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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The Ice Nucleation Gene from Pseudomonas syringae as a Sensitive Gene Reporter for Promoter Analysis in Zymomonas mobilis.

The expression of the ice nucleation gene inaZ from Pseudomonas syringae in Zymomonas mobilis strains under the control of three different promoters was investigated to establish the utility of the gene as a reporter and examine the possible use of the organism as a source of ice nuclei for biotechnological applications. A promoterless version of the inaZ gene was placed under the control of three different promoters: P(infpdc) (pyruvate decarboxylase), a homologous strong promoter from Z. mobilis; P(infbla) ((beta)-lactamase) of plasmid pBR325; and P(infhrpR), the promoter of hrpR, a regulatory gene from P. syringae pv. phaseolicola. The apparent strengths of all three promoters, measured by quantifying the ice nucleation activity at -9 deg C, were lower in Z. mobilis than in Escherichia coli. The levels of ice nucleation activity expressed under the P(infpdc) promoter were significantly higher than those obtained with the two heterologous promoters in Z. mobilis. Plasmid pCG4521 (RK2 replicon) gave much lower levels of ice nucleation activity when propagated in strain uvs-51, a plasmid instability mutant of Z. mobilis, compared with the wild-type strain. The ice nucleation activity in Z. mobilis cultures showed unusual partitioning in that the culture supernatants obtained after low-speed centrifugation contained the majority of ice nuclei. Analysis of the ice nucleation spectra revealed that the cell pellets contained both "warm" and "cold" nuclei, while the culture supernatant contained primarily cold nuclei, suggesting that the cold nucleus activity may be extracellular. However, all nucleation activity was retained by 0.22-(mu)m-pore-size filters.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Specificity of physiologic adaptations resulting from ice-hockey training.

The specificity of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to varied seasonal training programs and to varied testing modalities and protocols were investigated in two groups of college hockey players. Training consisted of either ice hockey (IH) or a combination of ice hockey and prolonged low-intensity cycling (IH-C). Measurement of training-induced adaptations were determined during maximal and submaximal ice skating, and during maximal and submaximal cycling. Ice hockey training caused no change in VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and maximal ventilation (VEmax) during maximal ice skating. During submaximal ice skating following IH training, however, reductions (P less than 0.05) in blood lactate (La), VE/VO2, and respiratory exchange ratio (R) were observed. When maximal and submaximal cycling was employed as the test modality, no training-induced alteration was found. The IH-C training program (ice hockey-cycling) resulted in adaptations similar to those observed during submaximal ice skating following the IH training. In addition, a reduction (P less than 0.05) in heart rate was observed during submaximal cycling exercise. From these findings it appeared that the adaptive response to training may be specific to the type of work used in training, the type of ergometry used to evaluate training, and to specific physiological processes. In addition, these results suggested a dissociation between local and central adaptations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

ICE--an efficient drug combination for stem cell mobilization and high-dose treatment of malignant lymphoma.

Between 1989 and 1999 we studied the ICE regimen in sequential trials in 290 patients with malignant lymphoma and germ-cell tumours. For patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma we could demonstrate a comparable efficacy of ICE to other high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) regimens but with a toxicity profile in favour of ICE. From a retrospective comparative analysis of ICE as HDCT regimen in patients with malignant lymphoma and germ-cell tumours we conclude that the characteristic toxicity profile of ICE varies depending on prior drug exposure of individual patients. Further dose intensification of ICE may be achieved with acceptable toxicity by adding further drugs (e.g. anthracyclines) or by treatment with sequential cycles of ICE (Tandem-HDCT). More convenient drug formulations (e.g. etoposide phosphate) might further improve the therapeutic index of ICE.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2002

[ICE expression in laryngeal carcinoma and it's clinical relationship].

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of ICE in Laryngeal Carcinoma. METHOD: Using polyclonal antibody for ICE gene protein, 73 cases of laryngeal carcinoma, 30 cases dysplasia and 5 cases normal were stained by SP immunohistochemistry. RESULT: ICE protein is situated mainly in the upper of epithelium and a little in the basal layer. Compared with the normal epithelium, the expression of ICE in the dysplasia is decreased significantly (P < 0.01). There is a relationship between expression of ICE in laryngeal carcinoma and the degree of differentiation. The better differentiation, the much expression of ICE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is an intimate relationship between innormal expression protein of ICE and dysplasia, and that of between laryngeal carcinoma and prognosis. The expression of ICE may be a monitoring marker for prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ice-Water Immersion and Cold-Water Immersion Provide Similar Cooling Rates in Runners With Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether ice-water immersion or cold-water immersion is the more effective treatment for rapidly cooling hyperthermic runners. DESIGN AND SETTING: 17 heat-acclimated highly trained distance runners (age = 28 +/- 2 years, height = 180 +/- 2 cm, weight = 68.5 +/- 2.1 kg, body fat = 11.2 +/- 1.3%, training volume = 89 +/- 10 km/wk) completed a hilly trail run (approximately 19 km and 86 minutes) in the heat (wet-bulb globe temperature = 27 +/- 1 degrees C) at an individually selected "comfortable" pace on 3 occasions 1 week apart. The random, crossover design included (1) distance run, then 12 minutes of ice-water immersion (5.15 +/- 0.20 degrees C), (2) distance run, then 12 minutes of cold-water immersion (14.03 +/- 0.28 degrees C), or (3) distance run, then 12 minutes of mock immersion (no water, air temperature = 28.88 +/- 0.76 degrees C). MEASUREMENTS: Each subject was immersed from the shoulders to the hip joints for 12 minutes in a tub. Three minutes elapsed between the distance run and the start of immersion. Rectal temperature was recorded at the start of immersion, at each minute of immersion, and 3, 6, 10, and 15 minutes postimmersion. No rehydration occurred during any trial. RESULTS: Length of distance run, time to complete distance run, rectal temperature, and percentage of dehydration after distance run were similar (P >.05) among all trials, as was the wet-bulb globe temperature. No differences (P >.05) for cooling rates were found when comparing ice-water immersion, cold-water immersion, and mock immersion at the start of immersion to 4 minutes, 4 to 8 minutes, and the start of immersion to 8 minutes. Ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion cooling rates were similar (P >.05) to each other and greater (P <.05) than mock immersion at 8 to 12 minutes, the start of immersion to 10 minutes, and the start of immersion to every other time point thereafter. Rectal temperatures were similar (P >.05) between ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion at the completion of immersion and 15 minutes postimmersion, but ice-water immersion rectal temperatures were less (P <.05) than cold-water immersion at 6 and 10 minutes postimmersion. CONCLUSIONS: Cooling rates were nearly identical between ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion, while both were 38% more effective in cooling after 12 minutes of immersion than the mock-immersion trial. Given the similarities in cooling rates and rectal temperatures between ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion, either mode of cooling is recommended for treating the hyperthermic individual.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The effect of icing with the pro-stim edema management system on cutaneous cooling.

The simultaneous administration of ice, compression, and electrical stimulation is a technique sometimes used to control the magnitude and duration of edema. The Pro-Stim Edema Management System (TKO, Inc, Alameda, CA) was developed to make this simultaneous treatment both simplistic and more effective. The system is designed to be more effective because the stimulating electrodes are incorporated into the fabric of the ice pack thus providing little insulation to cold. The purpose of our study was to test the effectiveness of icing with Pro-Stim on cutaneous cooling by comparing it to ice bag application with conventional stimulator electrodes. Twelve subjects received the ice portion of the two experimental conditions for 30 minutes. Cutaneous temperatures were monitored at two sites: one under the electrode and one away from the electrode (centered between the stimulating electrodes). Temperatures were recorded via surface probes interfaced to digital thermometers each minute for 5 minutes before and after icing and during the 30 minutes of ice application. Temperature data were analyzed with three-way factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures. The administration of ice decreased the temperature for all conditions. However, the temperature under the electrode with Pro-Stim was significantly lower during the treatment period than the temperature under the electrode with the conventional system. Thus, Pro-Stim provides more cooling of the entire treatment area. Further research should include an investigation of the effect of the Pro-Stim Edema Management System on cooling while using electrical stimulation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Bcl-2 expression prevents activation of the ICE protease cascade.

The Bcl-2 family and the ICE family of cysteine proteases play important roles in regulating cell death. We show here that induction of cell death by a Ca2+ ionophore or hypoxia results in increased levels and activity of active ICE(-like) proteases and the subsequent activation of CPP32/Yama(-like) proteases, and that inhibition of these protease activities reduces the extent of cell death. Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL inhibits the cell death and the activation of ICE(-like) and CPP32/Yama(-like) proteases, indicating that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL act upstream of these proteases. We also show that specific inhibition of ICE(-like) proteases in vivo prevents activation of CPP32/Yama(-like) proteases, whereas inhibition of CPP32/Yama(-like) proteases does not prevent activation of ICE(-like) proteases, suggesting the existence of a protease cascade in vivo that requires ICE(-like) proteases for activation of CPP32/Yama(-like) proteases. Induction of necrotic cell death by KCN also induces activation of ICE(-like) proteases but not of CPP32/Yama(-like) proteases, and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibit the activation and the cell death, suggesting that the functional site of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL is also upstream of ICE(-like) proteases in at least some forms of necrosis.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of air quality problems in five Finnish indoor ice arenas.

The air quality in five Finnish ice arenas with different volumes, ventilation systems, and resurfacer power sources (propane, gasoline, electric) was monitored during a usual training evening and a standardized, simulated ice hockey game. The measurements included continuous recording of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations, and sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Emissions from the ice resurfacers with combustion engines caused indoor air quality problems in all ice arenas. The highest 1-hour average CO and NO2 concentrations ranged from 20 to 33 mg/m3 (17 to 29 ppm) and 270 to 7440 micrograms/m3 (0.14 to 3.96 ppm), respectively. The 3-hour total VOC concentrations ranged from 150 to 1200 micrograms/m3. The highest CO and VOC levels were measured in the arena in which a gasoline-fueled resurfacer was used. The highest NO2 levels were measured in small ice arenas with propane-fueled ice resurfacers and insufficient ventilation. In these arenas, the indoor NO2 levels were about 100 times the levels measured in ambient outdoor air, and the highest 1-hour concentrations were about 20 times the national and World Health Organization (WHO) health-based air quality guidelines. The air quality was fully acceptable only in the arena with an electric resurfacer. The present study showed that the air quality problems of indoor ice arenas may vary with the fuel type of resurfacer and the volume and ventilation of arena building. It also confirmed that there are severe air quality problems in Finnish ice arenas similar to those previously described in North America.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2003

SEM/EDS comparison of polar and seasonal temperate ice.

We have developed a method employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for examining uncoated ice specimens. By permitting the ice to sublimate in the SEM at temperatures between -115 degrees and -60 degrees C, enough ions are produced to prevent specimen charging. The absence of a conductive coating permits both the acquisition of uncompromised X-ray spectra, and a dynamic view of impurities as the ice sublimates. The method has enabled us to examine the microstructure and impurities in ice in ways not possible through standard melt chemistry measurements or even through using a SEM to study coated samples. Soluble impurities appeared either as white spots in grain interiors, grain boundaries, and triple junctions, or as filaments in grain boundaries. Inclusions of insoluble impurities have also been observed in natural ice. Thus, we have been able to compare the microstructural location and concentration of impurities in ice from different terrestrial locations. Even when ion chromatography of the melt from two core sections reveals similar levels of impurities, the morphology and location of the impurity aggregates can be quite different. Analysis of impurity type and location can provide clues to the depositional environment and history of the ice.

Cold Climate↗
PubMed2004

Bacterial diversity in Malan ice core from the Tibetan Plateau.

Three ice core samples were collected from the Malan ice core drilled from the Tibetan Plateau, and three 16S rDNA clone libraries by direct amplification from the ice-melted water were established. Ninety-four clones containing bacterial 16S rDNA inserts were selected. According to restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis, 11 clones were unique in the library from which they were obtained and used for partial sequence and phylogenetic analysis, and compared with 8 reported sequences from the same ice core at depth 70 m. Differences among the samples were apparent in clone libraries. The phylotypes were dominated by the Proteobacteria group, Acinetobacter sp. and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group. They accounted for 92.5% (Proteobacteria), 100% (Acinetobacter sp.), 34.4% (CFB) and 100% (beta-Proteobacteria) in the clone libraries from the samples at ice depths 35, 64, 70, and 82 m, respectively. The Acinetobacter sp. was only found in the deposition at ice depth 82 m and closely clustered with gamma-Proteobateria. Two members (Malan A-21 and 101) of alpha-Proteobacteria from the sample of 35 m and two (Malan B-26 and 48) of beta-Proteobacteria of 64 m were loosely clustered (< 95% similarity) with known bacteria, represented new genera in ice bacteria.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2000

Ice shelf microbial ecosystems in the high arctic and implications for life on snowball earth.

The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf (83 degrees N, 74 degrees W) is the largest remaining section of thick (> 10 m) land-fast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, Canada. Extensive meltwater lakes and streams occur on the surface of the ice and are colonized by photosynthetic microbial mat communities. This High Arctic cryo-ecosystem is similar in several of its physical, biological and geochemical features to the McMurdo Ice Shelf in Antarctica. The ice-mats in both polar regions are dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria but also contain diatoms, chlorophytes, flagellates, ciliates, nematodes, tardigrades and rotifers. The luxuriant Ward Hunt consortia also contain high concentrations (10(7)-10(8) cm-2) of viruses and heterotrophic bacteria. During periods of extensive ice cover, such as glaciations during the Proterozoic, cryotolerant mats of the type now found in these polar ice shelf ecosystems would have provided refugia for the survival, growth and evolution of a variety of organisms, including multicellular eukaryotes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sensitivity of partially purified ice nucleation activity of Fusarium acuminatum SRSF 616.

Factors that affect bacterial ice nucleation, including growth medium, growth phase, nutrient deprivation, and cold-temperature exposure, were investigated in the ice nucleation active (INA) fungus Fusarium acuminatum SRSF 616. Ice nucleation activity remained relatively constant throughout the growth cycle, and the cell-free culture supernatant consistently displayed higher ice nucleation activity than the hyphal pellet. Although nutrient starvation and low-temperature exposure enhance bacterial ice nucleation activity, reducing the concentration of C, N, or P in synthetischer nährstoffarmer broth (SNB) did not increase fungal ice nucleation activity, nor did exposure to 4 degrees C or 15 degrees C. From the SNB supernatant, selected INA chromatography fractions were obtained that demonstrated increased sensitivity to proteinase K and heat compared with culture supernatant. We propose that partial purification of the fungal ice nuclei resulted in removal of low-molecular-weight stabilizing factors.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2005

Intra-cardiac echocardiography guided cardioversion to help interventional procedures (ICE-CHIP) study: study design and methods.

The ICE CHIP study is a sequential Phase I and Phase II pilot study comparing the cardiac imaging capabilities of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) with with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) followed by a randomized comparison of ICE guided cardioversion with a conventional cardioversion strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation. It is a prospective open label randomized multi-center investigation performed in two phases designed to initially compare two distinct imaging modalities (Phase 1) and subsequently two different strategies (ICE guided Cardioversion and Conventional) in the management of AF in patients undergoing invasive cardiac procedures in whom electrical cardioversion is indicated (Phase 2). This study will examines two hypotheses in AF patients undergoing invasive cardiac procedures: (1) ICE has comparable efficacy to TEE in visualization of left atrial pathology including thrombi or interatrial septal defects. This will be evaluated during the Phase I component of the study. (2) ICE can identify low risk patients in whom immediate cardioversion during the procedure is safe and comparably effective to electrical cardioversion performed based on a conventional strategy of a minimum of 3 weeks of preceding anticoagulation therapy. Phase 1 will enroll 100 patients at 12 centers, who will undergo a clinically indicated TEE procedure and cardiac catheterization procedure. Each patient will be imaged by TEE & ICE and a core echo laboratory will perform a blinded comparison of the two imaging modalities. In Phase 2, a total of 300 patients (3:2 randomization) will be enrolled in the study at up to 15 investigational sites in USA and Europe. The composite incidence rate of major cardiac and bleeding complications (stroke, TIA, peripheral embolism, major hemorrhagic event) will be compared between the two treatment groups over the duration of the study.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1992

Ice friction during speed skating.

During speed skating, the external power output delivered by the athlete is predominantly used to overcome the air and ice frictional forces. Special skates were developed and used to measure the ice frictional forces during actual speed skating. The mean coefficients of friction for the straights and curves were, respectively, 0.0046 and 0.0059. The minimum value of the coefficient of ice friction was measured at an ice surface temperature of about -7 degrees C. It was found that the coefficient of friction increases with increasing speed. In the literature, it is suggested that the relatively low friction in skating results from a thin film of liquid water on the ice surface. Theories about the presence of water between the rubbing surfaces are focused on the formation of water by pressure-melting, melting due to frictional heating and on the 'liquid-like' properties of the ice surface. From our measurements and calculations, it is concluded that the liquid-like surface properties of ice seem to be a reasonable explanation for the low friction during speed skating.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Determination of the inelastic mean free path in ice by examination of tilted vesicles and automated most probable loss imaging.

Using electron microscopy, the thickness of ice-embedded vesicles is estimated examining tilted and untilted views and assuming an ellipsoidal shape of the vesicles that appear to be circular in the untilted view. Another thickness measure is obtained from the ratio of the unfiltered and zero-loss-filtered image intensities of the vesicle. From these two measurements, the mean free path A for inelastic scattering of electrons in ice is calculated as 203 +/- 33 nm for 120 kV acceleration voltage. It is found that vesicles in thin ice films (< or = 1.5 lambda) significantly protrude out of the ice film. Due to surface tension the shape becomes an oblate ellipsoid. In holes covered with a thick ice film (> or = 3 lambda) and strong thickness gradients, vesicles are predominantly found in regions where the ice thickness is appropriate for their size. Also, a way of imaging the most probable loss under low-dose conditions involving thickness measurement is proposed. Even at large ice thicknesses zero-loss filtering always gives better image contrast. Most probable loss imaging can only help where there is no intensity in the zero-loss image, at very large thicknesses (lambda > 8).

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative and qualitative studies on the bacteriological quality of Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) stored in dry ice.

Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) stored in dry ice at the 1:1 ratio were found to be organoleptically suitable for consumption when they were stored for 24 h without reicing. Shrimp stored in water ice at the 1:1 ratio (as control) were acceptable up to 18 h. Shrimp stored in a combination of dry ice and water ice at the ratio of 1:0.2:0.5 were also found to be acceptable up to 24 h. Total bacterial load ranged from 10(6) to 10(9) cfu g(-1), while total psychrophiles ranged from 10(3) to 10(6) cfu g(-1). Total lactics were found in the levels of 10(2)-10(6) cfu g(-1). H(2)S producers were from 10(3) to 10(5) cfu g(-1). Lowest temperature of -4.8 degrees C was observed in shrimps stored in dry ice at 1:1 ratio. Bacterial flora associated with fresh raw shrimp were Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Flavobacterium and Serratia. Aeromonas constituted 38% of the flora in raw shrimp. Flavobacterium (43%), Pseudomonas (47%) and Pseudomonas (38%) were the dominant bacterial flora in the shrimp stored in dry ice at 1:1 ratio, in the combination package, and in water ice at 1:1 ratio, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ice as a reservoir for pathogenic human viruses: specifically, caliciviruses, influenza viruses, and enteroviruses.

Hundreds of isolates of viable bacteria and fungi have been recovered from ancient ice and permafrost. Evidence supports the hypothesis that viral pathogens also are preserved in ice repositories, such as glaciers, ice sheets, and lake ice. Proof may depend upon narrowing the search by applying specific criteria, which would target candidate viruses. Such criteria include viral pathogens likely to occur in great abundance, likely to be readily transported into ice, and then participate in ongoing disease cycles suggestive of their having been deposited in and subsequently released from ice. Caliciviruses, influenza A, and some enteroviruses appear to satisfy all three criteria. Environmental ice appears to be an important abiotic reservoir for pathogenic microbes. World health and eradication of specific pathogens could be affected by this huge reservoir.

Caliciviridae↗
PubMed2003

Protective effect of intracellular ice during freezing?

Injury results during freezing when cells are exposed to increasing concentrations of solutes or by the formation of intracellular ice. Methods to protect cells from the damaging effects of freezing have focused on the addition of cryoprotective chemicals and the determination of optimal cooling rates. Based on other studies of innocuous intracellular ice formation, this study investigates the potential for this ice to protect cells from injury during subsequent slow cooling. V-79W Chinese hamster fibroblasts and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were cultured as single attached cells or confluent monolayers. The incidence of intracellular ice formation (IIF) in the cultures at the start of cooling was pre-determined using one of two different extracellular ice nucleation temperatures (-5 or -10 degrees C). Samples were then cooled at 1 degrees C/min to the experimental temperature (-5 to -40 degrees C) where samples were warmed rapidly and cell survival assessed using membrane integrity and metabolic activity. For single attached cells, the lower ice nucleation temperature, corresponding to increased incidence of IIF, resulted in decreased post-thaw cell recovery. In contrast, confluent monolayers in which IIF has been shown to be innocuous, show higher survival after cooling to temperatures as low as -40 degrees C, supporting the concept that intracellular ice confers cryoprotection by preventing cell dehydration during subsequent slow cooling.

Animals↗