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PubMedDate not supplied

GIS-based urban modelling: practices, problems, and prospects.

"This paper reviews the practices, problems, and prospects of GIS-based urban modelling. The author argues that current stand-alone and various loose/tight coupling approaches for GIS-based urban modelling are essentially technology-driven without adequate justification and verification for the urban models being implemented. The absolute view of space and time embodied in the current generation of GIS also imposes constraints on the type of new urban models that can be developed. By reframing the future research agenda from a geographical information science (GISci) perspective, the author contends that the integration of urban modelling with GIS must proceed with the development of new models for the informational cities, the incorporation of multi-dimensional concepts of space and time in GIS, and the further extension of the feature-based model to implement these new urban models and spatial-temporal concepts according to the emerging interoperable paradigm."

Demography↗
PubMed1975

A survey of the use of on-line computer-based scientific search services by academic libraries.

To explore their use of on-line computer-based bibliographic search services, a one-page questionnaire was sent to 100 academic libraries in the United States having separate departmental chemistry or science libraries. An attempt was made to determine the background training of the persons performing the searches, who the end users were, the growth trend, the funding, the data bases used, and the value to the users. Of the 73 replies, 49.3% indicated use of such services, while 24.6% were planning to use them primarily by faculty and graduate students. Of those reporting, 83.3% used searchers with a background in library or information science; 47.2% had a background in scientific discipline. Two or more on-line services were used by 72.2%. A majority of respondents stated that the user paid all expenses or a portion of the expenses. The searches met the needs of the user most of the time in 83.3% of the cases, and all of the time in 5.4%.

Information Systems↗
PubMed2003

Attention enhances feature integration.

Perceptual processing delays between attribute dimensions (e.g. color, form and motion) [Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 264 (1997) 1407] have been attributed to temporal processing asynchronies resulting from functional segregation of visual information [Science 240 (1988) 740]. In addition, several lines of evidence converge to suggest that attention plays an important role in the integration of functionally processed information. However, exactly how attention modulates the temporal integration of information remains unclear. Here, we examined how attention modulates the integration of color and form into a unitary perception. Results suggest that attending to the location of an object enhances the integration of its defining attributes by speeding up the perceptual processing of each attribute dimension. Moreover, the perceptual asynchrony between attributes remains constant across attended and unattended conditions because attention seems to offer each processing dimension an equal processing advantage.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

Medical neurobiology: do we teach neurobiology in a format that is relevant to the clinical setting?

During a period of unprecedented growth in technology that allows imaging of the body in elegant detail, anatomy as a discipline has, in some instances, become marginalized. This may be seen in a reduction of time allotted to anatomy, reduction or elimination of laboratory experiences, or shifting of anatomy teaching to clinical departments. One potential cause of this marginalization is the fact that anatomy is frequently taught in a format that is not useful in, or even applicable to, the clinical setting. At the University of Mississippi Medical Center, the Medical Neurobiology course stresses the functional anatomy of the brain, especially the brainstem, in a format that is directly transferable to the clinical setting. These approaches include (1) using a small neurology book as one of the required texts in the course; (2) extensive use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) as an integral part of the instructional approach; (3) teaching external and internal anatomy of the brain, particularly the brainstem and spinal cord, in a "clinical orientation" that reflects how these central nervous system (CNS) regions are viewed in the clinical setting; (4) teaching nuclei and tracts in images of stained sections and correlating this information with comparable MRI and CT images; and (5) using a large series (75 images) of vascular drawings and clinical cases, all in clinical orientation. The clinical applicability of the basic science information, therefore, is continuously reinforced and extended. It is suggested that teaching anatomy and anatomical concepts in formats that are more obviously useful in, and applicable to, the clinical setting will enhance the value of this basic science in the medical curriculum.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1995

A classical view of the theory-practice gap in nursing.

The perceived problem of the theory-practice gap is built upon the assumption that theory can and must be directly applied to nursing practice, otherwise it is irrelevant. Whilst the spirit in which this claim is made is healthy, the assumption is false. An examination of the Greek origins of theory and practice show that the ancient Greeks had different terms for the different types of knowledge contained within theory and within practice. The type of knowledge associated with practice could not be taught through theory, nor well represented in theoretical terms. The knowledge of the bicycle rider and the piano player illustrate this well. If this is correct then simplistic notions of 'applied theory' are nonsensical. The knowledge of the practitioner is not theory, but something else. However, there is a proper relationship between theory and practice, and there are clear examples of this in the way science informs nursing practice. The problem is that much of this is obscured by the false claim of theorists that nursing theory (such as normative models) is also science. In fact, what it represents is inadequate attempts by theory to represent knowledge which cannot be represented in that form. Nursing is practice, not theory. If so, then the term 'nursing theory' seems to be oxymoronic.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing intervention research and quality of care: influencing the future of healthcare.

BACKGROUND: Improvement of healthcare in the United States is a national priority. Nursing intervention science can contribute substantially to addressing this priority. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe strategies needed to maximize the base of nursing intervention science. METHODS: The study involved a review of reports on the state of quality in healthcare and an examination of nurse-led intervention studies funded by the National Institute of Nursing Research aimed at improving healthcare processes and outcomes. RESULTS: Nursing has contributed valuable data regarding the meaning of quality from the perspectives of individuals, families, and communities. Increased efforts are needed to ensure that this science informs ongoing initiatives to define, assess, and improve the quality of healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse-led intervention research is making significant contributions to the advancement of the science underpinning quality healthcare. However, the message regarding the substantive and unique contributions of this body of work needs to be disseminated more broadly. Future nursing intervention research aimed at improving healthcare quality should consider individual behavior in a broader context, extend the traditional foci of interventions, and be grounded in the sciences of multiple disciplines.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1984

Will our health system fall apart? The need for a new paradigm.

It is a truism that medicine is in a crisis but the truism is right. This paper sets out the symptoms of the crisis. The effectiveness of modern medicine has been questioned by many. Doctors use too many tests and do not always understand the results. This is the practice of 'decerebrate medicine'. The alleged triumphs of modern medicine have made only a modest impact on mortality rates and death from iatrogenic causes is real. Modern medicine is allied to the industrial society with its hierarchies and division of work. This leads to tensions between doctors and between doctors and their patients. Administrators fear the progressive rise in health costs and ask whether more really means better. Economists demand evaluation of medical procedures and there is a growing demand for real preventive medicine. Health is a problem for the whole of society. This paper then sets out the epistemological aspects of the crisis in medicine. It suggests that a new paradigm must be constructed in the light of the scientific revolution. The concept of medicine based on analytical science with its reductionism and disjunctivism is not enough to cover the complexity of man. The new paradigm needs to embrace all the sciences, both of nature and of man. A view is given of how this process of comprehending an exceedingly complex problem should be tackled and the role to be played by information sciences.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Information system in nursing: interacion of tacit-explicit knowledge].

The present article aims to trace some theoretical and conceptual considerations on information systems in nursing, seeking to point out the knowledge based on the clinical practice evidences to construct a model of system integrated to the conceptual structures, formed by the combination of three sciences: information, computing and nursing. This knowledge can systematically describe and explain the necessary phenomena to develop a comprehensive information system that contribute for nursing records improvement and to consolidate a mechanism to provide basic measuring of costs, quality, patient access to care, and results of this care.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2005

The science centre movement in India: a conspectus.

The present article is about the development of the science museum net in India started in 1956, when the government of that country created the Industry and Technology Museum in Calcutta. In the 1960's and 1970's, due to the need of simple programs for rural communities and small villages, the idea of Mobile Science Exhibits (MSE) started. In order to take universal scientific concepts to those who could not visit museums, the Museobus was projected. At that time, the educational focus in museums changes from exhibiting artifacts to encouraging learning through "doing". The Exploratorium in San Francisco influenced the approach of museums in India. While the first Science Centre was built in Mumbai, the Planning COmmission of the Indian government created a task force to study the development of Sciences Museums. In 1978, the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM) was created as an independent institution, which later became part of the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare. Twenty-five years after the creation of the Council, the movement for informal science teaching had acquired a solid background. In 1978, their priority was to expand the net of science Centres and Museums. Now, the priority is to achieve better quality and more efficient communication. Nowadays, Indian Science Centres evaluate the impact their activities have on individual, social and economic reality. With new technologies and approaches, they try to emphasize their relevance in a society that is characterized by having a great number of languages and poor education in science.

Education↗
PubMed1986

[Evolution and current uses of telematics in medicine. Future prospectives of telemedicine].

The medical use of data transmission has become a basic element in the application of telecommunications to medical practice. Hence the development of medical telematics i.e. the application of socalled "telematics" derived from the combined use of information science and telecommunications in medicine. In historical terms the foundations for medical telematics were laid in Italy in 1935 with the creation of the International Radiomedical Centre in Rome and more recently with the direct and indirect application of telematics to the flight and medical staff of the Air Rescue Service planes as well as the use--in space medicine--of special sensors computer-recorders, telecameras, etc., for the collection and long-distance transmission of data on the behaviour of men and animals during long space missions over the past 20 years. Other recent techniques enabling the long-distance transmission of data required for the long-distance treatment of the sick are also reviewed with the emphasis on cardiology, neurology, radiology, radiodiagnosis, nuclear medicine, oncology, nephrology, ophthalmology, haematology, laboratory diagnosis, etc. There are many other objectives of supreme human and social value that efficiently organised medical telematics can attain to solve the many difficult problems involved in the gradual development of a truly effective health service for all.

Computers↗
PubMed1990

Integration of basic biological sciences and clinical dentistry in the dental curriculum. A clinically orientated approach to teaching oral and dental anatomy.

Although dental curricula have undergone significant revision during the past three decades, the problem of linking basic science with clinical dentistry often remains an unmet challenge in dental education. This paper describes the content and method of presentation of a course in oral and dental anatomy which aims to integrate closely basic biological science and clinical dental practice. The course holds considerable promise for overcoming one of the major deficiencies of the horizontally structured curriculum by presenting basic science information and detailing its clinical relevance simultaneously. The academic background, clinical experience, and educational philosophy of the course co-ordinator and assisting teaching staff are undoubtedly important factors in determining the extent to which integration between basic and clinical science can be achieved.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

Nursing informatics: could this new specialty be for you?

The greatest challenge facing home care today is the need to provide the highest standards of care at a time when funds are cut and outcomes must be closely measured. From this challenge has emerged a specialty that integrates information science and computer technology with nursing science: nursing informatics. This article discusses the basics of the field and how home care nurses can best step into the role.

Career Choice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bendectin: review of the medical literature of a comprehensively studied human nonteratogen and the most prevalent tortogen-litigen.

OBJECTIVE: to review the extensive literature pertaining to the reproductive and teratogenic effects of Bendectin and the opinions of the scientific experts for the defense and plaintiff. These data were evaluated with regard to the reproductive risks of Bendectin providing a scientific framework for evaluating the views of the experts in the Bendectin litigation. DESIGN: the Bendectin literature was primarily obtained from articles cited in Research Alert of the Institute for Science Information. Other articles were obtained from Medline, review articles, and colleagues. An attempt was made to be all-inclusive, citing and reviewing all articles related to each subject being discussed. The literature includes epidemiologic studies, animal studies, in vitro studies, and basic science articles related to the principles of teratology and reproductive toxicology. Review articles, meta analyses, editorials, commentaries, articles in the press, and case reports were also included. METHODOLOGY: the methodology utilized for the evaluation of Bendectin teratogenicity was presented. It consists of a five-part analysis of epidemiologic studies, secular trend analysis, animal studies, dose-response relationships, and biologic plausibility. CONCLUSION: the five-part analysis of Bendectin reproductive effects indicates that therapeutic use of Bendectin has no measurable teratogenic effects. Presentations by many of the plantiff's experts failed to meet the scientific standards that should be expected of knowledgeable scientists and contributed to the persistence of Bendectin litigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Developing a science of land change: challenges and methodological issues.

Land-change science has emerged as a foundational element of global environment change and sustainability science. It seeks to understand the human and environment dynamics that give rise to changed land uses and covers, not only in terms of their type and magnitude but their location as well. This focus requires the integration of social, natural, and geographical information sciences. Each of these broad research communities has developed different ways to enter the land-change problem, each with different means of treating the locational specificity of the critical variables, such as linking the land manager to the parcel being managed. The resulting integration encounters various data, methodological, and analytical problems, especially those concerning aggregation and inference, land-use pixel links, data and measurement, and remote sensing analysis. Here, these integration problems, which hinder comprehensive understanding and theory development, are addressed. Their recognition and resolution are required for the sustained development of land-change science.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Education review: diversity and opportunity in health management systems and health information management.

Innovative methods for managing health care information are critical to solving the problems posed by our nation's health care system. The Department of Health Information Sciences at the John G. Rangos, Sr. School of Health Sciences at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh has created baccalaureate and master's degree programs in health management systems that respond to a need for the redesign and management of the cultural and technologic infrastructure necessary to create more efficient, highly effective, and better informed health care organizations.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1986

Origins of medical informatics.

Medical informatics is a new knowledge domain of computer and information science, engineering and technology in all fields of health and medicine, including research, education and practice. Medical informatics has evolved over the past 30 years as medicine learned to exploit the extraordinary capabilities of the electronic digital computer to better meet its complex information needs. The first articles on this subject appeared in the 1950s, the number of publications rapidly increased in the 1960s and medical informatics was identified as a new specialty in the 1970s.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2000

Reaching maturity - 25 years of the TDR.

In its first 25 years of existence, TDR has become a key player in the development of new tools for the control of tropical diseases and the training of researchers from disease-endemic countries. In order to maintain its leading position, cope with new health challenges and profit from new avenues opened by science and technology breakthroughs, a new strategic vision is now being implemented. It aims at a closer interaction with health systems and disease control programmes, capacity strengthening based on selected research initiatives and full exploitation of scientific and technological advances in the biomedical, social and information sciences, as discussed here by Carlos Morel.

Africa↗