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PubMed1997

Toxicity of a low level of indium phosphide (InP) in rats after intratracheal instillation.

To clarify the instillation toxicity of low level of indium phosphide (InP), 0, 1.2, 6.0 and 62.0 micrograms/kg body weight of InP particles were instilled intratracheally in male Fischer 344 rats, and the effects of InP were examined on the following day (day 1) and on the 8th day (day 8) after instillation. Indium was measured but not detected in the serum, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus and brain. Dose-related mild elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were found on day 1 without increases of inflammatory cells and total protein (TP) in BALF, which suggested the response of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to instilled InP, and/or the manifestation of a very early stage of inflammation. Only in the 62.0 micrograms/kg-instilled group on day 8, were neutrophils, lymphocytes, TP, LDH, total phospholipid and total cholesterol in BALF increased, and desquamation of alveolar epithelial cells and amorphous exudate in alveolar lumen observed by histopathological examination. These results suggested that InP caused pulmonary inflammation and epithelial cell damage up to 8 days following instillation dose of 62.0 micrograms/kg, but that its effect was considered irrelevant at instillation doses of 6.0 micrograms/kg or below in rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bone marrow toxicity in mice treated with indium-114m-labelled blood cells.

Clinical trials with autologous indium-114m-labelled lymphocytes have revealed significant anti-tumour effects in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with highly resistant disease. Substitution of the lymphocyte vector with heat-damaged red blood cells (HDRBC) may make this treatment more universally applicable and reduce the dose-limiting myelosuppression encountered with labelled lymphocytes. Therefore, the bone marrow localization and toxicities of indium-labelled lymphocytes or HDRBC have been investigated in BDFI mice. At 24 hours approximately 4% and 1.2% of 114In(m) administered as labelled lymphocytes or HDRBC respectively was localized within the bone marrow and remained constant for 57 days thereafter. Toxicity towards bone marrow stem cells, measured as CFU-S, was equivalent for both cellular vectors. However, at clinically relevant activities, 114In(m) HDRBC were less toxic than labelled lymphocytes towards committed progenitors, assayed as in vitro-CFC and CFU-Meg. These data suggest that substitution of HDRBC for lymphocytes as the 114In(m) vector may be beneficial in reducing the myelosuppression associated with this technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Indium-111-labeled human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bacterial capacity, and ultrastructure.

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were labeled with indium-111 oxine in ethanol, and the effects of the labeling procedure, radioactivity, and concentrations of oxine and ethanol on PMN function and structure were studied in vitro. The standard labeling procedure did not alter the viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bactericidal capacity, or the ultrastructure of PMNs. Exposure to higher doses of radioactivity, or to higher concentrations of ethanol, had no appreciable effects on random migration and chemotaxis of PMNs. A dose-dependent reduction in their random migration and chemotaxis was observed when higher concentrations of oxine were used. These results indicate that In-111-labeled PMNs are structurally intact and have normal in vitro locomotion and bactericidal activity. Indium-111-labeled PMNs should be suitable for studying the kinetics and distribution of these cells in health and disease.

Blood Bactericidal Activity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of traces of iron in indium phosphide by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry combined with solvent extraction.

An electrothermal atomic absorption (ETAAS) method for the determination of traces of iron (0.1-1.0 microgram g-1) in Fe-doped indium phosphide (InP) has been developed. In order to overcome the indium matrix-effect and to achieve a useful detection limit, a preliminary solvent-extraction of Fe(III) with acetylacetone (HAA) is necessary. After sample dissolution with hydrochloric acid (1 + 1) the digest is evaporated to dryness, Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) with nitric acid, the residue is dissolved in 0.01 mol L-1 HCl and the iron is extracted at pH 2.0 with 0.5 mol L-1 HAA in toluene. The organic phase is injected into the graphite furnace and the iron is directly evaluated by external organic standard calibration. The limit of detection (3SB) resulting from further in-situ preconcentration is 0.03 microgram g-1. When the method was applied to the analysis of real samples containing 0.2-0.7 microgram g-1 Fe, the RSD was in the range 8-21%. Results were compared with those independently obtained on the decomposed sample solution with inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The detection limit of the ICP-AES method, that needs matrix-matched standards, is 0.20 microgram g-1.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2002

[Determination of indium in smelting waste by flame-AES].

The contents of Indium in smelting waste for extract Indium has been determined by the method of flame-emitting. The requirement of determination, factors of influence have been studied. The result by this method has been contrasted to FAAS. The method is sensitive and has good precision and accuracy. The detection limit was 0.016 microgram.mL-1, the relative standard deviation was 1.1%.

Indium↗
PubMed1992

Studies of endotoxin-induced neutrophil migration in bovine teat tissues, using indium-111-labeled neutrophils and biopsies.

Neutrophil migration through bovine teat tissues into the teat cistern, after endotoxin infusion into the teat cistern, was determined in vivo by 2 experimental procedures, indium-111 labeling of blood neutrophils, and obtaining multiple biopsy specimens from the teat cistern tissues. In both experiments, the number of leukocytes in the teat cistern flushing samples was continuously measured. A lag phase of approximately 1 hour was required between endotoxin infusion into the teat cistern and the first observed neutrophil accumulation in the teat tissues. The rate of neutrophil accumulation in the teat tissues was highest between postinfusion (PI) hours 1 and 2, and the accumulation process ceased after PI hour 3. Neutrophils migrated toward the epithelium, and intraepithelial neutrophils were observed beginning approximately 2 hours after infusion, which coincided with the first influx of cells into the teat cistern. The cell influx into the teat cistern increased continuously up to PI hour 3, peaked between PI hours 3 and 5, and was close to preinfusion value at PI hour 22. Use of indium-111-labeled neutrophils in the study of the inflammatory process provides a reliable noninvasive method to quantify cell migration in vivo. Use of biopsies allows quantification of the number of cells in different tissue areas, but has the disadvantage of being invasive. These 2 procedures complement each other, and could be of use in future studies of the local inflammatory process.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis and characterization of indium xanthates and their use for the preparation of beta-In2S3 nanoparticles.

Synthesis and characterization of various classical indium xanthate complexes of the type [InCl(3-n)(S2COR)n] (n = 1, 2, or 3; R = Me, Et, Pr(i), and Bu(s)) have been discussed. Crystalline beta-ln2S3 nanoparticles were obtained by the solvent thermolysis of indium tris-alkylxanthates in ethylene glycol at 196 degrees C, and were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, powder XRD, and XPS techniques. TEM results showed that the size of beta-In2S3 nanoparticles depended on the nature of the precursor used. The optical properties of beta-In2S3 nanocrystals have shown quantum confinement of the excitonic transition.

Indicators and Reagents↗
PubMed2006

[Selective reduction of NO over indium catalysts prepared by different methods].

Alumina-supported indium catalysts with different metal loadings were prepared by various methods including impregnation, co-precipitation and sol-gel. Activity tests were carried out on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by propene in excess O2 over the catalysts. And the effects of oxygen concentration in reaction gas feed on catalytic activities were examined. The results show that In/Al2O3 catalysts possess high deNO2 activity, and the preparation methods have obvious effects on catalytic activities. The catalysts prepared by co-precipitation or sol-gel method exhibited high NO, conversion to N2 about 90%; the impregnation samples have poor activities, the highest conversion rate not exceeding 60%. The O2 concentration in gas feed has significant effects on the highest conversion rates of NOx reduction and the corresponding reaction temperatures. Along with the increasing of O2 concentration, the temperatures mentioned above declined. The introduction of water into the gas feed depressed greatly the deNO2 activities of In/Al2O3 catalysts. Compared to many other metals as active components of deNOx catalysts, indium has a prominent different behavior that the respective best metal loadings of the catalysts prepared by these three diverse preparation methods have little difference, being all around 1% to approximately 2%.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

A case of abdominal mesothelioma diagnosed by indium-III leucocyte scintigraphy.

We present a case of peritoneal mesothelioma that presented with fever of unknown origin and an elevation in the inflammatory parameters. Radiological imaging did not reveal a diagnosis. Because of tumour-associated inflammatory activity, indium-III leucocyte scintigraphy enabled us to establish a diagnosis. To our knowledge, the use of indium-III leucocyte scintigraphy in peritoneal mesothelioma has not been reported previously.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

[Experiences with the application of monoclonal Indium-111 antimyosin scintigraphy in the diagnosis of rejection episodes following orthotopic heart transplantation].

Indium-111-labeled Fab fragment imaging using a murine antimyosin monoclonal antibody (Myoscint, Centocor, Leiden) was evaluated for efficacy in detecting cardiac allograft rejection. Diagnosis of rejection was made by endomyocardial biopsy with four to five samples taken for each procedure. Eighty-one studies were performed in 25 patients (21 men, four women, mean age 50 +/- 9 years) from 2 weeks to 45 months after cardiac transplantation. 0.5 mg of the monoclonal antibody labeled with 60 MBq Indium-111 (Antimyosin-Fab-DTPA) was administered i.v. Planar scintigraphic images were obtained in LAO 45 and anterior projections as well as "half-body-scintigrams" 48 h after injection. Using the regions-of-interest-(ROI)technique the relative uptake over the lung and the heart was determined and an index of In-111 uptake was calculated. A heart-to-lung ratio of 1.5 or higher was considered indicative for moderate to severe rejection. Specificity was 86% (nine false-positive In-111 studies in 68 negative biopsy studies), sensitivity was 85% (two false-negative In-111 studies in 13 pathological biopsy studies). It is concluded that the In-111 method has a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting heart transplant rejection and may be useful in the monitoring of patients in the chronic phase after heart transplantation. The 48-h delay in establishing the diagnosis limits the applicability in acute severe rejection.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Detection of lung rejection with indium-111-labeled lymphocytes in heterotopic rat heart-lung transplantation.

To determine if acute lung rejection after heart-lung transplantation can be detected noninvasively with indium-111-labeled (111In) lymphocytes, we studied 33 allogeneic and 18 isogeneic heterotopic heart-lung transplants in rats. Twenty-four hours after injection of isogeneic splenic 111In-lymphocytes (75 +/- 2 microCi/100 million cells), animals were scanned at 2 to 8 days after transplant (Tx). Also, percent indium uptake of the graft was determined and compared with pathologic lung changes. Between the vascular and destructive phases of lung rejection, 111In-lymphocyte uptake of lung allografts was significantly greater than isografts (p less than 0.001). Lung allografts in the alveolar phase (4-6 days after Tx) showed the most intense uptake (2.7 +/- 0.1%) of injected 111In-lymphocytes. All scintigrams of allografts from the late vascular to the early destructive phase (3-7 days after Tx) showed visualization of the lung graft (27/27 true positive, sensitivity = 100%). In contrast, lung isografts of the same period showed no pathological sign of rejection and were only rarely visualized (12/14 true negative, specificity = 86%). Lung rejection may be accurately assessed noninvasively by gamma scintigraphy with 111In-lymphocytes. This technique may prove useful in the detection of acute lung rejection in human heart-lung transplant recipients. Modification of the labeling dose chosen may further improve scan accuracy.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Increased blood clearance rate of indium-111 oxine-labeled autologous CD4+ blood cells in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) have a blood T-lymphocytopenia mainly caused by a reduction of the CD4+ subset. Indirect support for a sequestration of T cells in the spleen and tumor-involved lymphoid tissue has accumulated. To test the hypothesis that the blood CD4 T-lymphocytopenia in patients with HD is caused by an altered lymphocyte traffic, 12 untreated HD patients and five in complete clinical remission (CCR) were studied. Blood lymphocytes were collected by leukapheresis and gradient centrifugation, and were further purified by an adherence step. The cells were labeled with indium-111 oxine and reinfused intravenously into the patient. The radioactivity of CD4+ and CD8+ blood lymphocytes separated by immunoabsorption was measured from serial blood samples. CD4+ cells were eliminated more rapidly in untreated patients than patients in CCR. Repeated gamma camera imaging after autotransfusion of indium-111 oxine labeled cells demonstrated an accumulation of radioactivity in tumor-involved tissue of untreated patients. These findings support the concept of an enhanced elimination of CD4+ cells in patients with active HD that may contribute to the observed blood T-lymphocytopenia and may reflect a biologic response to the tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Reproducibility of image interpretation in immunoscintigraphy performed with indium-111- and iodine-131-labeled OC125 F(ab')2 antibody injected into the same patients.

An important criterion for the clinical use of a new imaging technique is the correct reproducibility of interpretation. Forty-six paired immunoscintigraphic examinations were performed on 43 patients with suspected ovarian carcinoma recurrence using F(ab')2 fragments of OC125 antibody labeled first with indium-111 and then with iodine-131. Planar scintigraphy (PS) and emission computed tomography (ECT) images were interpreted blindly and separately by three observers, and reproducibility was evaluated by a kappa concordance index. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility were generally satisfactory (kappa values of 0.6 and 0.7, respectively). Binomial analysis of kappa values for ECT showed the superiority of indium-111 for intraobserver (p = 0.035) and interobserver (p = 0.0039) study. However, for PS there was no significant difference in reproducibility with the two radionuclides.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of indium-111-labeled antifibrin monoclonal antibody for the diagnosis of venous thrombotic disease.

The potential advantage of using 111In-antifibrin (111In-AF) monoclonal antibody for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was studied in 44 patients with suspected DVT (27 underwent heparin therapy before 111In-AF injection). All patients had contrast venography (considered as the gold standard) and 111In-AF scintigraphy within 24 hr. Two to 3 mCi of 111In-AF were injected intravenously, and planar scintigraphy of the limbs was recorded within 10 min (17 times), 3 hr (44 times), and 18 hr (39 times). Indium-111-AF images were then interpreted without knowledge of the results of the other examinations. The DVT diagnostic accuracy of 111In-AF was greater when interpretation was based on images recorded at different time periods after injection. Indium-111-AF sensitivity for diagnosis of DVT was 85% (29/34) and was not apparently decreased by heparin therapy. None of the 10 patients with negative contrast venography had a positive 111In-AF scan. The results demonstrate the importance of recording serial images and the excellent accuracy of 111In-AF for diagnosing DVT.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1990

[Indium-111 antimyosin monoclonal antibody uptake in patients with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis].

Prognostic significance of myocardial uptake of indium-111 antimyosin antibody was evaluated in 17 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy; 10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 7 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Seven of 10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy showed positive images. Three of these 7 patients with strongly positive scans died after scintigraphic examination. Six of 7 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed positive images. Three of the patients with dilated left ventricle had prominent positive scans and higher heart to lung ratio. The heart to lung ratio of antimyosin uptake in total patients was correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and ejection fraction measured by echocardiography. In patients with myocarditis, all three patients showed positive scintigrams within 4 weeks after the onset of the disease and 1 of 6 patients was positive thereafter, who had dilated ventricle and decreased cardiac function. Thus, indium-111 antimyosin antibody imaging may be useful to evaluate prognosis of patients with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Gastrointestinal transit of technetium-99m-labeled cellulose fiber and indium-111-labeled plastic particles.

We introduce two new nondigestible solid markers for gastrointestinal transit measurements. One is technetium-99m-labeled cellulose fiber [99mTc]CF, the other is indium-111-labeled plastic particles [111In]PP of 2- to 3-mm diameter. In six healthy male volunteers gastric emptying and small intestinal transit of the two markers were obtained simultaneously. Large intestinal transit of [111In]PP was also obtained. Technetium-99m CF had acceptable stability properties in the proximal gastrointestinal segments. Indium-111 PP was almost completely stable in all segments. Mean gastric emptying time was 1.13 +/- 0.24 hr (mean +/- s.d.) for [99mTc]CF and 1.94 +/- 0.78 hr for [111In]PP. The difference was significant (p less than 0.05). Mean small intestinal transit time was 3.85 +/- 0.61 hr (mean +/- s.d.) for [99mTc]CF and 4.03 +/- 0.34 hr for [111In]PP. The difference was not significant (p less than 0.5). Mean large intestinal transit time of [111In]PP was 23 +/- 11 hr (mean +/- s.d.). We also suggest a simple deconvolution principle for the interpretation of the small intestinal and the large intestinal transit data.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Utility of the indium 111-labeled human immunoglobulin G scan for the detection of focal vascular graft infection.

The ability to diagnose and localize vascular graft infections has been a major challenge. Recent studies in animal models and humans with focal bacterial infection have shown that radiolabeled, polyclonal, human immunoglobulin G accumulates at the site of inflammation and can serve as the basis for an imaging technique. This study investigated this new technique for the diagnosis and localization of vascular graft infections. Twenty-five patients with suspected vascular infections involving grafts (22), atherosclerotic aneurysms (2), and subclavian vein thrombophlebitis (1) were studied. Gamma camera images of the suspected area were obtained between 5 and 48 hours after intravenous administration of 1.5 to 2.0 mCi (56 to 74 mBq) of indium 111-labeled, human, polyclonal immunoglobulin G. Scan results were interpreted without clinical information about the patient and were subsequently correlated with surgical findings, other imaging modalities, and/or clinical follow-up. In 10 of 10 patients found to have positive scan results, localized infections were confirmed at the involved sites. In 14 of 15 patients whose scan results were interpreted as negative, no vascular infections were identified at follow-up. The patient with false-negative results and recurrent bacteremia from an aortoduodenal fistula was found to have a negative scan outcome at a time when his disease was quiescent. These data suggest that nonspecific, human, indium 111-labeled immunoglobulin G scanning can be a useful noninvasive means of localizing vascular infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparative biodistributions of yttrium- and indium-labeled monoclonal antibody B72.3 in athymic mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts.

The biodistribution of yttrium- and indium-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 IgG using three different chelate conjugates (SCN-Bz-EDTA, CA-DTPA, and SCN-Bz-DTPA) was compared in athymic mice bearing LS-174T tumors. The 88Y-SCN-Bz-DTPA-B72.3 yielded 40% ID/g at 5-7 days in the tumors, while the 88Y-SCN-Bz-EDTA-B72.3 and 88Y-CA-DTPA-B72.3 showed only 6-8% ID/g. The yttrium uptake in the bone with the SCN-Bz-EDTA and CA-DTPA conjugated IgG was over 14 and 11% ID/g, respectively, while 88Y-SCN-Bz-DTPA-B72.3 showed only 3% ID/g. In contrast, the 111In-labeled B72.3 uptake in the bone with all three chelate conjugates was 2-3% ID/g. The differences in yttrium- versus indium-labeled MAb biodistributions demonstrate the difficulty in using 111In-labeled MAbs to predict the biodistribution and dosimetry of 90Y-labeled MAbs unless chelate conjugates such as SCN-Bz-DTPA are used.

Animals↗