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PubMed2000

Decision making and depressive symptoms in black and white multigenerational teen-parent families.

This study investigated correlates of depressive symptoms among 56 (30 Black and 26 White) low-income, coresiding teenage mothers and their mothers (referred to as grandmothers). Racial differences in teenage mothers' and grandmothers' reports of decision making and depressive symptoms and in the association of decision making with depressive symptoms were explored. Racial differences in levels of depressive symptoms emerged for grandmothers but not for teens. There were no significant differences in levels of decision making; however, the relation of decision making to depressive symptoms differed by racial group. Among White families, greater teen participation in decision making was negatively associated with teenage mothers' depressive symptoms. Among Black families, the opposite was found. A similar pattern of effects was observed for grandmothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multigenerational challenges in academic medicine: UCDavis's responses.

Academic medicine is a unique work environment, one of the few where members of four different generations regularly interact and where multigenerational teams are key to fulfilling its missions, particularly education. This can lead to increased creativity, but also to intergenerational conflict, since each generation has different values and expectations. The authors describe multigenerational challenges confronted at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, and that school's responses to them. These challenges include issues related to work hours, workload, compensation, evaluation for advancement, recruitment and retention, and attendance at required meetings. Awareness of the different generational qualities and values allowed the school of medicine to identify the multigenerational origin of many of these ongoing issues and challenges and to plan appropriate solutions within the Office of Academic Affairs. These include policy changes related to work-life balance, utilizing multiple faculty tracks with different roles, allowing part-time faculty appointments, creating a variety of faculty development programs geared toward different generational needs (which utilize flexible modules, menus of options, and alternative technologies for presentation), defining appropriate reward and incentives through compensations plans, and creating peer-reviewed awards. The authors conclude that these efforts mitigate conflict, promote diversity, and allow multigenerational teams to function more effectively and creatively in education, research, and clinical care. Ongoing evaluation will further refine this approach.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2001

Defusing the baby boomer time bomb: projections of after-tax income in the twenty-first century.

There has been a major national policy debate over the prospective tax burden facing future generations of workers as a result of the impending retirement of the baby boom generation. However, the real determinant of well-being is after-tax income, not the tax rate on before-tax income. This study constructs a series of projections of after-tax income, for workers and families at different points in the income distribution, to examine the effects of several different trends. The author first calculates the extent to which after-tax income can be expected to decline as the result of the aging of the baby boomers, then calculates the impact on after-tax income for families at different points in the income distribution of a continuation of recent trends in wage inequality. He also constructs a category of "after-tax, after-health-care spending" income, which examines the impact of the continued rapid growth in health care costs. The findings suggest that the continuation of recent trends in inequality and health care cost growth will have a much larger effect on future living standards than will the aging of the baby boomers.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1995

[From the transformation of age groups to the evolution of social relationships].

"In Western societies, change in family behaviour patterns, increased life expectancy, transformations in the socioeconomic environment and in culture have effected important modifications in the 'age pyramid', the significance of which has fed the debate between experts who have recorded them and who have anticipated their foreseeable consequences. These consequences are examined here in the light of some of their effects on social ties, inside the family and on the community level: the recomposition of the deviations between generations, the appearance of a pre-adult stage, the growth of concomitant responsibilities in relation to ascendants and descendants within family networks, potential concurrent intergenerational conflicts, and the aging of the social fabric [at] the community level. These phenomena in full evolution are a particular incentive to reinforcing the dialogue between demography and sociology." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Examining the intergenerational transmission of violence in a New Zealand birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines whether exposure to interparental violence in childhood predicts subsequent involvement in interpartner violence and violent crime after controlling for potentially confounding factors. METHOD: The investigation analyses data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a prospective, longitudinal study of a birth cohort of over 1000 New Zealand young adults studied at multiple assessment points from birth to the age of 25. RESULTS: After controlling for potentially confounding risk factors, observed associations between exposure to interparental violence in childhood and increased risks of both (a) psychological interpartner violence perpetration and victimization and (b) violent crime, were reduced to statistical non-significance. No statistically significant associations were observed between exposure to interparental violence in childhood and increased risk of physical interpartner violence perpetration or victimization. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the effects of childhood exposure to interparental violence on subsequent interpartner violence are weak and largely explained by the psychosocial context within which childhood exposure to interparental violence occurs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Genetics of Type A behavior in two European countries: evidence for sibling interaction.

Young male twins in The Netherlands and England completed the Jenkins Activity Survey (Dutch and English versions, respectively), a measure of Type A behavior. Separate model fitting analysis revealed a similar pattern of variance estimates and associated goodness of fit across the two countries. The data were then analyzed concurrently, with a scalar parameter included to account for differences in variance due to the disparity of the measurement scales. A model including additive genetic and individual environmental effects gave a good explanation to the data. The heritability estimate was 0.28. Models of social interaction and dominance explained the data even better, the former being preferred. The twins' parents were included in the analysis to examine population variation for Type A behavior intergenerationally. There was evidence for individual environmental experiences having a greater influence on Type A behavior in the older generation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Internal ribosomal entry site substitution eliminates neurovirulence in intergeneric poliovirus recombinants.

Neuropathogenicity of poliovirus can be attenuated by mutations in the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) within the 5' nontranslated region of its genome. The Sabin vaccine strains used in prevention of poliomyelitis carry such mutations in their IRES elements. In addition, mutations within the structural and nonstructural proteins of Sabin strains may equally contribute to the attenuation phenotype. Despite their effectiveness as vaccines, the Sabin strains retain a neuropathogenic potential in animal models for poliomyelitis and, at a very low rate, they can cause poliomyelitis in vaccine recipients. The elimination of the neurocytopathic phenotype was achieved through the exchange of the entire poliovirus IRES with its counterpart from human rhinovirus type 2 without affecting growth properties in nonneuronal cells. The attenuating effect of the human rhinovirus type 2 IRES within the context of a poliovirus genome has been mapped to the 3' portion of this genetic element.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intergenerational perceptions of English speaking and Spanish speaking Mexican-American grandparents.

Hispanics are facing a number of problems, such as poverty, hunger, and a high dropout rate at school. Health-care reform and changes in Medicaid and Medicare are bound to further challenge the resiliency of minority families. To strengthen families from within, relevant programming should be implemented. Information regarding the strengths and needs of Mexican-American grandparents was obtained in order to adapt existing grandparenting programs for this population. Mexican-American grandparents (n = 181), parents (n = 148), and grandchildren (n = 173) provided information on grandparent satisfaction, success, teaching, difficulty, frustration, and information needs. Multivariate analyses of variance found differences for English and Spanish speaking grandparents. Spanish speaking grandparents reported a greater need for information than English speaking grandparents, and more frustration when dealing with adolescents than with younger children. For the English speaking grandparents, all of the generations agreed that grandparents under the age of sixty-one experienced more frustration than their older counterparts, and those who spent more than five hours a month with their grandchildren were more effective in their role. Possible factors that account for the findings are discussed and recommendations for establishing a grandparent program are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Continuity of parenting practices across generations in an at-risk sample: a prospective comparison of direct and mediated associations.

A prospective model of parenting and externalizing behavior spanning 3 generations (G1, G2, and G3) was examined for young men from an at-risk sample of young adult men (G2) who were in approximately the youngest one third of their cohort to become fathers. It was first predicted that the young men in G2 who had children the earliest would show high levels of antisocial behavior. Second, it was predicted that G1 poor parenting practices would show both a direct association with the G2 son's subsequent parenting and a mediated effect via his development of antisocial and delinquent behavior by adolescence. The young fathers had more arrests and were less likely to have graduated from high school than the other young men in the sample. Findings were most consistent with the interpretation that there was some direct effect of parenting from G1 to G2 and some mediated effect via antisocial behavior in G2.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Is birth weight determined genetically?

Birthweight correlations were analysed among 505 intergenerational pairs of first births to women aged 18-25 identified from a large obstetric data bank. After standardisation for fetal sex, maternal height, gestational age, and proteinuric pre-eclampsia residual correlations of between 0.1402 and 0.1725 were found, suggesting only a small genetic effect. It is concluded that genetic factors play only a small part in determining birth weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Examining intergenerational violence: violent role modeling or weak parental controls?

Family violence research has uncovered a positive relationship between parental violence and children's later involvement in intimate violence. In a similar vein, criminology's social control theory suggests that weak or absent parental controls are associated with a variety of delinquent acts. Little research, however, investigates the link between parental violence, parental controls, and dating violence. This article asks two research questions: How is inter-parental violence associated with parent-child attachments, monitoring, adolescent dating, attitudes toward violence, and dating violence? And second, are there independent and interactive effects of inter-parental violence, and parental controls on dating violence offending and attitudes towards violence? Dating violence offending is significantly associated with witnessed inter-parental violence, high dating frequency, and low parental monitoring. Attitudes towards violence are associated with witnessed inter-parental violence, lower parental attachment, and the interaction of witnessed inter-parental violence and parental attachment. The implications for role modeling and social control theory are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Preventing intellectual and interactional sequelae of fetal malnutrition: a longitudinal, transactional, and synergistic approach to development.

This report presents continuing longitudinal data of a natural experiment in which fetally malnourished infants and their controls were randomly assigned to 2 environments differing in intellectually supportive characteristics. Whereas a previous report of these infants from 3 to 24 months of age provided evidence supporting the bidirectionality of effects of infant and environmental attributes, this study shows the continuation of the detrimental effects through 36 months of age on intellectual, behavioral, and social-interactional development in a nonsupportive caregiving environment, and the continued amelioration of those effects in a supportive caregiving environment. Further, analyses of maternal variables showed that the mothers of fetally malnourished infants may have had life histories of increased risk when compared to mothers of control infants. The results are discussed in terms of the convergence of dynamic intergenerational, prenatal, and postnatal influences on development.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed2004

Reconsidering risk: adapting public policies to intergenerational determinants and biosocial interactions in health-related needs.

According to recent research, interactions between infant health and environment can play crucial roles in clustering health and economic disadvantage among certain families. Researchers have provided a clear example of such intergenerational biosocial cycles when they document that interactions between parental low birth weight status and prenatal environment are associated with the risk of a low birth weight, and that interactions between a child's birth weight status and early childhood environment are associated with adult socioeconomic outcomes. In this article, we consider how existing policies may be revised to more effectively address such interactions between social and biological risk categories. We are particularly concerned in this discussion with revising risk categories so they can encompass biological risk, social risk, and developmental frameworks. A framework of biosocial risk is quite flexible and may be applied to a variety of issues and programs; however, in this article we focus on the single case of low birth weight to illustrate our argument. In considering specific applications, we further explore how attention to biosocial interactions may reshape Medicaid, special education, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed1982

Themes of culture and ancestry among children of concentration camp survivors.

Response to the most stressful of circumstances provides insight into the human capacity for adaptability. Survivors of catastrophic historical events, such as the Nazi Holocaust and the Atomic Holocaust of Hiroshima, provide evidence of individual and cultural resilience. Of particular interest is the impact of concentration camp atrocities. As Israeli statesman Abba Eban recounts: "Never in all of recorded history has any family of the human race been overwhelmed by such a wave of grief and havoc" (Eban 1961). Existing research repeatedly demonstrates that the massive trauma of concentration camp internment profoundly affects survivors for the rest of their lives (Eitinger and Strom 1973; Chodoff 1970; Eitinger 1957). In order to comprehend the long-term cultural implications of the experiences of survivors, investigation of the succeeding generation is essential. The effect on sensitivity to culture and ancestry among children of concentration camp survivors is likely to be substantial, but the full scope of this impact has yet to be determined. The purpose of the present study is to begin to examine this impact and describe the intergenerational response of a culture to extreme stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Multigenerational family structure in Japanese society: impacts on stress and health behaviors among women and men.

Rapid population aging in Japan has led to rising demands for informal care giving. Traditionally, care giving for aging parents has fallen disproportionately on the shoulders of women living in multigenerational households. However, rising labor force participation by Japanese women, declining marriage and fertility rates, and women's changing expectations have combined to produce unprecedented strains on traditional multigenerational households where care giving to elders traditionally takes place. In this paper, we explored gender-specific relationships between family structure, stress and worries, and health behaviors, using linked data from two national surveys conducted in Japan: the 1995 Comprehensive Survey of the Living Conditions of People on Health and Welfare, and the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. We found that women in multigenerational households reported more care-giving worries, and also less future health and financial worries. Living with parents was associated with protective health behaviors (less smoking, less heavy drinking), but also more sedentary behavior among women, while men in "sandwich" families (i.e., living with both parents and children) reported heavier smoking. The association of family structure and health behavior was not mediated by worries. Living alone was associated with worse health for women. These findings suggest gender-specific patterns of worries and health behaviors that reflect both the health-protecting and health-damaging effects of living in multigenerational households.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Long-term care and nursing home coverage: are adult children substitutes for insurance policies?

Recent theoretical work suggests that in some cases, parents will forego the purchase of long-term care insurance and rely on child-provided care in old age. This paper uses data from the Asset and Health Dynamics survey and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine whether the availability of children and other potential caregivers explains why so few elderly persons have long-term care insurance. In contrast to the notion that family members serve as substitutes for long-term care insurance, variables measuring the availability of informal caregivers have no statistically significant effect in models of insurance ownership and models of intentions to purchase insurance.

Adult↗