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PubMedDate not supplied

[Parents' participation in sex education of children].

A sociological study was carried out among parents with children aged 2-11 years in order to evaluate their knowledge of psychosexual development and medical activity with regard to sexual education of their children. The results indicate scanty knowledge of special publications on sexual education: 54% parents never read such books, and 42% of those who read, do not use the information they get. One-third of parents consider that sexual education is not their responsibility. According to parents' opinions, TV remains the main source of knowledge of sex for their children. Less than half of respondents ever spoke to their children about sexual behavior. Hence, improvement of the knowledge of parents, particularly mothers, of psychosexual education of children is an important task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Relation between breakfast food choices and knowledge of dietary fat and fiber among Swedish schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: To investigate dietary knowledge and beliefs of schoolchildren, in relationship to breakfast choices, with specific attention to fat and fiber content. METHODS: Food choice and perceptions were studied by interviews using the "stacking box methodology". Youth (n = 181) aged 11-15 years were instructed to select food items among photographs of breakfast foods. In addition to choosing their own typical breakfasts, they were asked to exchange foods in hypothetical breakfasts to create meals with less fat and more fiber. The interview also dealt with recent changes in breakfast habits, and perceptions of healthy breakfasts, dietary fat, and foods rich in fiber. Data were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Knowledge concerning sources and health attributes of dietary fiber was associated with usual consumption of bread and breakfast cereals rich in fiber. In a similar way, a positive attitude toward limited fat intake predicted consumption of reduced-fat milk products. However, no association was observed between food choices and knowledge of a food-packaging symbol indicating low-fat and fiber-enriched foods. CONCLUSION: Lack of awareness of, and knowledge about, healthy eating may be important barriers to the development of health promoting food habits by schoolchildren.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An analysis of the concept of self-neglect.

A dimension of self-care that has rarely been studied but that nonetheless poses serious problems for efforts to enhance health is self-neglect. Self-neglect here refers to clients who display a pattern of intentionally neglecting prescribed self-care activities despite available resources and knowledge. This article presents the results of a concept analysis of self-neglect as a first step toward further theory development, research, and eventual practical applications. The literature review addresses suicidology and noncompliance as areas significant to analysis of the concept. Ethical, personal, and esthetic as well as empirical sources of knowledge are included as relevant to the conceptualization of self-neglect. Several case examples are constructed to distinguish self-neglect from other health-related behaviors that are potentially harmful. Measures designed to address the complexity of the concept are outlined as the empirical referents. It is concluded that the concept analysis of self-neglect can help to extricate nurse theoreticians and clinicians from conceptual ruts so that new answers to old but challenging problems related to self-care will be discovered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Study of the opinion and level of knowledge about AIDS problem among secondary school students and teachers in Alexandria.

The level of knowledge and the opinion about HIV/AIDS problem of 571 students (179 females, 392 males) and 211 teachers (85 females, 126 males) were assessed using an interview-questionnaire. The results explored the little priority given to sex education in Egyptian schools in addition to the very minor role of schools as source of knowledge (about AIDS problem) for students and teachers who revealed much interest towards the problem and wanted to know more about it, reflecting the need for urgent organized health educational programme.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Medical-surgical nurses' utilization of research methods and products.

The purpose of this study was: (a) to describe the self-reported use of the methods and products of research by medical-surgical nurses, and (b) to identify attitudes toward the use of research-based knowledge in clinical nursing practice. Two hundred and twelve registered nurses completed the Research Utilization Questionnaire. Survey results indicated that it was difficult for respondents to change practice based on research. Nurses were willing to participate in research if investigations were relevant to practice. Articles from nursing research journals were ranked low by the respondents as sources of knowledge, while information gained from individual patients was ranked high.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and home management of malaria fever by mothers and care givers of under five children.

This study documents the knowledge and home management practices of 376 mothers and care givers of under five children on malaria fever. Results revealed that both the knowledge and case management practices were poor as only 179 (46.8%) knew how malaria was transmitted. Of those who knew malaria could be prevented, clearing of bushes and gutters was the commonly stated method (78 or 21.8%), followed by the use of traditional herbs. 'Agbo' by 75(20.9%) mothers. The elders and friends were stated to be the major source of knowledge about malaria by 141(37.5%) mothers. Knowledge scores was significantly higher in older mothers, among the educated, and skilled mothers (P<0.05). As regards practices, self-medication with modern drugs was common, these drugs had been given in the home by 265(70.5%) mothers while "Agbo", had been used by 95(25.5%) mothers before presenting at the clinic. Paracetamol was the modern drug often used (217 or 81.8%). Followed by chloroquine (57 or 21.5%). However, drug treatment practice were often incorrect. Chloroquine was prescribed correctly by 15(26.3%) mothers, while 109(50.2%) gave the correct dose of paracetamol. Only 16(4.3%) of the children received anti-malarial on the day the illness began. There is the need for education programmes on malaria for mothers, especially for young, illiterate and unskilled mothers, including the family elders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Medical ethics, moral philosophy and moral tradition.

Medical ethics is commonly assumed to be a form of 'applied moral philosophy' in which practical moral judgments are deduced from moral theories. This account of the relationship between moral theory and moral judgment is inadequate in several reports. The deductivist approach often results in inadequate attention being given to social, historical and developmental contexts. It also fails to explain some common phenomena in practical moral reasoning. In contrast to the emphasis in deductivism, a case-centered or casuistic practical ethics insists on immersion in the particularities of cases and on interpretation of details in light of moral maxims and other mid-level forms of moral reasoning. Two features of casuistics that ought to be distinguished but frequently are not, are: (1) the emphasis on immersion and interpretation, and (2) a claim about the relation between moral judgment and moral theory as sources of moral knowledge. Once we consider case-centered moral judgments as sources of moral knowledge, we must also begin to look critically but open-mindedly to moral traditions which, upon examination, appear to be more dynamic and to have more reformist potential than is commonly assumed.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A preliminary study of the factors which lead to patient readmission in psychiatric hospitals].

The readmission of patients to psychiatric hospitals is preoccupying. This occurrence led us to this study which has as objective the identification of the determinant factors of the readmission; the nurse's opinion of what can be done to attenuate and the source of knowledge on the topic. The date collection was carried out with twenty three nurses of three countries: Peru (7), Brazil (9) and Colombia (7). The following factors were evidenced: social-economical, lack of orientation of family members and patient and institutional policy. Activities mentioned were actions directed toward working with families and patients, team work and community work. The sources of information most frequently mentioned were daily practice, reading and events. Some differences were evidenced among the three countries.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Monte Carlo simulation of a dynamic MLC based on a multiple source model.

Detailed knowledge of the characteristics of the radiation field shaped by a multileaf collimator (MLC) is essential in intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). A previously developed multiple source model (MSM) for a 6 MV beam was extended to a 15 MV beam and supplemented with an accurate model of an 80-leaf dynamic MLC. Using the supplemented MSM and the MC code GEANT, lateral dose distributions were calculated in a water phantom and a portal water phantom. A field which is normally used for the validation of the step and shoot technique and a field from a realistic IMRT treatment plan delivered with dynamic MLC are investigated. To assess possible spectral changes caused by the modulation of beam intensity by an MLC, the energy spectra in five portal planes were calculated for moving slits of different widths. The extension of the MSM to 15 MV was validated by analysing energy fluences, depth doses and dose profiles. In addition, the MC-calculated primary energy spectrum was verified with an energy spectrum which was reconstructed from transmission measurements. MC-calculated dose profiles using the MSM for the step and shoot case and for the dynamic MLC case are in very good agreement with the measured data from film dosimetry. The investigation of a 13 cm wide field shows an increase in mean photon energy of up to 16% for the 0.25 cm slit compared to the open beam for 6 MV and of up to 6% for 15 MV, respectively. In conclusion, the MSM supplemented with the dynamic MLC has proven to be a powerful tool for investigational and benchmarking purposes or even for dose calculations in IMRT.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1986

Health problems and sexual activity of selected inner city, middle school students.

Physical examinations were performed and health and sexual histories were taken on 496 12-14-year-old, inner city, middle school students participating in extracurricular activities. Health problems were identified in 9.5% of students. Twenty-one percent of a subgroup of 276 students reported sexual activity; males were three times as likely as females to report intercourse. More than one-half of a smaller subgroup named their parents as their primary source of information on sex. The value of the screening exam is discussed, and suggestions are offered on the content of preventive health and sex education curricula for this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Clinically significant depressive symptoms and very mild to mild dementia of the Alzheimer type.

OBJECTIVE: To compare depressive symptoms reported by persons with very mild or mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) with those reported for the person by a collateral source. DESIGN: Cross-sectional evaluation. SETTING: Washington University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive series of elderly volunteers (n = 156) enrolled in longitudinal studies with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5 (very mild) or 1 (mild). Twenty-one per cent (n = 33) exhibited clinically significant depressive symptoms for which treatment was recommended. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence and frequency of DSM-IV depressive symptoms within the last year and last month reported by the participant or collateral source as ascertained by clinical examination and structured interviews. RESULTS: Collateral source information is essential in diagnosing clinically significant depressive symptoms. The Geriatric Depression Scale scores correlate with participant information only and therefore may substantially underestimate depression. Depressive symptoms fluctuate in individuals with DAT. The most consistent depressive symptoms are depressed mood, fatigue and indecision. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant depressive symptoms may be common in individuals with very mild or mild DAT, although they may fluctuate. Information from both a knowledgeable collateral source and the participant is important for detection of depressive symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Knowledge and attitudes of Israeli high school pupils towards alternative medicine.

One hundred ninety-seven high school students were examined concerning their knowledge and attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The students attended the 9-12th grades. The score level of the pupils' knowledge was quite satisfactory (67%). The knowledge didn't change during the 4 years of high school attendance and was not correlated with the pupils' grades or the socio-economic status (SES) data. The majority of the pupils showed positive attitudes towards the topics and treatment methods of CAM. The pre-existence of chronic diseases in the family and experience of family members with CAM had a positive influence upon pupils' attitudes. The principal sources of knowledge concerning CAM were the media (TV, radio and newspapers) and other acquaintances' experience with CAM. Sixty-nine percent of the pupils expressed their willingness to attend formal lessons and instruction about CAM in school. Our suggestion is to teach these topics formally in school with professional instructors (physicians and/or academic healers) during biology lessons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Appropriate sex education for black teens.

This article is based on a year-long study of 207 low-income black youths. The major purpose of the research was twofold: (1) to study black teens' perceptions of family relationships in an effort to identify family member(s) who had the most potential for encouraging greater contraceptive responsibility and influencing teens' decisions about being or becoming sexually active, and (2) to study dating and sexual behavior, attitudes toward contraception, and sources of information, in an effort to identify more specific sex education needs of black teens and provide a basis for delineating pertinent characteristics of an effective sex education curriculum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Psychosocial and educational intervention trials in prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the nature and focus of published educational intervention trials in prostate cancer in the last 10 years and to examine the state of the research in this particular area of knowledge. DATA SOURCES: Health science and psychosocial electronic databases were searched for studies reporting trials of educational or psychosocial interventions for men with prostate cancer and for the partners or families of these men. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions were characterized by the aspect of the illness trajectory that was targeted. The majority of the studies focused on managing the disease, treatments, and side effects. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Psychosocial stressors and uncertainty are pervasive throughout the prostate cancer trajectory. Knowledge of psychosocial and educational interventions that have been tested is critical for nurses working with these patients and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Study of immunisation: knowledge, attitude and practice.

A study was conducted to find out the knowledge, attitude and practice of preventive health care among the industrial workers by interviewing the workers of Durgapur Steel Plant, Durgapur and their family members who attended the health unit. The study revealed that 7.98% of the industrial workers were not aware of preventive aspects of health care. Most of this group were illiterate, rural in origin with family income less than Rs 1000 per month. Female child and the third and fourth child were more neglected. Main source of knowledge about preventive health care is mass media. Trade unions did not play any role in health education. There is seasonal variations in number of immunisation and drop out. Most common reason for drop out was negligency on the part of the parent and the parents remaining out of station. About 1% of the workers believed in other than scientific system of medicine.

Child↗
PubMed1991

A profile of Australian women practicing breast self-examination.

Breast self-examination (BSE) and medical breast examination practices were studied in a group of 1,103 women without diagnosed breast cancer, randomly sampled to conform in age and social status with breast cancer cases from the population of Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1985. Relationships between these practices and sociodemographic factors, breast cancer risk indicators, health related behaviors and source of knowledge about BSE were analyzed. Overall, 63% of women reported performing BSE. BSE was practiced frequently (monthly or more). BSE frequency was only weakly associated with breast cancer risk indicators. It was more strongly linked with age, the 20-44 year group being more likely to examine their breasts occasionally and the women 65 years and over being less likely to examine their breasts. Married women were the most likely to practice BSE frequently and widowed or single women most likely never to practice. Women who underwent cervical smear testing were more likely to perform BSE than those who did not have smear tests. Women who learned BSE from their doctors as opposed to other sources practiced BSE more frequently and were more likely to practice BSE exactly as taught.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Review of management of incidents involving exposure to blood in a London teaching hospital, 1989-91.

OBJECTIVE: To review management of incidents involving exposure to blood reported to an occupational health unit. DESIGN: Analysis of all reported incidents from January 1989 to June 1991. SETTING: London teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: 447 health care workers and students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immunisation against hepatitis B virus before exposure, proportion of known source patients tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and HIV antibodies, and reasons for not testing known source patients. RESULTS: 447 incidents were reported: 337 sharps injuries and 110 other exposures. 310 staff reporting incidents (205 (82%) nurses) were already immune to hepatitis B virus, nearly always because of immunisation. 345 source patients were identified, 77 of whom had already been tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (28 positive results) and 58 for HIV antibodies (18 positive results). Of those not previously tested, 145 of 266 were subsequently tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (two positive) and 149 of 287 for HIV antibodies (none positive). The main reasons for not testing source patients were that the incident was not considered a risk, that the patient had gone home, and that the clinical team were unwilling to ask the patient. Specific hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given to 18 staff who were not immune and was avoided in 11 cases by a negative result for the patient. Prophylactic zidovudine was discussed but not given to any staff member. CONCLUSIONS: Management of exposure to blood is improved by widespread immunisation against hepatitis B virus and by knowledge of source patients' hepatitis B virus and HIV status.

Blood↗