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310 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Gaps and fragmentation of the superficial cortex in the abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes of elderly Japanese.

Gaps and fragmentation of the superficial lymph node cortex are considered to provide intranodal shunt flow between the afferent and efferent vessels. Using serial sections of 205 nodes obtained from 27 donated cadavers more than 70 years of age, we examined the histological architecture of the abdominal and pelvic nodes in elderly Japanese. Secondary follicles were rare in the specimens. Cortex gaps were, to a greater or lesser degree, found in all nodes. We classified these nodes into three types according to how often the gap occurred. Type 1 nodes, with a relatively complete shield for the afferent lymph, were most frequently found in gastric nodes, whereas type 3 nodes, with numerous gaps, were often observed in the colic, para-aortic and pelvic nodes. The type 3 nodes showed a specific architecture characterized by a fragmented superficial cortex, three-dimensionally assembled cords and a common sinus between them. Primary follicles were located in the assembled cord structures as well as at the superficial cortex. Irrespective of the type, B and T lymphocyte areas were intermingled in the cortex-like areas. The present results reveal region-specific histological heterogeneity in aged human visceral nodes. Due to increased surface areas, the type 3 architecture seemed to accelerate systemic immunity rather than act as a local barrier in the para-aortic and pelvic nodes, which are located centrally along the lymphatic drainage routes. However, thick trabeculae often seemed to develop in the type 3 sinus to decrease nodal function with aging.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1980

Organization of the motoneurons innervating the pelvic muscles of the male rat.

The cytoarchitecture of the motoneuron pool of the male rat was studied at the lumbo-sacral transition area, particularly in L6. In the latter segment a dorso-medial (DM), ventral (V), dorso-lateral (DL), and retrodorso-lateral group (RDL) could be defined. The DL group was associated with a prominent longitudinal dendrite bundle and the CM group with smaller transverse bundles. Moreover, close soma-somatic apposition was found between neurons in these columns. Because L6 gives rise to n. pudendus and contributes to n. ischiadicus, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the cut n. ischiadicus and in other experiments injected into the pelvic muscles. Neurons in RDL were labeled following exposure of n. ischiadicus to HRP. Injections in m. levator ani resulted in labeled neurons in the V group, mainly below L6. Injections in m. sphincter urethrae resulted in labeled neurons in the DL group as well as neurons immediately cranial to this column. Musculus ischiocavernosus injections resulted in transport of HRP to neurons in the DL group, primarily in its medial part, and to more cranially located neurons. In addition, some neurons in the V group in L6 were labeled. Following injections in m. bulbocavernosus and m. sphincter ani, labeled neurons were found primarily in the DM group, and to a lesser extent in the V group. Histochemical investigations with staining methods for the localization of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and heavy metals (the Timm method) demonstrated that part of the neuropil of DL and of DM were different from the rest of the motoneuron neuropil. In the DL group the area with the diverging staining patterns corresponded to the region of the dendrite bundle. The experimental data indicated and the ultrastructural studies demonstrated that the histochemical differences could be correlated with differences in the composition of the populations of boutons. The comparison of the cytoarchitectural and histochemical data with the results obtained by the aid of the retrograde HRP tracing technique established that mm. sphincter urethrae, ischiocavernosus, bulbocavernosus, and sphincter ani were each innervated by two populations of neurons that were situated in separate areas which had different histochemical properties, and which thus probably have different compositions of their afferent inputs. The duality in the motoneuron pool that innervates the pelvic mucscle might be a reflection of the dual influence on these muscles. As all other striated muscles the pelvic muscles are under voluntary control. However, they are also tightly linked to the function of the pelvic viscera and thus under influence of the autonomic nervous system.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Spino-thalamic cordotomy in cancerous pain. Results of a series of 124 patients operated on by the direct posterior approach].

The authors -- about a series of 124 cancerous patients treated during the 12 last years with open spino-thalamic cordotomy for intractable pain -- have tried to evaluate effectiveness of the operation with regard to its levels in relation to the site of pain. Patients suffering median or bilateral perineo-pelvic pain, isolated or associated with algias in one or both legs (group I: 50%) underwent a bilateral C8-C6 cordotomy in one stage. Patients with the same perineo-pelvic cancers but suffering only unilateral pain (group II : 31,8%) and patients with painful cancers in the leg (group III : 3,2%), were operated on with a C7 controlateral cordotomy. Patients suffering widespread unilateral pain in the chest, isolated or associated with algias in the arm, for instance from lung or breast cancers (group IV : 15%) underwent a controlateral C2 cordotomy. There was 3,2% mortality and one paraplegia. A useful early effect(i.e. complete or partial relief) was obtained : in 85% cases (60% and 25%) for the 1st group, in only 51% (36% and 15%) for the 2nd, and in 87% (56% and 31%) for the 4th. Relief was complete in each of the 4 cases of the 3rd group. In the 2nd group 39% of patients were completely relieved of their initial unilateral pain, but complained of an early post-operative pain on the other side. This secondary pain was supposed existing prior to the operation, but masked because of its lesser intensity. The useful results at the time of death, after a 6 month mean survival (from 1 month to 4 years), were 63,75% in the 1st group, 33% in the 2nd, 100% in the 3rd and 72% in the 4th. The high rate of poor results with unilateral cervical cordotomy in the perineo-pelvic cancers with apparently unilateral pain, led us since then to systematically perform for them a bilateral cordotomy. Thus, our general management for pain of malignant origin is now as follows: C8-C6 bilateral cordotomy for all the perineo-pelvic cancers whatever uni- or bilateral the site of pain may be; C7 controlateral cordotomy for the painful cancers of the leg; and C2 controlateral cordotomy for hemithoracic and/or arm pain, when related to very extended lung or breast cancers. We prefer complete posterior rhizotomy for limited cancers of the thoracic wall, and selective posterior rhizotomy through the scope, from -- the brachial plexus roots down to T4 -- for pain as from the PANCOAST-TOBIAS syndromes, or in case of painful involvements of the upper limb roots. For cervico-facial cancers we generally use combined sections of the sensory cranial nerves in the posterior fossa and of the cervical posterior roots.

Cordotomy↗
PubMed1987

Organization of lumbar spinal outflow to distal colon and pelvic organs.

The lumbar sympathetic outflow projects through the lumbar splanchnic, lumbar colonic, and hypogastric nerves (and to a lesser degree through the sacral sympathetic chain and pelvic nerves). It is thought to be involved in the regulation of the storage and evacuation functions of the following three organ systems: lower urinary tract, hindgut, and reproductive organs. In addition, it controls vascular resistance and capacitance. Thus the target tissues of the postganglionic neurons are vascular smooth muscle, visceral smooth muscles, probably secretory epithelia, and also neurons in the enteric nervous system and the pelvic ganglia. The preganglionic neurons are situated in the caudal part of the spinal representation, neurons associated with the colon being located rostral to those associated with the pelvic organs. Most lie medial to the classical intermediolateral cell column that may contain mainly vasoconstrictor neurons. Most (if not all) preganglionic neurons are cholinergic; some also contain an identified peptide. Most of the postganglionic neurons are situated in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (or equivalent structures); again, those projecting to the colon lie rostral to those projecting to the pelvic organs. Others lie in intercalated prevertebral ganglia, in the pelvic plexus, and in sacral paravertebral ganglia. The majority is noradrenergic, and most also contain one or several peptides, the topographical distribution of which appears to characterize functional subgroups of neurons. The terminations of noradrenergic axons in many pelvic organs probably make close contact with both vascular and nonvascular effectors. In the colon, most endings are located in the enteric plexuses. The responses of these organs to electrical stimulation of visceral nerves, and their reflex responses (together with those observed in the efferent axons of visceral nerve trunks) to electrical and natural stimulation of afferent fibers, lead to the general conclusion that several distinct classes of pre- and postganglionic neurons exist. 1) Vasoconstrictor neurons demonstrate ongoing activity with cardiac rhythm and appropriate reflexes to stimulation of cardiovascular afferent receptors and respond only weakly to natural stimulation of visceral receptors. 2) MR neurons respond to visceral stimuli but are not influenced from arterial baro- and chemoreceptors. These show at least two different response patterns consistent with their separate involvement in the reciprocal behavior of the colon and bladder. 3) Other neurons are silent in anesthetized animals and do not respond to any stimuli used thus far.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗