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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Analogous enzymes: independent inventions in enzyme evolution.

It is known that the same reaction may be catalyzed by structurally unrelated enzymes. We performed a systematic search for such analogous (as opposed to homologous) enzymes by evaluating sequence conservation among enzymes with the same enzyme classification (EC) number using sensitive, iterative sequence database search methods. Enzymes without detectable sequence similarity to each other were found for 105 EC numbers (a total of 243 distinct proteins). In 34 cases, independent evolutionary origin of the suspected analogous enzymes was corroborated by showing that they possess different structural folds. Analogous enzymes were found in each class of enzymes, but their overall distribution on the map of biochemical pathways is patchy, suggesting multiple events of gene transfer and selective loss in evolution, rather than acquisition of entire pathways catalyzed by a set of unrelated enzymes. Recruitment of enzymes that catalyze a similar but distinct reaction seems to be a major scenario for the evolution of analogous enzymes, which should be taken into account for functional annotation of genomes. For many analogous enzymes, the bacterial form of the enzyme is different from the eukaryotic one; such enzymes may be promising targets for the development of new antibacterial drugs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Re-inventing the wheel: a case study of nursing curriculum innovation.

This paper reviews the literature concerned with active learning methods in British nurse education. A case study is presented describing the introduction of assisted independent learning to a cohort of student nurses in a district general hospital school of nursing in England. The implications, advantages and problems associated with such curriculum innovation are discussed and some areas for further study are identified.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Struggling to invent high-reliability organizations in health care settings: Insights from the field.

The Mission of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has been to support and conduct health services research and to disseminate those research findings. Recently the Agency has changed its mission to: "Improving the quality, safety, efficiency and effectiveness of health care for all Americans." For agency personnel working with the topic of patient safety, that change has created a need to develop greater awareness of the current patient safety initiatives underway at leading health care systems in order to determine where AHRQ might best play a role in helping these systems more rapidly adopt new practices to improve patient safety. In order to make that determination, AHRQ conducted a customer needs assessment of leaders in selected health care systems, asking them questions about their current implementation initiatives and their perceived needs for continued implementation of patient safety initiatives. Although not designed or conducted as a research study, the hour-long interviews produced rich insights into the implementation efforts of patient safety initiatives. The senior leaders interviewed in each of the health care systems, described implementing patient safety initiatives on multiple fronts-in some systems as many as 15 initiatives were underway. As the number of initiatives attests, there was no lack of knowledge about what patient safety practices should be implemented (CPOE, rapid response teams, reduction in surgical site infections) rather the major struggle these health care systems faced was the "how to" of implementation. Most initiatives were only newly begun, so these leaders were not yet confident about what they had learned from these efforts or whether they could be sustained over time. These health care systems drew many of the ideas for initiatives from outside of health care, for example, the nuclear power industry or aviation. The executives expressed concern about a number of issues including: how patient safety initiatives should be sequenced, the lack of benchmarking data to measure their systems against and the pressing need for IT standardization. The insights from this customer needs assessment revealed a wealth of implementation knowledge in the field and has led AHRQ to create an opportunity for leading edge health care systems to learn from each other via learning networks.

Health Facilities↗
PubMed1978

So-called cellulite: an invented disease.

The anatomic basis of so-called cellulite, the hormonal basis for the clinical condition, the prevalence of it, the essential normality and inevitability of it in women, the supervention of it in hormonally feminized men, and the near futility of treating the non-disease are explored in this paper.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Inventing urine incontinence devices for women.

Nurses have long been aware of the devastating effects of urinary incontinence on women. Although women may find diapers, pads and protective clothing valuable protection, there are few options for a continuous wear, external urine incontinence device (EUID). Inventors have attempted to develop an EUID since ancient times; the first United States patent for an EUID was awarded in 1949. The purpose of this paper is to review technological considerations for development of an external urinary incontinence device for women. Patents and products illustrate the considerations.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Invention and mystery in hypotrich DNA.

Hypotrichs have evolved extraordinary ways of organizing, manipulating, and replicating the DNA in their micronuclear and macronuclear genomes. Short macronuclear DNA molecules containing single genes are created by excision from chromosomes, accompanied by massive elimination of the germline DNA sequences between genes. Germline genes themselves are interrupted by multiple noncoding segments called internal eliminated segments, or IESs, that divide genes into multiple macronuclear-destined segments, or MDSs. The functional significance of this organization is unknown. Over evolutionary time IESs accumulate mutations rapidly, are inserted into or excised from genes, and shift position along DNA molecules. MDSs are ligated to create functional genes when IESs are spliced out of micronuclear DNA during macronuclear development. MDSs in some germline genes are in scrambled disorder and become unscrambled in association with IES elimination. Replication of DNA in the macronucleus is accomplished by organization of replication enzymes and factors into a structure that sweeps through the macronucleus to replicate the many millions of gene-sized DNA molecules. The significance of many of the bizarre DNA phenomena in the evolutionary/functional success of hypotrichs is still unclear.

Animals↗