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PubMed2001

Fatal intoxication due to excessive dichloromethane inhalation.

A 22-year-old white male was found dead at his working place in a car lacquering company. He had removed lacquer residues by using a solvent containing dicloromethane (DCM) without using a gas mask. Pathology revealed signs of asphyxiation with obvious petechial bleedings and expressed microthrombosis of the pulmonary arteries. Toxicological analysis showed excessive concentrations of DCM which are inhaled due to exposure of extreme air concentrations.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

The efficiency of dentine adhesives in treating non-caries cervical lesions.

The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that dentine adhesives can be used as therapeutic material in treating dentine hypersensitivity, regardless of aetiology. The research was conducted on 492 students of Zagreb University School of Dental Medicine (154 male, 338 female), 20-25-years-old. The defects of the tooth neck were found in 38 patients, on 133 teeth (38 of male patients, 95 of female) and dentine hypersensitivity was recorded according to the subjective sensations of patients. Therapeutic characteristics of three adhesive materials were examined simultaneously: All Bond 2, fourth generation adhesive, Syntac Single Component and One Step, fifth generation adhesives. Teeth treated with dentine lacquer Cervitec were used as a control group. Tooth necks were treated with selected materials according to instructions of a manufacturer. A completed statistical survey of the results has clearly shown that dentine adhesives can be used in symptomatic therapy of dentine hypersensitivity of the non-caries cervical lesions (NCCL). The survey has also shown that dentine adhesives of the fifth generation (Syntac Single Component and One Step) have much higher efficiency rate than dentine adhesives of the fourth generation (All Bond 2) and dentine lacquer (Cervitec). According to data complied through this study the conclusion can be brought forward that dentine adhesives are not a final solution to the problem of dentine hypersensitivity, because their efficiency decreases with time.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Migration of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its reaction products in canned foods.

Bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is used as an additive or starting agent in coatings for cans. The presence of hydrochloric acid in the organosol (PVC-based) lacquers results in formation of chlorohydroxy compounds of BADGE. These compounds, as well as BADGE itself, are potential migrants into the preserved food and are of toxicological concern. In the present investigation the presence of BADGE and the chlorohydroxy compounds (BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl) in various kinds of canned foods from 30 brands have been determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. BADGE was found in levels up to 5.1 mg/kg in the food and only in food from cans containing BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl in the lacquers. BADGE was found both in fish in oil and in fish in tomato sauce, however, the highest amounts were found in the fatty foodstuffs. BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl were found in concentrations up to 2.4 mg/kg and 8.3 mg/kg, respectively. Unlike BADGE, BADGE.2HCl was found in similar concentrations in fish in oil and in fish in tomato sauce. In aqueous and acidic foodstuffs BADGE readily hydrolyses into mono- and dihydrolysed products (BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O). In this study BADGE.H2O was not found in any food sample, whereas BADGE.2H2O was found in levels up to 2.6 mg/kg. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) of the European Commission has proposed that a limit of restriction of 1 mg/kg food shall include BADGE itself and BADGE.H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BADGE.HCL.H2O. The present results indicate that the migration of BADGE.HCl and BADGE.2HCl, compounds with almost no data on toxicity, implies a greater problem than BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Testing polymeric coatings on metal and paper substrates.

The predicted migration test requirements for food and beverage cans with internal lacquer coatings and plastics paperboard composites against future EC legislation, are described. In a project currently in hand at Pira International on behalf of the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, some of the problems which arise when migration testing food and beverage cans with the food simulant 3% (w/v) acetic acid solution are being investigated. The 3% (w/v) acetic acid simulant has a tendency to penetrate the lacquer coating resulting in corrosion of the metal substrate. Experiments in hand and planned on this problem, with some of the initial results, are presented. There are also problems with overall migration testing of food packaging consisting of plastics paperboard composites with the fatty food simulant (olive oil). With one particular problem there is at present no obvious answer.

Acetates↗
PubMed1998

Survey of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in canned foods.

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether (BADGE) is used in the manufacture of lacquers for coating the inside of food and beverage cans. In June 1996 the EC Scientific Committee for Food temporarily increased the specific migration limit applying to BADGE to 1 mg/kg pending consideration of additional toxicological data. In order to find out if there is migration of BADGE from can coatings into foods, a 'worst case' sampling exercise has been conducted to survey those canned foods where the propensity for migration of BADGE was judged to be highest. The foods surveyed include canned fish in oil, meat and milk and, altogether, BADGE was determined in 181 retail samples. Analysis for BADGE was conducted, in duplicate, by HPLC with fluorescence detection with confirmation of BADGE identity by GC/MS analysis using selected ion monitoring. BADGE was found at levels exceeding 1 mg/kg in seven of the 15 canned anchovy samples and five of the 22 sardine samples purchased during the period September 1995-July 1996. Infrared analysis of the can coatings provided strong evidence that the higher BADGE levels found were associated with use of PVC organosol lacquers, although in some cases cans coated with organosols gave low BADGE results. For canned sardine samples found to contain greater than 0.5 mg/kg BADGE in the total contents, a replicate can was opened and separate analyses performed on the drained fish and the oil. The results clearly showed that BADGE concentrations in the oil were about 20 times higher than in the drained fish. Further samples of canned sardines and anchovies were purchased in June/July 1997 and, in all cases, BADGE levels were found to be below 1 mg/kg. In the other retail canned foods, BADGE was not detectable (DL = 0.02 mg/kg) or detected at concentrations well below the temporary SML of 1 mg/kg.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Internal corrosion and shelf-life of food cans and methods of evaluation.

Internal corrosion in food cans is characterized by metallic dissolution which is an electrochemical reaction. In lacquered cans, corrosion may also cause disruption in the continuity of the lacquer film. These reactions may cause organoleptic changes in the product, loss of vacuum, swelling, and leaking in extreme cases. In some instances the metal dissolution (i.e., lead) may give rise to toxicological problems. Therefore, these phenomena are often the limiting factor in the shelf life of canned products. Changes in color, texture, and sensoric properties of the foods, which take place simultaneously, affect the aesthetic and nutritional value of the product and thus its shelf life. These changes are often related to interactions with the container. For example, tin dissolution prevents browning and loss of ascorbic acid. Shelf life of canned foods is governed by the quality of the raw materials, the processing technology, quality of the container and storage conditions which will be reviewed in this paper. Can manufacturing technologies, mechanisms of electrochemical corrosion, methods of their measurement and prediction of shelf life will be discussed.

Corrosion↗
PubMed1980

Paint spray tests for respirators: aerosol characteristics.

Liquid paint is sprayed from an atomizing nozzle to form an aerosol for testing paint spray respirators. The generated aerosol conditions are dependent upon liguid properties, spray-nozzle flow conditions and droplet evaporation. A technique was developed for controlling the aerosol concentrations reliably. Particle-size distributions of lacquer and enamel have been measured. The lacquer distribution was found to be multi-modal. Aerosol concentration dradients arise when the nozzle is not properly positioned. Filter loading resistance is significantly affected by these concentration variations. With regard to selection of standard aerosol test be improved by modifying the current NIOSH criteria to include a description of the particle-size distribution, a more precise definition of the paint and paint thinner chemical compositions, and a narrower concentration range.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1989

"Worst case" aerosol testing parameters: I. Sodium chloride and dioctyl phthalate aerosol filter efficiency as a function of particle size and flow rate.

The efficiency of filter media is dependent on the characteristics of the challenge aerosol and the filter's construction. Challenge aerosol parameters, such as particle size, density, shape, electrical charge, and flow rate, are influential in determining the filter's efficiency. In this regard, a so-called "worst case" set of conditions has been proposed for testing respirator filter efficiency in order to ensure wearer protection. Data collected on various types of filters (dust and mist; dust, fume, and mist; paint, lacquer, and enamel mist; and high efficiency) challenged with a worst case-type sodium chloride (NaCl) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosol are presented. The particle size of maximum penetration varies as a function of filter type and was less than 0.25-micron count mean diameter (CMD) in all cases. The count efficiency for high efficiency filters was greater than 99.97% at worst case testing conditions, but the worst case count efficiencies for dust and mist; dust, fume and mist; and paint, lacquer and enamel mist filters were not nearly as efficient as existing test methods indicate. Also, as the test flow rate is increased, the count efficiency decreases. Thus, respirator filters were found to conform to the prediction of single-fiber filtration theory.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1977

Monocular central-field occlusion for intractable diplopia.

This report describes several methods of degrading imagery through the central portion of a spectacle lens to provide a cosmetically acceptable means of obtaining single vision in the central field of patients with intractable diplopia. For 2 strabismic patients with annoying diplopia, we applied to 1 spectacle lens a centrally placed disc (about 1 inch diameter) consisting of (1) translucent tap,a (2) a +7 D Fresnel lens,b or (3) stippled, clear lacquer. For 1 patient, the lacquer was the most acceptable; for the other, the tape was best. We present here the case reports for these 2 patients, showing why they preferred different image-degrading methods and how these and other methods of central-field image degrading can be advantageous even when diplopia is present across most of the visual field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Exposures in the painting trades and paint manufacturing industry and risk of cancer among men and women in Sweden.

Using data from the 1960 and 1970 Swedish censuses and the Swedish Cancer Register for 1971 to 1989, this study investigated variations in cancer risk by gender associated with employment in painting trades and paint manufacturing. Among men, standardized incidence ratios were significantly increased for lung cancer among painters and lacquerers; bladder cancer among artists; and pancreas cancer, lung cancer, and nonlymphocytic leukemia among paint and varnish plant workers. Risks for women were elevated for cancers of the esophagus, larynx, and oral cavity among lacquerers and for oral cancer among glaziers. These findings are consistent with the report of the International Agency for Research on Cancer that classified painting as an occupationally related cause of cancer and provide further evidence that the risk of certain cancers is increased by exposures in the paint manufacturing process.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Topical antifungal drugs for the treatment of onychomycosis: an overview of current strategies for monotherapy and combination therapy.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis is a relatively common disease accounting for up to 50% of all nail disorders and its prevalence rises with age. As onychomycosis is an important medical disorder affecting both patient's health and quality of life, it requires prompt and effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: Topical antifungal nail lacquers have been formulated to provide efficient delivery to the nail unit. As both amorolfine and ciclopirox have proved useful as monotherapy for onychomycosis that does not involve the nail matrix area, the purpose of this article is to check if, when combined with oral agents, the effectiveness and scope of treatment can be improved further. METHODS: Combining data for mycological cure with clinical success (nail morphology) provides a more exacting efficacy measure. RESULTS: Clinical investigations have shown that the combination of oral therapies with antifungal nail lacquer can confer considerable advantage over monotherapy with either drug type. CONCLUSION: The improved effectiveness and economic advantages of combined topical/oral therapies benefit both patients and health providers; these treatment regimens therefore have an important role to play in the modern management of onychomycosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of fungicidal action in vitro and in a skin model considering the influence of penetration kinetics of various standard antimycotics.

Ciclopiroxolamine (Loprox) was the first representative of hydroxpyridones to be developed as a topical antifungal. In the microtitration test and in a skin model using excised skin prices of slaughtered pigs, the fungistatic and fungicidal activity as well as the penetration kinetics of ciclopiroxolamine and ciclopirox were compared with those of the azole compounds bifonazole, clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, and tioconazole, and with other antimycotics such as naftifine, sulbentine, tolciclate, and tolnaftate. Clotrimazole had an in vitro inhibitory activity superior to that of the hydroxypyridone ciclopiroxolamine; the latter compound, however, exhibited faster penetration and higher inhibitory or fungicidal activity than the azoles and other antimycotics in the pig skin model. Studies of cream formulations with antimycotics at the bottom layer of the stratum corneum (close to the stratum granulosum) showed that ciclopiroxolamine cream had the most prominent inhibitory effect (93%) and the highest fungicidal activity (98%). The other antimycotics tested exhibited growth inhibition rates of 50% or less and lower fungicidal rates. Inoculated pig skin was treated with lacquer formulations to show that ciclopirox completely inhibited the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, whereas the clotrimazole-treated samples allowed only 0.47% growth. The fungicidal activity of lacquer formulations was 99% for ciclopirox and around 90% for most of the azoles on the pig skin model. The necessity of models tackling the complex penetration kinetics in human skin was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Visual outcomes for high myopic patients with or without myopic maculopathy: a 10 year follow up study.

AIM: To evaluate the visual outcomes for high myopic patients aged 40 years and older with or without myopic maculopathy. METHODS: 552 high myopic (spherical equivalent < or =-6.0D or axial length > or =26.5 mm) patients were enrolled in the study, 230 cases with myopic maculopathy (at least lacquer cracks were identified) and 322 cases without maculopathy. The initial and final visual acuity (VA) (after 10 years) was compared between two groups. Additionally, the relation between sex, age, refraction, and axial length was analysed to find out the possible risk factors associated with visual outcome in myopic maculopathy. RESULTS: In 92% of patients aged 40-49, final VA was better than 20/40 after 10 years of follow up. However, it was less than 40% in those older than 60 years. For more than 50% of patients older than 40 years of age with maculopathy, their vision had decreased more than two lines in Snellen VA after 10 years of follow up, compared to only 4.3% of analogues without myopic maculopathy. Patchy atrophy and choroidal neovascularisation in myopic macular degeneration groups showed poorer visual outcome than lacquer cracks in the macular lesion group. Other prognostic factors of visual outcomes were myopic refraction, axial length, and ageing. CONCLUSIONS: Clearly, prognosis for patients with maculopathy is poorer than for those without maculopathy. Refractive status, axial length, and ageing are the main factors involved in determining the visual outcomes. The macular grading also affects the visual outcome for high myopic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Protective effect of topically applied fluoride in relation to fluoride sensitivity of mutans streptococci.

The aim of the present in vitro experiments was to determine whether the protection of enamel by topically applied fluoride against demineralization by bacterial acids would depend on the fluoride sensitivity of the bacteria. Glucose-agarose gel suspensions of fluoride-sensitive and fluoride-resistant mutans streptococci were placed on bovine enamel specimens with different amounts of fluoride. One group of specimens was untreated, a second group had been pretreated with a F-lacquer, and a third group had been pretreated with the F-lacquer and rinsed subsequently with a KOH-solution, to remove deposited CaF2. After 22-hour incubations at 37 degrees C, the amounts of calcium and lactate and the pH of the agarose gels were determined. This procedure was repeated on three consecutive days. Two parent S. mutans strains, one parent S. sobrinus strain, and five fluoride-resistant derivatives were tested. Both pretreatments gave a significant protection to the enamel specimens. For the S. mutans strains, the degree of protection did not depend on the fluoride sensitivity of the strains. For the S. sobrinus strains, the results suggested a reduced protection against demineralization by the fluoride-resistant derivatives. Only from the second group of enamel specimens was enough fluoride released for inhibition of bacterial metabolism. Presumably, it was released by the dissolution of CaF2. It is concluded that a possible adaptation of mutans streptococci in dental plaque to frequent exposures to fluoride will not necessarily decrease the caries-preventive effects caused by topically applied fluoride agents.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1998

Optimization of propranolol hydrochloride sustained-release pellets using box-behnken design and desirability function.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate three process parameters for the application of ethylcellulose films from organic solutions to obtain multi-particulate controlled drug delivery of propranolol hydrochloride. The coating process was developed in a classical coating pan. A Box-Behnken central composite design was used to evaluate the effect of the film thickness (expressed as the amount of lacquer applied on pellets' surface unit), concentration of lacquer in the coating dispersion, and the plasticizer concentration on the independent variables. Those were t85, the degree of sticking in the coating pan, and the duration of the coating process. Contour and response surface plots were depicted based on the equation given by the model. Because the results were competitive, i.e., improving one response had an opposite effect on another one, an overall desirability function was described to ameliorate the interpretation of the results. The optimization procedure generated the maximum overall desirability value. A formulation was prepared under the optimized conditions yielding response values which were close to the predicted values. To understand the mechanism of drug release from the optimized pellets various models were used to fit the dissolution data. The Higuchi model appears to provide the best correlation.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2002

Treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in the United States. A pharmacoeconomic analysis.

This study attempted to determine the cost-effectiveness of therapies for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in the United States in 2001. The antimycotic agents evaluated were ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer and the oral agents terbinafine, itraconazole (pulse), itraconazole (continuous), fluconazole, and griseofulvin. A treatment algorithm for the management of onychomycosis was developed, and a meta-analysis was carried out to determine the average mycologic and clinical response rates for the various agents. The cost of the regimen was figured as the sum of the costs of drug acquisition, medical management, and management of adverse effects. The expected cost of management and disease-free days were determined, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. It was concluded that ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer, which has recently become available in the larger size of 6.6 mL, is a cost-effective agent for the management of toenail onychomycosis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1976

[Sanitary chemical evaluation and control of hazards in the varnishing ships of the furniture industry].

Using theoretical calculations and personal observations and researches, the authors succeeded in demonstrating that evaporation from lacquered surfaces, particularly in the early period of drying, is the primary source of working environment air pollution with toluene and styrol in the varnishing workshops of furniture factories. Three equations are submitted to calculate the quantities of evaporated volatile components from the lacquer film of the machine, and from the varnished surfaces, equations which have been adopted in the practice of pollution sources' sanitary-chemical assay. Against the background thus outlined, the conclusion is reached that the varnishing machine is by no means the primary source of harmful effect provided the technology of varnish application employed does not require tools of the type of a conveyor line, pointing out furthermore that air pollution from the wheel-barrows, containing varnished details, is the most significant. Proceeding from the results of the research, it is recommended to carry out during of the varnished surfaces in a separate room or in a tunnelled drying room which, under conditions of updated technology of applying varnish, prove the most effective from sanitary hygienic viewpoint since they provide for the lowest toxic-vapour concentrations in the air of the working environment, and for optimal working conditions.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2000

Risk of childhood leukemia and parental self-reported occupational exposure to chemicals, dusts, and fumes: results from pooled analyses of German population-based case-control studies.

A recent large-scale United States study reported an association between parental exposure to hydrocarbons at work and the risk of childhood leukemia. Parental occupational exposure to different chemicals and industrial dusts or fumes also was assessed in three German case-control studies that were conducted from 1992-1997. The design and methods of exposure assessment were similar for these studies; therefore, they were pooled for this analysis. In total, these three studies involved 1138 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and 2962 controls. We found that maternal exposure to paints or lacquers during the preconception period (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4) and during the index pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.3) was related to an increased risk of childhood ALL. Whereas our findings for exposure to paints or lacquers confirmed observations from the United States study, we failed to confirm associations between risk of ALL and maternal exposure to solvents and parental exposure to plastic materials. Our studies provide some evidence that parental occupational exposure to certain substances may be associated with cancer risk in offspring; however, more specific studies are needed to identify such substances and the doses that may be hazardous.

Adolescent↗