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PubMed1999

Substance abuse studies and prevention efforts among Arabs in the 1990s in Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority--a literature review.

This paper is the result of a collaborative project of Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian scientists gathered to reveal the current extent of substance abuse and efforts at prevention among Arabs in Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority territories, in order to identify needs and suggest future collaborative activities and directions for regional cooperation. The article provides data and covers the current state of substance abuse prevention and research among Moslems, Christians and Druze in the trilateral region in the 1990s by reviewing prevention materials and studies published in the professional literature, as well as in reports and Doctoral and Master's theses in Arabic, which have been located in academic libraries and other institutions, in the framework of a comprehensive search. This manuscript is the first to summarize Jordanian and Palestinian findings in the substance abuse domain. The review shows that most of the Israeli research in the Arab sector deals with alcohol use among youth, that the majority of Jordanian studies focus on illicit drug use, that the research among Palestinians is in its infancy, and that comprehensive prevention programs are lacking in the trilateral region. It describes the key results of most of the 12 Israeli studies among Arabs, 11 Jordanian studies and four Palestinian studies. It reveals that drug abuse among Israeli Arab students is probably more prevalent than among Jewish adolescents, that the typical Jordanian drug addict has a higher level of education than the typical Palestinian drug addict, and that the Palestinian is more likely to be a multiple drug user. Recommendations for future activities include organization of a regional collaborative workshop in order to establish data collection systems for basic statistics relevant to drug abuse and development of comprehensive prevention programs, as well as studies in the substance abuse domain concerning knowledge, attitudes and behavior among the general Arab population.

Arabs↗
PubMed1999

Isolation of endospore-forming bacilli toxic to Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jordan.

Ten of 80 endospore-forming bacilli, isolated from various habitats of Jordan, were found to be highly toxic to the 4th instar larvae of Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart). The bacilli were identified into the following species and strains: Bacillus sphaericus (H6), B. sphaericus (H9a, 9b), B. cereus Frankland and Frankland, B. brevis Migula and B. megaterium Bary. Bacillus cereus comprised 50% of the isolates. The toxic concentrations of these isolates against C. longiareolata ranged between 1.2 x 10(7) and 1.1 x 10(9) viable spores ml-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Jordan: prevalence and associated risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and their risk factors in Jordan. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in four Jordanian communities was conducted: Sarih in the north, Sikhra in the middle of the country, Mazar in the south and Subha-Subheih in the east. Within each community, a systematic sample of households was selected. All subjects > or =25 years of age within the selected households were invited to participate in the study. A total of 2836 subjects were actually included in the study with an overall response rate of 70.5%(45% in males and 86% in females). World Health Organization criteria were adopted for the diagnosis of DM (fasting plasma glucose > or =7.8 mmol L(-1) or plasma glucose of > or =11.1 mmol L(-1), 2 h after an oral anhydrous glucose load of 75 g) and IGT (fasting plasma glucose <7.8 mmol L(-1)and plasma glucose between 7.8 mmol L(-1) and 11.1 mmol L(-1), 2 h after an oral glucose load of 75 g). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of DM was 13.4%: 14.9% in males and 12.5% in females. IGT was found in 9.8% of the study population: 9.0% in males and 10.3%, in females. Factors independently related to DM using stepwise logistic regression analysis were sex, age, family history of DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia (HC), and hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG). CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus and IGT are common among adult Jordanians. Considering the high prevalence of this sickness makes it imperative to formulate a national plan to face this disease and its complications.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sheep with fleece rot in northern and middle Jordan.

A total of 162 sheep fleece samples were collected from 2315 sheep clinically examined for evidence of dermatitis. The sheep belonged to 32 flocks raised in northern and middle Jordan. Eighty-three samples showed no obvious abnormalities, whereas the remainder showed exudation (79 samples), fleece discoloration (18) and fleece roughness (40) and abscesses (7). Seventeen Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were obtained from these samples. Antibacterial resistance in vitro was common; resistance to tetracycline, amoxycillin, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole was shown by > 90% of the isolates. Resistance to norfloxacin (29.4% of isolates), ciprofloxacin (17.6%) and amikacin (17.6%) was also demonstrated. Fourteen isolates were serum resistant when assessed after 1-3 h incubation in sheep and calf sera, and their count increased by 2-2.9 and 2.5-3.5 respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of shearing on the incidence of caseous lymphadenitis in Awassi sheep in Jordan.

A total of 876 sheep from five flocks in north Jordan were selected to study the effect of shearing on the incidence of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). The animals were divided into two age groups, sheep aged 1-2 years and those aged > or = 3 years. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the time of shearing and again 6 months later. A toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to identify sheep that had been infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The point prevalences of CLA were 6.59% and 21.06% in the 1-2-year and > or = 3-year age groups, respectively, and were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the > or = 3-year age group. The overall prevalence among all ages was 15.3%. In the shorn sheep, the incidence of CLA was 22.46% and 9.47% in the 1-2-year and > or = 3-year age groups, respectively, and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 1-2-year age group. In the control animals, the incidence was 8% and 5.26% in the 1-2-year and > or = 3-year age groups, respectively, and was different (P < 0.01) between the shorn (22.46%) and control (8%) animals of the 1-2-year age group. An epidemiological survey of 35 sheep farms revealed the prevalence of CLA, shearing wounds and unhygienic conditions during shearing in all farms. In conclusion, the prevalence of CLA increases with age and the incidence increases only in young sheep after shearing. Sheep are sheared under unhygienic conditions, which may be a contributing factor in increasing both the prevalence and the incidence of CLA.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Perceptions and expectations of Baccalaureate-prepared nurses in Jordan: community survey.

The overall purpose of this paper is to describe the process of utilizing community participation for curriculum design to develop a new school of nursing. A brief Community Needs Assessment Survey was carried out in order to explore community perceptions and expectations of Baccalaureate-prepared nurses in Jordan. The sample consisted of 152 participants who were staff nurses, nurse administrators, nurse supervisors, nurse educators, physicians, pharmacists and consumers of services. Data were collected through a self-administered survey form using open-ended questions. Participants were asked to describe their perceptions of nursing and nurses, the desired professional skills and personal characteristics of the Baccalaureate-prepared nurse, important curriculum contents and to provide suggestions or comments for improving the preparation of Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) nurses. The findings indicated that nursing was viewed as a caring profession where nurses care for the person both in sickness and health. Several professional skills and personal characteristics emerged as being important for the BSN nurse, including clinical competence, the desire to continue learning, communication skills, ethical and moral character, critical thinking, assessment skills, and computer and English-language skills. The participants provided the desired curriculum contents and suggestions related to the expected skills. Implications for nursing education were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Gallbladder cancer in northern Jordan.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To highlight the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of gallbladder cancer in Jordan as a model for the Middle East. Only scattered reports are available from this region. METHODS: The histopathological reports and the hospital records for all cholecystectomies performed at Princess Basma Teaching Hospital between 1994-2000 were retrospectively reviewed to identify all patients with gallbladder carcinoma. All the histological slides for the cancer group were reviewed and reclassified by a single pathologist. RESULTS: Of 4502 cholecystectomies performed, 33 cases (0.73%) of gallbladder carcinoma were found. The mean age was 61.4 years (range 39-80 years). The male : female ratio was 1 : 3.7. Biliary colic and/or acute cholecystitis were the main presentations. Gallstones were present in 88% (29/33) of the patients. The spectrum of histological subtypes was similar to other series. Only three cases were diagnosed preoperatively, making the incidence of incidental gallbladder cancer 0.66% (30/4502). Simple cholecystectomy was performed for 13 patients. The remaining 20 patients underwent cholecystectomy and portal lymphadenectomy with (five cases) or without (15 cases) extrahepatic resection of the bile ducts. The mean follow up was 22 months (SD +/- 18.95 months; range 1-96 months). The 2-year survival rates for stages I, II, III, and IV were 100%, 42.9%, 10.8%, and 0%, respectively (P = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS: The importance of a high index of suspicion when dealing with cholelithiasis in elderly patients, particularly with large sized stones, cannot be over-emphasized. Proper gross inspection in the theater should be a routine procedure performed by all surgeons. Routine ultrasound for suspected gallbladder stones should always be performed under the supervision of senior radiologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The value of family screening for patients with cystine stone disease in northern Jordan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of cystinuria and cystine stone disease among families of patients with cystine stones, and to determine their distribution by age, sex and associated morbidity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 180 relatives (87 males and 93 females, mean age 43 years) descended from two brothers over four generations who live in two areas in northern Jordan. Data were collected using a questionnaire and home visits, by urinary cystine testing and radiology to detect stone, and assessing hypertension and renal impairment. RESULTS: Of the 180 subjects, 104 (58%) had a positive reaction for cystine in urine; 33 (32%) of these were younger than 15 years. Twenty members (11%) of the families had evidence of renal cystine stone disease. Hypertension and renal impairment were detected in a significant proportion of individuals with cystine stone disease. CONCLUSION: Cystinuria is a major risk factor for cystine stone formation. Family screening is valuable in detecting the cystinuric population and in assessing individuals with stones. Early recognition, treatment and counselling result in better management and prevention. The establishment of a cystine study group in our region is essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Developing a programme-review process for a baccalaureate nursing programme in Jordan.

Programme review is one way of monitoring the quality of a programme of study and promoting the growth of nursing education. The Faculty of Nursing at the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) demonstrated its professional maturity by participating in an international collaborative project with the University of Windsor in Canada, to review its baccalaureate programmes. This article outlines the rationale for undertaking a programme review and discusses key principles for inclusion in the development of such a process. It highlights some strategies for success, and suggests ways in which programmes can benefit from reviews and evaluations. This process has the potential to be used as a prototype for future reviews.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed2000

Diagnosis of canine echinococcosis: comparison of coproantigen detection with necropsy in stray dogs and red foxes from northern Jordan.

The sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a diagnostic test for Echinococcus granulosus infection by detecting coproantigens in 94 stray dogs Canis familiaris and eight red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from northern Jordan. The results were analyzed in relation to actual helminth infection as revealed by necropsy. The infection rate of dogs with E. granulosus was 13.8% with a worm load ranging between 3-> 10,000 per infected dog. In contrast, eight of 13 E. granulosus infected dogs were coproantigen positive (overall sensitivity 61.5%). The sensitivity increased to 87.5% and 100% in dogs harboring > 20 and > 100 worms/dog, respectively. The specificity of coproantigen-ELISA was 91%. The greatest cross-reactivity was found in dogs infected with Dipylidium caninum. The positive and negative predictive values for the coproantigen-ELISA test were 50% and 94.2%, respectively. Thus, a coproantigen negative dog is most probably truly negative for E. granulosus. In contrast, a coproantigen positive dog may not be truly positive for E. granulosus, except if it has a high worm burden of > 100 worms/animal.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Risk factors associated with human cystic echinococcosis in Jordan: results of a case-control study.

The parasites causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) are transmitted to man and domestic animals either directly or indirectly from dogs. High levels of human infection have been frequently described in sheep-rearing areas of the world, where the infection cycles between dogs and sheep through the use of working dogs and the feeding of sheep offal to dogs. A case-control study was undertaken in northern Jordan to examine the epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis in a Muslim community. Forty-four indigenous Jordanians who had been treated for CE between 1990 and 1996 were contacted and three controls for each case, matched for sex and age, were selected from the Jordanian population. The most important single factor associated with treatment for CE was the main source of domestic water; 42 (95%) of the cases but only 81 (61%) of the controls reported that they used a public, piped, water supply as their principal source of household water [odds ratio (OR) = 13.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.91-83.7]. The keeping of dogs or close association with dogs or farm animals was not associated with any increased risk of CE. However, individuals who grew their own vegetables had a significantly decreased risk of acquiring CE (OR = 0.30; CI = 0.08-0.98). There was evidence of widespread ignorance of the disease and how it is transmitted.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mowaqqar area, Amman Governorate, Jordan.

At least 193 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in eight villages of Mowaqqar area, Jordan, between December 1982 and April 1983. Peak transmission of the disease is thought to have taken place in late summer 1982. Approximately 67% of the cases were below 15 years of age and the lesions seen were of the dry type. The sand jird, Psammomys obesus, and the sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasi, the potential animal reservoir and vector of the disease respectively, were found in the affected area. Furthermore, Leishmania amastigotes were seen in smears from ears of seven out of 11 jirds collected from the area suggesting the zoonotic nature of the disease there.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered animals from North Jordan.

The prevalence of hydatid disease was investigated in 704 sheep, 391 goats, 280 cattle and 68 camels slaughtered at two abattoirs in North Jordan. The infection rates for these animals were 4.0, 3.6, 11.4 and 8.8%, respectively. In general, older animals had higher infection rates than younger ones. The percentage of infected animals that had fertile cysts was 66.7% in camels, 34.3% in cattle, 28.6% in goats and 7.1% in sheep. Out of 143 single cysts recovered from cattle, 52.4% were fertile; 29.2% of cysts in goats, 14.7% of cysts in camels and 8.0% of those in sheep were fertile. However, infected sheep had more fertile multiple cysts than other animals. The lung was the predominant location for hydatid cysts in camels. In cattle and goats more hydatid cysts were found in the lung than in the liver, while in sheep the reverse was true.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of intestinal parasitic infections in the Nablus area, West Bank of Jordan.

A total of 22,970 stool specimens collected from patients attending the Central Medical Laboratory in the city of Nablus in the period of 1981-1986 were examined for intestinal parasites. Of these 7412 (32.3%) were positive. Entamoeba histolytica (22.9%), Giardia lamblia (7.3%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.7%) were the most prevalent intestinal parasites found. Other intestinal parasites present included Hymenolepis nana, Trichomonas hominis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia saginata, Enterobius vermicularis and Strongyloides stercoralis. Seasonal occurrence of intestinal parasites in the West Bank of Jordan was also studied in the period January 1981-August 1987. Lower prevalence rates of intestinal parasites generally occurred during winter and early spring. Peak incidence occurred during summer and early autumn. The reasons for these seasonal variations are discussed.

Ascariasis↗
PubMed1989

Prevalence of Toxocara ova in some schools and public grounds in northern and central Jordan.

Two hundred and twenty-six soil samples were collected from school playgrounds and public places in four cities and 17 villages in northern and central Jordan. Toxacara eggs were found in 35 (15.45%) of the samples. Viable eggs were found in 18 samples, with viability ranging from 20 to 78%, and among these 18 samples the mean number of viable eggs per 5 g soil was 5.5 +/- 4.58 S.D. (range one to 15 eggs). Nine of 94 samples collected from public places and five of 86 samples collected from schools contained Toxocara eggs. Viable eggs were found in higher proportions of soils collected from villages around Jerash (three of 21) and Irbid (five of 44), and from Yarmouk University campus (four of 37), than of soils collected from cities (six of 124), but the differences are not significant (P less than 0.05). Eggs of Taenia spp., Hymenolepis diminuta and Ascaris lumbricoides were also recovered, in 34, 15 and nine samples respectively of the 226 examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Oestrus ovis L. in the Ajloun area of northern Jordan.

During the years 1990-1991 17 cases of ophthalmomyiasis externa due to the sheep nasal botfly, Oestrus ovis, were reported from the Ajloun area in northern Jordan. Symptoms included mild to severe conjunctivitis, cellulitis, lacrimation and conjunctival hyperaemia. All cases were among males, and they occurred either from April to July or from September to November.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Importance of rotavirus as a cause of gastroenteritis in Jordan: a hospital based study.

Rotavirus is recognized to be a very important cause of GE in younger children in both developed as well as developing countries, but causes most of the mortality and morbidity in the latter. The recent introduction of a rotavirus vaccine in some parts of the world makes it necessary for us to determine the impact of this organism in our population with the aim of determining the need for the vaccine. In order to determine this, a study was conducted at the JUH and 3 other private hospitals. At the JUH, 64/256 (25%) of children with GE had rotavirus in 1995. The proportions of cases attributed to rotavirus in the other 3 y were 70/199 (35.2%), 69/279 (24.7%) and 76/294 (25.8%) for 2002, 2003 and 2004, respectively. The cumulative proportion of cases attributable to rotavirus gastroenteritis in all the y was 27.14%. With regard to the 3 private hospitals, rotavirus accounted for 38/225 (16.9%), 140/664 (21%) and 668/1496 (44.6%) at the Khalidy, Jordan and Islamic hospitals, respectively. It is concluded that rotavirus is a significant cause of GE in Jordanian children regardless of their social background, and attempt at controlling this infection may be warranted.

Child↗