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PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolic costs and heart rate responses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures.

Treadmill walking/jogging in water is a potentially useful therapeutic modality. Since energy costs of this activity are unknown, we compared oxygen consumption (VO2) of treadmill walking/jogging in water to a dry treadmill at speeds of 40.23 to 160.9 meters/min (m/m) in 13.4 m/m increments in 11 subjects. At speeds greater than or equal to 53.6 m/m, ankle depth, below knee, midthigh, and waist depth walking/jogging in water significantly elevated VO2 and heart rate (HR) above dry treadmill walking (P less than 0.05). At speeds greater than or equal to 134.1 m/m, VO2 of waist depth jogging was not significantly greater than dry jogging. These findings showed no gender specificity. Treadmill walking/jogging in waist depth water at temperatures of 30.5 degrees C and 36.1 degrees C was compared to dry treadmill walking in five subjects. The rate of increase of HR compared to VO2 was significantly greater at 30.5 degrees C than dry walking, and greater at 36.1 degrees C than 30.5 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Treadmill walking in water can double the oxygen cost of movement depending on the depth and speed, and the response to increasing speed is nonlinear. Water temperature affects the relationship of HR to VO2 at waist depth, suggesting that water temperature can add a significant thermal load to the cardiovascular system. Metabolic and cardiovascular demands of treadmill walking/jogging in water must be considered when using this modality since greater external work results at much lower speeds than on land.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effect of antipronation tape and temporary orthotic on vertical navicular height before and after exercise.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled, crossover, within-subjects study evaluating 2 antipronation treatments. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the antipronation effect of 2 treatments designed to reduce abnormal pronation, and the effect of an exercise challenge on the treatments. BACKGROUND: Control of abnormal pronation in order to ameliorate inappropriate stresses on injured soft tissues is frequently sought in the treatment of overuse injuries of the lower limb. Tape and temporary soft orthotics are used to control abnormal pronation. The effects of these treatments remain largely untested. METHODS AND MEASURES: Fourteen subjects (age = 23.8 +/- 3.5 years) who had at least a 10-mm navicular drop were studied. The dependent variable was vertical navicular height. The two independent variables were the treatment conditions (temporary felt orthotics, augmented LowDye tape, and control) and the exercise challenge (0, 10, and 20 minutes of controlled jogging). The subjects' vertical navicular height was measured before and after the application of the treatment conditions, and then after 10 and 20 minutes of jogging. RESULTS: Tape and orthotic treatments produced approximately a 19% and 14% increase in vertical navicular height, respectively, which were both significantly greater than the control condition (0%). The treatment effect, although significantly diminished following exercise challenge, remained superior to control (6.5% for orthotic and 3.5% for tape compared to -7.3% for control). CONCLUSION: Antipronation tape and temporary orthotics help to control excessive foot pronation initially after application and following exercise. These treatments may be useful in the assessment and treatment of lower limb injuries that are associated with abnormal foot pronation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Joggers live longer].

In all 4,658 men, 20-79 years of age, with no prior myocardial infarction, attended two examinations. Jogging status was self-reported based on the question "Are you a jogger?" The study shows that regular jogging is not associated with increased mortality in men, as the joggers had significantly lower mortality than non-joggers. The lower mortality of joggers could be an effect of the physical training, but it could also be due to selection or a combination of both. On the other hand, numerous studies within the fields of epidemiology, work-physiology, psychology and biochemistry have all pointed toward a beneficial effect of physical activity on health, but the optimal intensity, frequency and duration of physical activity has yet to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of active warm-up and stretching on the flexibility of adolescent soccer players.

AIM: The purpose of the investigation was to examine in field conditions the acute effects of passive stretching after a general warming-up bout as well as the effects of passive stretching alone. METHODS: Eighteen adolescent team soccer players participated in this study performing 3 different flexibility-training protocols in separate training sessions. In the first treatment stretching protocol a general warm-up was performed where subjects jogged for 20 minutes. The second treatment stretching protocol consisted of the same general warm-up followed by passive stretching of the lower extremities and the trunk, whereas the third and final treatment stretching protocol consisted of passive stretching alone, without any jogging. Passive range of joint motion was examined in hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion and trunk flexion using a goniometer and a flexometer. RESULTS: The general warming-up session induced a significantly increased range of motion only at the ankle dorsiflexion joint (P<0.05). Results also suggest that passive stretching alone and passive stretching after a general warming-up bout both induced a significantly increased range in all lower extremity joints and trunk flexion (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in flexibility are observed after passive muscle elongation, irrespective of warming-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Jogger's heat stroke.

Two patients developed heat stroke following jogging. Transient disturbance of cerebral function was the most dramatic clinical feature. Although haemorrhagic complications were not seen, marked changes in the haemostatic system occurred with both thrombocytopenia and a reduction of clotting factors synthesised by the liver. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found. Heat stroke must now be added to the list of jogging hazards.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of flotation devices for deep-water exercise.

Jogging and running in deep water (greater than or equal to 7 feet) appears to be a more efficient and safer means of aerobic exercise than jogging and running on land. Consequently, a variety of flotation devices have been developed to facilitate this deep-water exercise. A comprehensive evaluation of these devices revealed distinct performance limitations that interfered with this exercise. On the basis of the results of these studies, a new, improved flotation device has been conceptualized for individuals participating in deep-water exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE--a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major health problem due, in part, to physical inactivity. The amount of activity needed to prevent weight gain is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of different amounts and intensities of exercise training. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial (February 1999-July 2002). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Sedentary, overweight men and women (aged 40-65 years) with mild to moderate dyslipidemia were recruited from Durham, NC, and surrounding communities. INTERVENTIONS: Eight-month exercise program with 3 groups: (1) high amount/vigorous intensity (calorically equivalent to approximately 20 miles [32.0 km] of jogging per week at 65%-80% peak oxygen consumption); (2) low amount/vigorous intensity (equivalent to approximately 12 miles [19.2 km] of jogging per week at 65%-80%), and (3) low amount/moderate intensity (equivalent to approximately 12 miles [19.2 km] of walking per week at 40%-55%). Subjects were counseled not to change their diet and were encouraged to maintain body weight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body weight, body composition (via skinfolds), and waist circumference. RESULTS: Of 302 subjects screened, 182 met criteria and were randomized and 120 completed the study. There was a significant (P<.05) dose-response relationship between amount of exercise and amount of weight loss and fat mass loss. The high-amount/vigorous-intensity group lost significantly more body mass (in mean [SD] kilograms) and fat mass (in mean [SD] kilograms) (-2.9 [2.8] and -4.8 [3.0], respectively) than the low-amount/moderate-intensity group (-0.9 [1.8] and -2.0 [2.6], respectively), the low-amount/vigorous-intensity group (-0.6 [2.0] and -2.5 [3.4], respectively), and the controls (+1.0 [2.1] and +0.4 [3.0], respectively). Both low-amount groups had significantly greater improvements than controls but were not different from each other. Compared with controls, all exercise groups significantly decreased abdominal, minimal waist, and hip circumference measurements. There were no significant changes in dietary intake for any group. CONCLUSIONS: In nondieting, overweight subjects, the controls gained weight, both low-amount exercise groups lost weight and fat, and the high-amount group lost more of each in a dose-response manner. These findings strongly suggest that, absent changes in diet, a higher amount of activity is necessary for weight maintenance and that the positive caloric imbalance observed in the overweight controls is small and can be reversed by a modest amount of exercise. Most individuals can accomplish this by walking 30 minutes every day.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of exercise training on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in labile hypertensive subjects.

Plasma catecholamine concentrations (norepinephrine, NE; epinephrine, E) were measured along with heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) at rest in supine (20 min) and standing (10 min) positions and in response to cycle ergometer exercise (5 min; 60% estimated maximal aerobic power) in 12 hypertensive patients before and after 20 weeks of aerobic training on cycle ergometer (six males, one female) or by jogging (five males). In a control group of labile hypertensive patients (five males, two females), estimated maximal aerobic power as well as HR and BP at rest in the supine and standing positions and in response to exercise were not modified from the first to the second evaluation (43 +/- 4 vs 43 +/- 5 ml.kg-1.min-1). In comparison estimated maximal aerobic power significantly increased in both training groups (cycle: 38 +/- 4 to 43 +/- 4; jogging: 38 +/- 3 to 46 +/- 4 ml.kg-1.min-1). However HR and BP were not modified following training, except for small reductions in systolic (18.9 to 18 kPa: 142 to 135 mmHg) and diastolic pressures (13.3 to 12 kPa: 100 to 90 mmHg) (p less than 0.05) at standing rest in the cycle group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dynamic stability after ACL injury: who can hop?

Single-leg hops are used clinically to assess knee function in patients following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and reconstruction. Researchers study ACL-deficient individuals in order to identify movement strategies in the absence of a major knee stabilizer, thereby providing information to clinicians regarding treatment options. Single-leg hops represent an activity which places higher demands on the knee than walking or jogging. Hops are thought by some to represent demands that are more comparable to those found during high level sports. Therefore hopping might provide more information about knee stability during dynamic activities than less strenuous activities. This paper reflects one component of a larger study involving comparisons of joint motions and muscle activity patterns in uninjured individuals (n=10) and two groups of athletes who had complete ACL ruptures; one group had substantial knee instability (noncopers, n=10), and the other had no signs of knee instability (copers, n=11). In this paper we report the findings from the single-leg hop activity. The results indicate that coper subjects move in a manner nearly identical to uninjured persons. Kinetic data suggest that copers stabilize their knees with greater contributions from the ankle extensor muscles. Muscle activity data demonstrate that there is no reduction in quadriceps femoris activity in the coper subjects. In the group of ten subjects with knee instability (noncopers) who participated in the overall study involving walking, jogging, hopping, and a step activity only four were willing to hop. Work in our laboratory has established that when high level athletes rupture their ACL, the majority of them cannot return to high level sports. The small number of noncopers in this study who were willing to hop supports our previous findings. Those noncopers who did hop displayed reduced knee range of motion and external knee flexion moments, a movement strategy remarkably similar to that found during other activities. Neither the copers nor the noncopers showed evidence that quadriceps activation was diminished.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Dynamics of pathological motion: applied to the anterior cruciate deficient knee.

The analysis of the dynamics of pathological motion can provide new and meaningful knowledge about musculoskeletal disorders. The application of the study of pathological ambulation to the analyses of clinical problems is analyzed and discussed. The importance of the selection of appropriate measurement protocols and variable selection is illustrated using an example of the evaluation of patients with an anterior cruciate deficient knee. In particular, the importance of the joint moment as a measure of normal and pathological ambulation is described. An example is provided from a study based on the analysis of 16 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate deficiency. Patients were studied during walking, jogging and ascending and descending stairs. The results are used to demonstrate the importance of testing activities of the knee (e.g. walking, jogging, stair-climbing) that stress the knees during different ranges of motion in order to differentiate functional adaptation associated with the anterior cruciate deficient knee. Results demonstrate that functional abnormalities occur during low stress activities such as level walking. Further, it appears that the functional adaptation occurring during these activities is associated with the anterior force generated on the tibia when the quadriceps contract and the knee is near full extension. It appears that locomotion patterns are reprogrammed to produce an adaptive gait in the majority of patients with anterior cruciate deficient knees.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed1997

Therapeutic effects of restricted diet and exercise in obese patients with fatty liver.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The incidence of obese patients with fatty liver has recently increased in Japan as well as in the United States and Europe. Fatty liver may occasionally progress to liver cirrhosis. In this study, we have compared the effects of restricted diet and exercise versus no treatment in obese patients with fatty liver. METHODS: Twenty-five obese patients with fatty liver were divided into treated and control groups. Fifteen obese patients followed a program of restricted diet (ideal weight x 25 Cal x kg(-1)) and exercise (walking or jogging) for a trial period of 3 months. No changes in diet or lifestyle were made by the other 10 patients during the same trial period. Blood biochemical tests and liver histology were compared in all patients before and after the trial. RESULTS: In the treated group, weight, blood biochemical data such as aminotransferase, albumin, cholinesterase, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose values, and steatosis were significantly decreased after the trial. In the control group, there were no significant differences in the clinical and histological findings before and after the trial. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that restricted diet and exercise therapy, such as walking and jogging, are useful means of improving blood biochemical data and histological findings in liver tissues related to fatty liver.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In-shoe force measurements from locomotion in simulated zero gravity during parabolic flight.

INTRODUCTION:: No effective countermeasure for space-induced bone loss has yet been identified. It has been hypothesized that an effective exercise regimen would elicit loads on the lower extremity which resemble those encountered on Earth. Although a treadmill has been used on shuttle flights, the loads to which the lower extremity was exposed have not yet been quantified. It is believed that these loads are much less than the loads experienced in 1G. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of lower extremity loading during tethered treadmill exercise in a 0G environment. METHODS:: Data were collected on five subjects (avg. ht. 177.3+/-10.1 cm, avg. mass 78.3+/-18.0 kg) onboard the KC-135, a NASA airplane used to simulate periods of zero gravity through parabolic flight. Subjects ambulated at 4 speeds: a walk (1.56m/sec), fast walk (2.0m/sec) slow jog (2.75m/sec), and jog (3.35m/sec) on the NASA treadmill operated in either a passive or motorized mode. Each subject wore a harness connected to the Subject Load Device (SLD) to tether them to the treadmill. The tension in the SLD was subjectively adjusted for comfort by each subject. Force data were collected at 60 Hz using Pedar insoles. The number of parabolas per subject was variable due to motion sickness and hardware problems. RESULTS:: Analysis of the insole data showed that the average SLD load was only 35.2% BW, although the values ranged from 20.1% to 56.6%. Maximum ground reaction force values increased with increasing speed and were not affected by treadmill mode. The impulse was higher during walking with the treadmill in the passive mode than in the active mode, but this difference diminished with increasing speed. Subjects tended to run on their forefeet, as shown from the extremely small heel impulse values. At higher speeds, heel contact was absent, while forefoot impulse became more pronounced. DISCUSSION:: All force values were lower than those reported from 1G studies, where typical peak ground reaction forces are 1.2xBW and 2.5xBW for walking and running, respectively. At every speed, the ratio of the rearfoot to forefoot impulse was much lower than reported from 1G studies, and this ratio decreased with increasing speed. CONCLUSIONS:: If the exposure to forces similar to those in 1G is a requirement for countermeasures against space-induced osteoporosis, the loads in the SLD must be greatly increased and should be directly measured before exercise.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Validity and reliability of a voice-recognition game analysis system for field sports.

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of observers to use voice-recognition analysis to accurately classify gait transitions and quantify gait durations typical of team games. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was also determined. Four males were filmed performing pre-determined gait protocols. each comprising different sequences of walking, jogging, running and sprinting. Two operators independently classified gait transitions and the time spent in each gait was determined by the voice recognition system. All gait modes as measured by trained observers demonstrated statistically significant correlations (p < 0.01) to pre-determined measurement criteria. The mean absolute error for all gait transitions was less than half a second (0.32-0.36 s) with the maximum percentage error being approximately 4% for the walk, jog and run gaits and 10% for sprinting. Gait classification error was low at 1.9%. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability was consistently high ranging from r = 0.87 to 0.99. In conclusion, observers using voicerecognition software provided valid measures of time spent in each of the four gait categories with 90% or better accuracy achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Player movement patterns and game activities in the Australian Football League.

In the Australian Football League (AFL), specific game movements and activities have not been studied since the 1970s and 1980s and the game is now much faster than it was 20-30 years ago. Using lapsed-time video analysis, AFL players from five different positions (full forward/full back, centre half forward/centre half back, small forward/small back, mid fielders and ruckmen) had their movement patterns (stand, walk, jog, fast-run, sprint, change of direction) and game activities (possessions, ruck duels, ground ball contests, shepherds, spoils, bumps and tackles) recorded in two games each in the 2000 season. A descriptive analysis of the results was undertaken. The main findings were: full forward/full back were most different from the other positions, as they were seen to stand more and jog and fast-run less: ruckmen and midfielders were involved in more game activities than the other positions; for all positions, there were more than 150 high intensity movements (fast-run plus sprint) in the game, but these accounted for only 4-6% of total movement time: virtually all of the high intensity movements lasted for <6 secs; more than half of all sprints involved at least one change of direction, mostly within the 0-90 degrees arc (left or right) and all ground ball contests took <6 secs, with midfielders having 2-3 times as many as the other positions. Improvements in specific pre-season and in-season training practices for different positions should be possible after careful interpretation of these findings.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

Undetected cardiac lesions cause unexpected sudden cardiac death during occasional sport activity. A report of 80 cases.

The retrospective analysis of 1500 forensic autopsies after sudden cardiac death showed that 80 (77 men, three women) had died following sport, for which they had been inadequately trained. The chosen sport (both dynamic and static), and the cardiac pathology discovered during autopsy make it possible to divide the population into two groups. Group 1 were those under 30 years of age (27 cases) engaged in jogging, gymnastics, rugby, tennis and boxing who suffered from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (29.6%), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (25.9%), non-atherosclerotic (14. 8%), aortic stenosis (7.4%), atrial septal defect (3.7%), stenosing coronary atherosclerosis (3.7%), and structural abnormalities of the His bundle (3.7%). Group 2 were those over 30 years of age (53 cases), engaged in swimming, cycling, jogging and football. The cardiac lesions responsible were stenosing atherosclerotic coronary disease (49%), non-atherosclerotic coronary disease (1.8%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (20%), obstructive cardiomyopathy (4.8%), structural abnormalities of the His bundle (7.4%), myocardic bruise scar (4%), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (3. 7%). In both groups, dilated cardiomyopathy occurred with identical frequency (11%).Conclusions The lesions discovered are the same as those identified in professional athletes, when the body tries to avoid mortal rhythmic decompensation in the case of an over-loading volume and tension during an ill-adapted effort. Forensic autopsy should establish these anomalies because the transmissible genetic characteristics of some of them could underline the need for check-ups in other members of the family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Exercise-induced increase in serum creatine kinase is modified by subsequent bed rest.

This study was designed to find out if bed rest, which is known to markedly reduce peripheral lymph flow, immediately after strenuous exercise could affect the behaviour of creatine kinase activity (CK) in serum. Eleven endurance athletes performed an 18 km cross-country run, after which six of the subjects were placed in bed rest group (BR) for 23 hours, while a group of five control subjects maintained their normal habitual activity (C). After the bed rest all subjects performed a light jogging bout for 45 min. Seven hours after the exercise serum CK was increased threefold (p < 0.05) in both groups. During the next 16 hours serum CK increased further 30% in C (p < 0.05) but decreased (p < 0.05) in a similar magnitude in BR. Light jogging elicited a transient CK increase of 16% (p < 0.05) in C, but there was no change in BR. The fact that serum CK increased similarly in both groups during the first hours after the exercise shows that the transport of CK from muscles into circulation can be maintained for some hours despite absence of muscular activity. However, the later post-exercise serum CK response may be diminished by bed rest (effect of posture and/or lack of muscle function). The reduced response is also seen in the CK response to a repeated exercise. These observations suggest that a short-term physical inactivity (bed rest) may reduce both the lymphatic transport of CK and the release of enzyme from muscle fibres.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Central fatigue in sports and daily exercises. A magnetic stimulation study.

Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies showed exercise-induced depression of motor evoked potentials (MEP). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate changes in MEP size and central motor conduction time (CMCT) after various kinds of exercise of daily life and sports. Changes of both central and peripheral motor conduction were recorded immediately after predominantly aerobic (climbing stairs and jogging) and anaerobic (press-ups, dumb-bell holding, and 400 m-run) exercise. Strength exercise resulted in a significant decrease of MEP amplitudes. Exhausting press-ups reduced the mean MEP amplitude by 33% as compared to pre-exercise value, exhausting dumb-bell holding reduced the mean MEP amplitude by 66%. Aerobic exercises (climbing 600 steps and jogging 50 minutes) did not significantly change MEP amplitudes. The compound motor action potentials (registered after supramaximal peripheral electrical stimulation) remained unchanged after each paradigm. CMCT was not significantly altered by any of the exercises under investigation. Peripheral motor conduction time (PMCT) was slightly lengthened by 4% after isometric dumb-bell holding. PMCT and total motor conduction time were decreased after aerobic exercises, probably due to an increase of temperature of the lower extremities. In conclusion, TMS is a suitable technique for objective evaluation of central fatigue. The present study is the first to show its possible use in sports medicine, indicating that only exhaustive or strength exercises result in reduced MEPs.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins.

BACKGROUND: Increased physical activity is related to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly because it leads to improvement in the lipoprotein profile. However, the amount of exercise training required for optimal benefit is unknown. In a prospective, randomized study, we investigated the effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on lipoproteins. METHODS: A total of 111 sedentary, overweight men and women with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to participate for six months in a control group or for approximately eight months in one of three exercise groups: high-amount-high-intensity exercise, the caloric equivalent of jogging 20 mi (32.0 km) per week at 65 to 80 percent of peak oxygen consumption; low-amount-high-intensity exercise, the equivalent of jogging 12 mi (19.2 km) per week at 65 to 80 percent of peak oxygen consumption; or low-amount-moderate-intensity exercise, the equivalent of walking 12 mi per week at 40 to 55 percent of peak oxygen consumption. Subjects were encouraged to maintain their base-line body weight. The 84 subjects who complied with these guidelines served as the basis for the main analysis. Detailed lipoprotein profiling was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with verification by measurement of cholesterol in lipoprotein subfractions. RESULTS: There was a beneficial effect of exercise on a variety of lipid and lipoprotein variables, seen most clearly with the high amount of high-intensity exercise. The high amount of exercise resulted in greater improvements than did the lower amounts of exercise (in 10 of 11 lipoprotein variables) and was always superior to the control condition (11 of 11 variables). Both lower-amount exercise groups always had better responses than the control group (22 of 22 comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The highest amount of weekly exercise, with minimal weight change, had widespread beneficial effects on the lipoprotein profile. The improvements were related to the amount of activity and not to the intensity of exercise or improvement in fitness.

Adult↗