Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Judgment”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

A comparison of the multimemory and detection theories of know and remember recognition judgments.

Know and remember recognition judgments were made in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1 either 3 (new, know, remember) or 4 (new, guess, know, remember) judgment alternatives were used. Also, the recognition test was either immediate, delayed 2 days, or delayed 1 week. In Experiment 2 the proportion of test items that were studied items was either .20, .50, or .80. Predictions were made from 2 multimemory theories regarding how proportions of know and remember judgments would change with these manipulations. Predictions were also made from 2 detection theories regarding the values of memory sensitivity and judgment criteria. The results supported the revised detection theory, which assumes unequal variances for studied and unstudied items, more than the multimemory theories. Furthermore, general processing tree versions of the 2 multimemory models were created including guessing processes. These extended models were shown to be inadequate in accounting for the data from the 2 experiments.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of judgment type and confidence scale on confidence-accuracy calibration in face recognition.

Confidence-accuracy calibration was examined for both absolute (recognizing single faces as old or new) and relative (selecting which of pairs of faces is old) judgments, using both full- (0%-100%) and half-range (50%-100%) confidence scales. The half-range confidence scale demonstrated superior calibration to the full-range scale, for which a confidence-accuracy association was evident only for the upper half (i.e., 50%-100%) of the scale. Good calibration was observed for the absolute judgment conditions, but the relative judgment conditions evidenced marked underconfidence. Also, in the absolute judgment conditions, good calibration for positive recognition decisions and poorer calibration for negative decisions was observed. These results are discussed in the context of theories of confidence and accuracy in face recognition memory and also of eyewitness identification research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Decision-making models of remember-know judgments: comment on Rotello, Macmillan, and Reeder (2004).

The sum-difference theory of remembering and knowing (STREAK) provides a sophisticated account of many interactions in the remember-know (R-K) area (C. M. Rotello, N. A. Macmillan, & J. A. Reeder, 2004). It assumes 2 orthogonal strength dimensions and oblique criterion planes. Another dual-process model (J. T. Wixted & V. Stretch, 2004) with one decision axis has also been applied to R-K judgments with considerable success and provides new insights into the processes involved. An analysis of the 4 major R-K interactions can also be explained by a simpler one-dimensional signal detection theory (J. C. Dunn, 2004a). However these models do not make contact with standard work on recognition memory, so their scope is limited. To bridge this gap, a global-matching model (a theory of distributed associative memory [TODAM]) for R-K judgments is proposed. This model can produce good fits to the data, and there are established experimental manipulations with which to test it. It provides further support for the idea that R judgments are based on associative information, whereas K judgments are based on item information.

Cognition↗
PubMed2004

The effect of attribute order on judgment in Chinese and English.

The authors found that the order of attribute presentation had a stronger effect on judgment in English than in Chinese. In Experiment 1, with a sample of 102 female and 63 male bilingual Singaporeans, the authors found that participants' memory-based judgments showed a stronger primacy effect in English than in Chinese that was mediated by recall from long-term memory. In contrast, participants' online (immediate) judgments showed a primacy effect in both languages that was unmediated by recall from short-term memory. In Experiment 2, with a sample of 67 female and 53 male bilingual Singaporeans, the authors found that participants' online judgments were more influenced by the attribute order of a previously seen competitive advertisement in English than in Chinese. A cross-cultural field study in Mainland China and the United Kingdom provided external validity for the experimental results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparative judgments as an alternative to ratings: identifying the scale origin.

Although comparative judgment methods have a number of distinct advantages over ratings, they share one common problem: On the basis of comparative judgments, it is not possible to recover the origin of item evaluations. One item may be judged more positively than another, but this result does not allow any conclusions about whether either of the items are attractive or unattractive. This article discusses the implications of this limitation for the interpretation of individual differences in comparative judgments. It also presents 3 different methods that may allow determination of the scale origin using a nested model comparison approach. An application illustrates the proposed approach as well as the benefits of determining the scale origin in understanding value judgments.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Perception of simple and complex visual stimuli: decision strategies and hemispheric differences in same-different judgments.

The accuracy with which observers could judge whether two visual stimuli were the same or different was measured with the rating method of detection theory. For judgments of whether two pictures referred to natural or manufactured things, the shape of the obtained receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was consistent with the observers adopting an optimal decision strategy. A similar result was found for judgments of complex but meaningless visual patterns. For judgments of whether two colours that differed along a simple sensory dimension were the same or different, however, the resulting ROC was consistent with the observers adopting a suboptimal differencing strategy. The accuracy of the judgments did not depend on the visual field to which the stimuli were presented.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

Judgments of exocentric direction in large-scale space.

Judgments of exocentric direction are quite common, especially when judging where others are looking or pointing. To investigate these judgments in large-scale space, observers were shown two targets in a large open field and were asked to judge the exocentric direction specified by the targets. The targets ranged in egocentric distance from 5 to 20 m with target-to-target angular separations of 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 135 degrees. Observers judged exocentric direction using two methods: (i) by judging which point on a distant fence appeared collinear with the two targets, and (ii) by orienting their body in a direction parallel with the perceived line segment. In the collinearity task, observers had to imagine the line connecting the targets and then extrapolate this imagined line out to the fence. Observers indicated the perceived point of collinearity on a handheld 360 degrees panoramic cylinder representing their vista. The two judgment methods gave similar results except for a constant bias associated with the body-pointing response. Aside from this bias, the results of these two methods agree with other existing research indicating an effect of relative egocentric distance to the targets on judgment error--line segments are perceived as being rotated in depth. Additionally, verbal estimates of egocentric and exocentric distance suggest that perceived distance is not the cause for the systematic errors in judging exocentric direction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hemispheric equivalence and age-related differences in judgments of simultaneity to somatosensory stimuli.

Hemispheric asymmetries, interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT), and age-related differences in judgments of simultaneity to tactile stimulation were examined. Two mechanical stimulators were employed to: (1) Determine whether both cerebral hemispheres are equally capable of processing fine tactile temporal information; (2) determine whether there is an age-related differential hemispheric decline in judgments of simultaneity, and (3) determine if simultaneity thresholds for tactile stimuli increase with advanced age. Tactile simultaneity thresholds were measured by using a modified parameter estimation by sequential testing algorithm. Participants judged whether pairs of tactile stimulation to index and middle fingers were delivered simultaneously. Results of both bimanual and unimanual conditions supported a model of hemispheric equivalence in that both hemispheres were equally capable of making judgments of simultaneity to fine tactile stimuli. The results further suggested that the hemispheric equivalence for judgments of simultaneity remains stable across adulthood. However, IHTTs of older adults were more than double that of younger adults, indicating a significant decrease in the speed of neural conduction. As well, relative to younger adults, older adults had significantly higher simultaneity thresholds.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Action perception and outcome valence: effects on children's inferences of intentionality and moral and liking judgments.

The influences of different action-outcome scenarios on children's evaluative judgments and inferences of outcome intentionality were assessed. One hundred forty-five kindergartners, 2nd graders, and 4th graders heard 4 stories about child actors who engaged in 1 action or 3 equifinal actions and caused a positive or negative outcome. The stories made no mention of the actors' anticipated outcome so that we could assess the children's inferences of whether the actors wanted and had tried to cause the outcome. Children also rated their liking for the actors and the actors' morality. Children's moral and liking judgments were not significantly differentiated by action condition. However, actors who caused positive outcomes received favorable liking and moral judgments, and actors who caused negative outcomes received neutral liking and moral judgments. Children's intentionality inferences varied by the actors' actions and were moderated by outcome valence. The authors discuss children's apparent use of the valence rule when inferring intentionality and their reluctance to judge harshly actors who cause negative outcomes when not privy to the actors' intentions.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1989

Moral judgments of aggressive and nonaggressive children.

Moral judgments were studied in 103 aggressive and 79 nonaggressive 10-year-old Finnish children. Their aggressiveness was evaluated by means of peer ratings. Moral judgments were assessed by presenting them with stories from their daily lives that contained moral conflicts. The results showed that the children did not adopt a constant level of moral reasoning; instead, judgments were situation specific. Furthermore, the moral cognitions of aggressive children did not differ from those of their nonaggressive peers, although sex-related differences tended to be significant: Boys adopted absolute moral standards, whereas girls' judgments were more relative.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lived food and judgments of taste at a time of disease.

Medical nutritional therapy (MNT) is a key feature of treatment for and management of type 2 diabetes. There are two elements to this therapeutic approach: collecting a diet history and prescribing therapeutic diets. For the clinical encounters observed in this paper, MNT often became a source of conflict between practitioners and patients. As clinicians endeavor to collect accurate information regarding food choices and eating so as to offer appropriate medical advice, and patients struggle to come to terms with a sickness in which food and eating have become toxic and risky, "judgments of taste" regarding food and patterns of eating become especially profound for both practitioners and those who seek treatment. Bourdieu's (1984) insights into the social situatedness of "taste" provides a useful framework for examining clinical practice and individual foodways. MNT is based upon and promotes a "taste for necessity," - "a form of adaptation to and consequently acceptance of the necessary" (ibid. 372), which judges food choices and eating patterns in terms of the bio-function of food and eating. In addition to this particular judgment of taste, study participants managing type 2 diabetes rely on other "judgments" that have been cultivated over the course of their own socially situated lives. At a time of disease these judgments of taste are conjoined as ongoing, multiply inflected lived histories of food and eating. Collecting life histories of food is one useful method for researching these patterned and idiosyncratic food and eating experiences.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Frequency judgments and correlated cognitive abilities in young and elderly adults.

The present study replicated and extended the results obtained earlier by Attig and Hasher (1980) in finding null effects for adult age variation and instructional variation on a relative frequency judgment task. In addition, nonsignificant covariation was found for both young and elderly adults bet ween frequency judgment proficiency and paired-associate learning proficiency, in agreement with the hypothesis that frequency judgment is mediated fully by automatic memory processes over the entire adult lifespan. Fluid intelligence test scores were also found to correlate positively with frequency judgment proficiency for young adults but not for elderly adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Judgments of infant pain: the impact of caregiver identity and infant age.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether caregiver judgments of infant pain would vary systematically with different infant caregiver groups and infant age. METHODS: A total of 123 caregivers (41 parents, 41 in patient nurses, 41 pediatricians) viewed videotapes of the vigorous behavioral responses of healthy infants (aged 2, 4, 6, 12, and 18 months) to a routine immunization injection and provided ratings of both the affective distress and pain intensity observed. RESULTS: A principal components analysis of affective and intensity ratings yielded a weighted pain summary score for each injection event. Older infants were attributed significantly more pain than younger infants, even though the vigor of the behavioral reactions was experimentally controlled across age groups. A profile analysis contrasting observer groups indicated that pediatricians attributed significantly lower levels of pain than parents, while nurses were intermediate to the other groups, not significantly differing from either group. These systematic differences in judgments were consistent across infant age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reveal systematic sources of significant variations in observer judgments of infant pain. Despite an absence of differences in the behavioral reactions of the children, both the type of caregiver and their knowledge of the child's age systematically influenced attributions of pain to infants. This work suggests the important role of caregiver role variation and perceived developmental maturity as determinants of infant pain judgments and highlights potential areas of difficulty in controlling the unnecessary suffering of infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A descriptive study of nursing judgment in the assessment and management of cardiac pain.

Unrelieved cardiac pain in patients admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU) with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease was examined from the perspective of nursing judgment. The purpose of this study was to reveal expert clinical knowledge and judgment in this specific area of critical care practice. Using a naturalistic approach, nurses were observed and interviewed as they made judgments about cardiac pain. Qualitative data analysis identified patterns of nursing actions and thought processes. Findings indicated that clinical knowledge of the titration of drugs was used in the treatment of cardiac pain, and qualitative distinctions and sense of saliency were also important in pain assessment. Intuitive thought processes were identified in the clinical judgment of expert nurses.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2006

Why doesn't a family member of a person with advanced dementia use a substituted judgment when making a decision for that person?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify what standard of decision making a family member uses when making medical decisions for their relative with advanced dementia. METHODS: Thirty family members of patients with advanced dementia from an Alzheimer disease center and a suburban long-term care facility were interviewed using a semistructured interview. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. RESULTS: Family members were split almost evenly in the standard they used when making medical decisions for their relative: substituted judgment (43%) or best interests (57%). However, few who used the substituted judgment standard viewed it as distinct from best interests. Instead, both standards were taken into consideration when making medical decisions. In addition to not having discussions about healthcare preferences, the reasons for not using a substituted judgment included: the need for family consensus, unrealistic expectations of the patient, the need to incorporate their relative's quality of life into the decision, and the influence of healthcare professionals. Family members who did not have discussions about healthcare preferences identified various barriers to the discussion, including waiting too long, avoiding the topic, and the patient's denial of dementia. CONCLUSION: These data suggest several reasons why surrogate decision-makers for persons with advanced dementia do not use the substituted judgment standard and the potential value of interventions that would allow patients with early-stage dementia and their family members to discuss healthcare preferences.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Teaching clinical judgment in Taiwan.

Clinical judgment is a process that nurses use during the course of their daily practice to gather and to evaluate data, define the needs of the clients, and to judge the outcome of patient care. Such judgment is also a critical ability used to assess the progress of nursing students. The purpose of this qualitative research was to describe the clinical judgment teaching in nursing education in Taiwan and provide baseline data for future nursing students to learn in a more effective way. Data was collected by in-depth individual interviews of 10 participants, all of whom were senior nursing faculty members from different nursing subspecialties. Two findings were reached. First, clinical judgment included not only the cognitive and the psychomotor domain of learning, but also the affective domain of reasoning. Second, due to cultural differences, " intuition " had never been mentioned in Taiwan, but a similar concept was substituted by use of the term " experience ". The findings suggested a holistic and integrative perspective was needed when teaching clinical judgement in Taiwan.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2003

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation is critical for preference judgments.

Preference judgment, the process of selecting a response from several alternatives based on which alternative the subject likes best, is an important aspect of daily life. The current study examined whether neural substrates that are thought to be critical for generating somatic markers are involved in preference judgments. Fifteen healthy, right-handed subjects performed a preference judgment task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The medial frontal gyrus was significantly more activated during the preference judgment trials, relative to visual discrimination trials. Other areas that were also differentially activated included the posterior parietal cortex, the anterior cingulate and the left anterior insula. These findings are consistent with the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the representation of complex appetitive states.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice.

Developments in cognitive neuroscience are providing new insights into the nature of normative judgment. Traditional views in such disciplines as philosophy, religion, law, psychology and economics have differed over the role and usefulness of intuition and emotion in judging blameworthiness. Cognitive psychology and neurobiology provide new tools and methods for studying questions of normative judgment. Recently, a consensus view has emerged, which recognizes important roles for emotion and intuition and which suggests that normative judgment is a distributed process in the brain. Testing this approach through lesion and scanning studies has linked a set of brain regions to such judgment, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Better models of emotion and intuition will help provide further clarification of the processes involved. The study of law and justice is less well developed. We advance a model of law in the brain which suggests that law can recruit a wider variety of sources of information and paths of processing than do the intuitive moral responses that have been studied so far. We propose specific hypotheses and lines of further research that could help test this approach.

Cognition↗