents an evaluation of its coverage of the "MEDINFO-86 Proceedings."

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1988

Self-service computerized bibliographic retrieval: a comparison of Colleague and PaperChase, programs that search the MEDLINE data base.

Colleague and PaperChase are the two most widely used computer systems designed specifically for clinicians and scientists who wish to search the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE data base of references to the biomedical literature. The present study compares the performance of these two systems. Two matched groups of second-year medical students each received 3 hr of instruction, one group in Colleague, the other in PaperChase. Each student then attempted 10 test searches. The next day the groups were reversed, and each student attempted 5 additional searches. During 3 1/2 hr allocated for searching, users of Colleague attempted 64 test searches and retrieved 326 target references; users of PaperChase attempted 78 searches and retrieved 496. Users of Colleague took a mean of 2.2 min and spent a mean of $1.20 to find each target reference; users of PaperChase took 1.6 min and spent $0.92. We conclude that after limited training, medical students find more references faster and at lower cost with PaperChase than with Colleague.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1988

Semantic relationships and medical bibliographic retrieval: a preliminary assessment.

This paper describes a project exploring whether semantic relationships between bibliographic terms may effectively partition the clinical literature. To address this question, a set of semantic relationships was identified between pairs of bibliographic terms taken from four categories: (1) diseases, (2) treatments, (3) tests, and (4) patient characteristics. The MEDLINE system of the National Library of Medicine was used to generate lists of abstracts relating to pairs of clinical terms. Each list of abstracts was examined to identify the semantic relationships, if any, which applied to the two terms in each paper. The study suggests that semantic relationships may play a potentially valuable role in assisting computer-based medical bibliographic retrieval. The degree to which relationships partition the literature is strongly dependent on the underlying semantics of the particular bibliographic terms involved.

Information Systems↗
PubMed1989

Computerized transcription of searches from MEDLINE to an information manager package, SCI-MATE.

MEDLINE bibliographic files, or searches from MEDLINE, can now be downloaded to personal computers. The materials can then be input to an information manager package, such as SCI-MATE, as a personal library for future updates, sorting, searching, cross-referencing, and reports. The transcription of the downloaded material to the manager package is tedious, however. A program has therefore been written to computerize the transcription.

Bibliography of Medicine↗
PubMed1989

Automated bibliographic retrieval based on current topics in hepatology: hepatopix.

The Hepatopix computer program helps the physician go from a computerized clinical record directly to a computerized search of the medical literature. The program uses a hierarchical list of current (key) topics in hepatology to offer "intelligent" searches. Each topic has associated "selection logic" and a tested Medline search. Starting with a liver biopsy case record, Hepatopix evaluates the selection logic to determine which topics may be pertinent to the case (based on clinical findings, lab tests, and critical words or phrases in the summary). The physician then picks those topics which are interesting enough to warrant a literature search. The citations are retrieved using search strategies stored for each topic and presented. Hepatopix is operational with over 200 topics in the realm of liver neoplasms, operating on liver biopsy case summaries from the Klatskin Database of Liver Biopsies. Besides demonstrating clinical case-directed bibliographic retrieval, it demonstrates the utility of a "key topics" list as a bridge between medical databases.

Bibliography of Medicine↗
PubMed1990

Retrieval performance in online search in thermal physiology.

Documents on four topics in thermal physiology were searched for in both BIOSIS and MEDLINE using both natural language and standard index words. The search by natural language retrieved more relevant documents than the search by standard index words in both databases. Overall, more relevant documents were retrieved in MEDLINE than in BIOSIS. Even in MEDLINE, however, only about 40% of the total existing documents (as estimated by an expert in thermal physiology) were retrieved.

MEDLARS↗