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PubMed2001

Prolonged measles virus shedding in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children, detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect measles virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, urine, and nasopharyngeal specimens from Zambian children during hospitalization and approximately 1-2 months after discharge. Of 47 children, 29 (61.7%) had prolonged measles virus shedding, as defined by detection of measles virus RNA in > or =1 specimen obtained 30-61 days after rash onset. Ten (90.9%) of 11 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children had prolonged measles virus shedding, compared with 19 (52.8%) of 36 HIV-uninfected children (P=.02). Prolonged measles virus shedding did not correlate with levels of measles virus-specific antibody. HIV-infected children with measles may have a prolonged infectious period that potentially enhances measles virus transmission and hinders measles control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Molecular epidemiology of measles virus: identification of pathways of transmission and implications for measles elimination.

The nucleotide sequences of either the hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein genes from wild type measles viruses isolated in the United States between 1989 and 1992 differed by < 0.5%. This suggests that the majority of viruses associated with resurgence of measles in the United States belonged to a single indigenous genotype. In contrast, wild type viruses isolated from sporadic outbreaks of measles in the United States during 1994 were genetically heterogeneous. These viruses were more closely related to wild type viruses previously circulating in Europe, Africa, or Japan and were epidemiologically linked to importations or no known source. In addition to demonstrating the utility of genetic analysis in understanding the epidemiology of measles, these data suggest that the transmission of the indigenous virus was interrupted after the 1989-1992 epidemic. Measures to further reduce the incidence of measles in the United States should include efforts to control importation and subsequent spread of measles.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Genotyping of measles virus in Canada: 1979-2002.

Genotyping is an important component of measles surveillance. In this study, we report the genotypes of 30 measles viruses from cases in Canada; 6 of these were collected between 1979 and 1996 and 24 were collected from 1997 through 2002. Many measles virus genotypes were found (C1, C2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, E, and H1). These data indicate that the predominant measles virus genotypes detected from 1979 to 1997 in Canada are no longer commonly found. Since the implementation of a routine second dose of measles vaccine and catch-up campaigns in 1996-1997, the wide variety of measles virus genotypes found supports epidemiological data showing that importation of measles is the source of current measles cases in Canada.

Canada↗
PubMed1981

Infection of canine mononuclear leucocytes by measles virus: possible mechanism of protection from canine distemper.

Measles virus was shown to be infectious to canine lymphocytes from peripheral blood as well as from different lymphoid tissues, and the same held true for canine macrophage cultures prepared from peripheral blood. The susceptibility of these leucocytes to measles virus was comparable with that of canine distemper virus. These observations supported the suggestion that interference with canine distemper virus by measles could be a possible mechanism of the heterotypic immunity observed in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Persistent measles virus infection in vero and McCoy cell lines.

Persistent measles virus infection was established in two cell lines: Vero and McCoy. Vero cells were infected with a virus that had been propagated five times from an undiluted inoculum. Measles virus infection of McCoy cells caused no cytopathic lesions but led to the establishment of persistent infection. Haemadsorption (HA) and immunofluorescence (IF) results indicated that the majority of Vero and McCoy cells carried measles virus antigen localized in the cell membranes. Both cell lines released infectious virus into the medium. In Vero cells, the virus yield diminished with the number of cell passages. Our results suggest that the presence of defective interfering particles in Vero cells and an antiviral factor in the supernatant of McCoy cells contributed to the maintenance of persistent infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity.

HYPOTHESIS: Otosclerosis is a bone remodeling disorder of the otic capsule causing conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Persistent measles virus infection of the temporal bone with increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and decreased osteoprotegerin mRNA expression is supposed to be the main etiologic factor in otosclerosis. BACKGROUND: Determinants of measles virus infection and reactive inflammation were studied in otosclerosis. The presence of measles virus was shown in otosclerotic patients by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of the viral RNA. No report is available, however, about the role and interactions of bone-specific cytokines in otosclerosis. METHODS: : Nucleic acid was extracted from stapes footplates of clinically otosclerotic patients. Measles virus nucleoprotein RNA was amplified by seminested RT-PCR. TNF-alpha and osteoprotegerin mRNA coexpression was detected by RT-PCR in otosclerotic bone and was correlated to measles virus positivity. RESULTS: Among 154 clinically stapes fixation otosclerotic patients, 99 stapedes contained measles virus RNA. TNF-alpha mRNA was detectable in 88 virus-positive and in 6 virus-negative stapes footplates. Osteoprotegerin mRNA expression was significantly lower in the TNF-alpha-positive specimens (P < .0001) that was independent from virus positivity. CONCLUSION: Detection of TNF-alpha mRNA demonstrates activated osteoclast functions and inflammatory pathways in otosclerotic stapes footplates associated with measles virus presence. Increased expression of TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production inhibits the protective functions of osteoprotegerin on normal bone turnover in the otic capsule.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Receptor use by vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes with glycoproteins of defective variants of measles virus isolated from brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

The vaccine or Vero cell-adapted strains of measles virus (MV) have been reported to use CD46 as a cell entry receptor, while lymphotropic MVs preferentially use the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150). In contrast to the virus obtained from patients with acute measles, little is known about the receptor that is used by defective variants of MV isolated from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The receptor-binding properties of SSPE strains of MV were analysed using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes expressing the envelope glycoproteins of SSPE strains of MV. Such pseudotype viruses could use SLAM but not CD46 for entry. The pseudotype viruses with SSPE envelope glycoproteins could enter Vero cells, which do not express SLAM. In addition, their entry was not blocked by the monoclonal antibody to CD46, pointing to another entry receptor for SSPE strains on Vero cells. Furthermore, the unknown receptor(s), distinct from SLAM and CD46, may be present on cell lines derived from lymphoid and neural cells. Biochemical characterization of the receptor present on Vero cells and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells was consistent with a glycoprotein. Identification of additional entry receptors for MV will provide new insights into the mechanism of spread of MV in the central nervous system and possible reasons for differences between MVs isolated from patients with acute measles and SSPE.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Replication of measles virus in the human plasma cell leukemia-derived LICR-LON-HMy2 cell line.

Measles virus is usually grown in human or monkey fibroblast cells. We now show that LICR-LON-HMy2 (LL2) cells, a human plasma cell leukemia-derived line which grows in suspension culture, will permissively support replication of measles virus to an extent achievable with Vero cells. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of measles virions produced by LL2 cells showed a polypeptide pattern typical of measles virus. As well, measles virus-infected LL2 cells, like infected Vero cells, were found to secrete large amounts of virus hemagglutinin, but not other virus proteins. We thus conclude that LL2 cells can be effectively used to produce milligram amounts of measles virus and that virus-clarified culture medium from measles virus-infected LL2 cells is a potential source for purifying virus hemagglutinin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Codetection of measles virus and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in otosclerotic stapes footplates.

HYPOTHESIS: Otosclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology causing conductive or sensorineural hearing loss. Persistent measles virus infection of the otic capsule is considered to be one of the etiologic factors in otosclerosis. BACKGROUND: Determinants of measles virus infection and reactive inflammation were studied in otosclerosis. The presence of measles virus was shown in otosclerotic patients by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of the viral RNA. No report is available, however, on the types and features of paracrine cytokines in otosclerosis. METHODS: Nucleic acid was extracted from stapes footplate samples of clinically otosclerotic patients. Measles virus nucleoprotein RNA was amplified by seminested RT-PCR. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR in otosclerotic bone and was correlated with preoperative audiologic findings and measles virus positivity. RESULTS: Among 154 clinically otosclerotic patients, 99 stapes footplate specimens contained measles virus RNA. TNF-alpha mRNA was detectable in 88 virus-positive and in 6 virus-negative stapes footplates. There was no detectable TNF-alpha mRNA expression in virus negative cases. CONCLUSION: The etiologic role of measles virus in the pathogenesis of otosclerosis should be considered. Detection of TNF-alpha mRNA demonstrates activated osteoclast functions and inflammatory pathways in otosclerotic stapes footplates associated with measles virus presence. Virus-associated and virus-negative pathomechanisms of otosclerosis should be distinguished.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Alterations in expression of measles virus polypeptides by antibody: molecular events in antibody-induced antigenic modulation.

Six hours after measles virus antibodies bind to the surface of HeLa cells acutely infected with measles virus, the expression of an external polypeptide F1, as well as internal polypeptides P and M are altered. The loss of F1 molecules during antibody-induced antigenic modulation explains the lack of cell-cell fusion and giant cell formation of infected cells cultured in the presence of antibody. The decrease in F1, P, and M viral polypeptides is specific, since the effect is only seen with antibodies directed against measles virus antigens expressed on the cell's surface and not with antibodies directed against nonviral antigens expressed on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. Since the P protein or its analog in other viral systems appears to be associated with transcriptive complex whereas the M protein is associated with nucleocapsid recognition and alignment at the plasma membrane, the alterations in these polypeptides might lead to aberrations in measles virus synthesis and maturation that are hallmarks of persistent measles virus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Persistence of the measles virus genome in peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus].

Punctate hybridization was used to examine measles virus genome in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Measles virus genome was revealed in 47 (54%) out of 87 GN patients, in 27 (74%) out of 36 SLE patients and in none of the control group patients. GN patients manifested a tendency towards increase of the rate of measles virus demonstration with the rise of the titres of measles antibodies. All SLE patients with a high antibody titre (1:512 and higher) demonstrated measles virus genome. The rate of measles virus genome demonstration in GN and SLE patients did not depend on the sex, age, duration and clinical disease pattern or the content of IgA, IgM, IgG in blood serum. During disease exacerbation, the rate of measles virus demonstration was higher in 41 (59.4%) out of 69 patients than during remission--in 6 (33.3%) out of 18 patients (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis measles virus: study of biological markers.

Comparative studies between two measles virus strains isolated from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and a prototype low tissue culture passage Edmonston measles virus are described. Differences were noted in several properties. The findings described in this report suggest that strains of measles virus associated with SSPE have different biological properties and apparently cannot be distinguished from laboratory and field strains of the virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Rapid detection of measles virus in skin rashes by immunofluroescence.

Specific immunofluorescence was used to detect measles virus antigen in skin rashes. Cryostat sections of punch-biopsy specimens of the skin were stained with use of hyperimmune rabbit and horse antisera to measles virus, also conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, served as controls. Measles virus was specifically demonstrated in 20 of 21 biopsy specimens taken within four days after the onset of exanthema. Measles virus antigen was also found in three of five biopsy specimens from nonexanthematous skin during the first four days of the exanthematous phase. The viral antigen was found in single cells or in clusters of cells in the surface epithelium, skin appendages, and corium. No viral antigen was detected in biopsy specimens taken five to six days after the onset of rash.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on establishment and maintenance of persistent infection with measles virus in NC-37 cell. III. Role of interferon in establishment and maintenance of persistent infection (author's transl)].

Human lymphoblastoid cell, NC-37, persistently infected with measles virus could always produce interferon in culture medium. Persistently infected cells were sensitive to interferon and acquired antiviral state, but normally yielded infectious progeny virus in culture fluid. Sensitivity of measles virus to interferon was studied because measles virus continued to replicate in these persistently infected cell. Attenuated and SSPE viruses which established persistent infection were relatively resistant to antiviral effect of interferon while wild strain had a sensitivity. Interferon produced endogenously in these persistently infected cells did not play an important role in maintenance of persistent infection caused by the suppression of virus replication. As it was found that persistently infected cell treated with interferon as high as 10(4) units/ml was significantly decreased virus yield in parallel with hemadsorption, it is suggested that endogenous measles virus which has been replicate in persistently infected cell might be also sensitive to high titer of interferon. NC-37 cell pretreated with interferon (10(3) units/ml) was infected with wild strain of measles virus. The treated cell led to decrease approximately 30% of virus yield and hemadsorption at the time when maximum yield was obtained in control cell, and that cell death reduced one week, but persistent infection could not be established.

Cells, Cultured↗