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84 paired sera from patients with adenoviral infections were tested in neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) against the homologous as well as against heterologous virus types of the respective subgroup. Only titer rises are considered as positive reactions. Sera of patients being infected with adenoviruses of subgroup I viruses (52 pairs, types 7, 3, 4, 14) exhibit high rates of positive reactions in the group-specific complementfixation (CF) and in homologous neutralization, lower rates in homologous HI. On the other hand, heterologous reactions are seen more frequently in neutralization than in HI. Patients with type 4 infections often show antibody responses with viruses of subgroup III (types 1, 2, 5, 6). In infections with these virus types, homologous antibody response is seen in approximately half of the cases only; heterologous reactions are observed rarely. Patients with type 8-infections (25 pairs) almost invariably show positive homologous neutralization, while HI or CF tests often fail to show rising titers. These patients, as well as 2 patients with type 19-infection, exhibit a remarcable high rate and range of cross-reactions in neutralization as well as in HI with numerous types if subgroup II and, to a lesser extent, with viruses outside of subgroup II. Although the relatively late appearance of type-specific antibodies (usually between the 10 th and 14 th days after onset of disease) is advantageous for the demonstration of antibody rises, the type-specific diagnosis of adenoviral infections should preferably be performed by isolation and typing of the virus. The heterologous reactions appear to be based on the presence of overlapping intertypic antigenic determinants rather than on an anamnestic antibody response.
Serum pairs from 114 patients with adenovirus infections (mostly ocular disease in adults) were investigated by an ELISA, with purified adenovirus 5 hexon coated to the solid phase, diluted sera, and peroxydase-labeled antihuman IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies. Serum dilutions of 1:3200, 1:200, and 1:100 respectively proved to be optimal to demonstrate antibody rises. Sera from infants served as negative controls. Antibody rises were found in the IgG and/or IgA test 85% of the patients, but only in 56% by complement fixation. Antibody rises in all three ELISA tests occurred mostly around the 10th day after onset of disease. Fewer antibody rises and weak reactions were found in IgM test. Moreover, IgM antibodies were present also in persons without fresh adenovirus infection. Hence, this test is not suitable for an early diagnosis. This observation is probably due to the frequent stimulation of the immune system by the genusspecific determinant alpha of the hexon by repeated adenovirus infections during life.
101 paired sera from patients with proved adenovirus infections (mostly conjunctivitis) were tested quantitatively by counter immunoelectrophoresis, with hexon of adenovirus 5 as a genus-specific antigen, in comparison with complement-fixation. Both methods were equally sensitive to demonstrate antibodies; also the titers showed a marked correlation. The number of titer rises, however, was higher in counter immunoelectrophoresis; the titer rises mostly occurred around the 10th day after onset of disease. No differences between patients infected with different adenovirus types were found.
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Erythrocyte preparations from man, rat, and monkey, fixed by glutaraldehyde (0.06%, final concentration, 30 min room temperature), remained agglutinable by various human adenoviruses. While incomplete adenovirus hemagglutinins from species of subgenera A, C, and E did not react with fixed blood cells, the numerous species of subgenera B and D, in which hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition are essential for identification, did so. Fixed blood cells were also agglutinable by indirect hemagglutinins of adenovirus 9 and 11; hence, hemagglutination-enhancement tests with fixed blood cells are feasible. Fixed blood cells remained stable and agglutinable up to one year; they could also be lyophilized.
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