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PubMed1995

Rorschach and MMPI-2 indices of early psychotherapy termination.

This study was an investigation of the differences between 97 patients who had prematurely terminated psychotherapy (M = 1 session) and 81 who had participated in individual psychotherapy for at least 6 months and 24 sessions (M = 18 months/72 sessions) on selected Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2) and Rorschach variables. None of the between-group comparisons using the MMPI-2 proved to be significant. However, a multivariate analysis of variance of 9 Rorschach variables in 3 conceptual categories--(a) interpersonal relatedness, (b) psychological resources versus resource demand, and (c) level of psychopathology--proved to be significant at p = .008. The Rorschach scores from the interpersonal-relational category proved to be the most robust in differentiating the 2 groups. The theoretical implications of interpersonal variables are discussed in relation to the termination and continuation of patients in psychotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurse bait: strategies hospitalized patients use to entice nurses within the context of the interpersonal relationship.

Patients on medical-surgical and psychiatric inpatient units long for more and deeper connections with nurses. Patients' dependence on the nursing staff, as well as their perceived powerlessness, creates a situation where patients believe they have to actively find ways to seek needed nursing care. This paper will describe active strategies used by medical-surgical patients to entice nurses within the context of the nurse-patient relationship; strategies designed to mitigate vulnerability and increase interpersonal connection. Implications for nursing practice and for Peplau 's Theory of Interpersonal Relations will be presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of the dynamics of in-group strain during long-term isolation].

Evaluation of the dynamics of in-group strain was conducted with conjunction with the 90-day modelling of space flight (ECOPSY-95). Baseline were the data of sociometric testing and analysis of video records of movements and behavior of the main and visiting crews (three members in each). Global assessment of the in-group strain was made on integration of experimental data using the Czech procedure of interdisciplinary approach to description of a social system, and the theory of fuzzy aggregate. The procedure allows to visualize interpersonal relations as social maps. Reaction to the psychoemotional strain stemmed from long stay in isolation was manifested by gradual build-up of interpersonal strain, redistribution of the functional/role structure of the crew, destabilization of in-group interactions and its split.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Indirect scapegoating via projective identification and the mother group.

This article proposes an indirect route to role suction and scapegoating via projective identification (PI) of members' split-off feelings into the group. For these members, the group is a good, soothing mother. Other members, sensitive to a projected feeling, introject it from the group and may become scapegoats. For them the group is the bad, invasive mother. This model provides a unifying explanation for the literature's contrasting depiction of the group as either a good or a bad mother. By fostering the containment and holding functions of the group and exploring and interpreting the interrelated phenomena of PI, the mother group, and indirect scapegoating, the therapist can facilitate the development of more realistic, integrated, internal-object-relations, which in turn fosters improved interpersonal relations.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Management behaviour of one community health nurse supervisor.

Mintzberg's theoretical framework of management, which examines the roles and functions of a manager in relation to effective communication, is used to analyse observational data of managerial conflict within a community health setting. In this setting the manager failed to establish sound interpersonal relations with her peers or with the clinic nurses. This led to a poor information base from which she could make decisions. The result was that the group became stressed and developed signs of disintegration.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical and therapeutic approach of the borderline patient in psychiatric clinic (author's transl)].

The author summarises the evolution of the borderline concept in the literature. He emphasizes the specificity of the pathological objectal relation and the lack of development of the ego in the separation-individualisation phase. The clinical approach of the borderline patient shows the lability of interpersonal relations of the borderline patient and the presence of a variable and polymorphic symptomatology. The author gives some considerations which are essential in undertaking a treatment with the borderline patient during a brief hospitalisation in a psychiatric service. This type of treatment is based on an early clinical diagnosis, a homogenous, logical and adequate attitude of the therapeutic team, the organisation of an adequate therapeutic team where the patient can learn to accept his own pathological findings and the initiation of an individual psychotherapy.

Belgium↗
PubMed1997

[Some peculiarities of group interaction and individual behavior under conditions of prolonged small group isolation].

The 90-day chamber experiment (ECOPSY-95) gave another opportunity to continue studies of crew interaction and personal behavior with a number of psychological methods earlier used in the 135-day experiment HUBES. Methods of group observation included free discussion and overcoming a problematic case by the group (video monitoring), Kettell's 16 PF and MIPG (A.Abraham) personal tests, and interview. The unfavorable dynamics revealed during ECOPSY-95 was ascribed to intergroup conflicts. Lack of resolution in the crew commander and proper mechanisms to quench the conflicts stood on the way to consolidation of the crew psychological structure. Naturally, this impacted crew effectiveness in challenging situations. On the contrary, HUBES resorted to the traditional mechanisms of "draining" negative emotions and internal strains out. Therefore, the isolated team was able to keep up its internal balance and high effectiveness in attacking formidable tasks. These investigations attested high sensitivity, validity, and productivity of the methods selected for evaluation of interpersonal relations in small groups during isolation.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Friendship bonds in adolescence.

To assess the major motifs of interpersonal relations, achievement, and physical development influencing friendship formations, 204 adolescents at three grade levels responded to an open-ended questionnaire concerning friendship values. While the interpersonal category was salient at all grade levels for both boys and girls, it increased with time. A corresponding decrease for the achievement and physical attributes categories also emerged. Thus, friendship formations suggest a developmental trend in terms of selection, exhibiting the highest fluctuation by late adolescence.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

The work of auxiliary nurses in Mexico: stressors, satisfiers and coping strategies.

Recruitment and retention of nursing personnel is a major problem in many parts of the world, particularly developing countries. Strategies for promoting job satisfaction can help reduce the costs of high turnover and increase the quality of patient care. As part of a larger international study on women's health, a convenience sample of 59 Mexican nursing assistants and technical nurses, categorized as auxiliary nurses, were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to elicit their perceived work-related stresses and satisfactions, as well as the coping strategies they utilized to diminish work-associated stress. Major satisfiers included self-fulfillment, providing service and working as a member of a team. Frequent stressors were interpersonal relations, "angustia" (anguish), work overload and the work environment. These auxiliary nursing personnel utilized problem-solving techniques, recreational activities, talking to family and friends and actively trying to relax themselves in order to cope with their work-related stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Depression and heavy alcohol use among adolescents: concurrent and prospective relations.

This study of over 1,000 adolescents focused on common and distinctive correlates of four subgroups--no problem, depressed only, heavy drinking only, and mixed (depressed and heavy drinking). Correlates were evaluated from the domains of personal dispositions (e.g., temperament), interpersonal relations (e.g., parent and peer), stressful life events, and other problem behaviors (e.g., delinquency, substance use). The no-problem subgroup differed from the other three subgroups in the direction of healthier functioning on almost all measures. The mixed subgroup reported the most pervasive, low levels of functioning, with the highest levels of childhood externalizing problems and stressful life events, the lowest levels of family social support, and high levels of delinquency and substance use. The depressed-only subgroup reported a more internalized pattern characterized by childhood avoidance problems, a difficult temperament (e.g., inflexibility, withdrawal, low task orientation), interpersonal stressors, and poor coping strategies. The heavy-drinking-only subgroup was characterized by higher drinking levels by primary caregivers and lower levels of family cohesion as reported by primary caregivers. The 1-year prospective findings were generally consistent with the concurrent findings in that variables that were associated with transitions toward and away from depression and heavy drinking were associated with specific transitions (e.g., childhood externalizing problems were associated with the transition from no problem to heavy drinking).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Causal chunking: memory and inference in ongoing interaction.

We propose that people simplify their perceptions of their interactions by organizing them into discrete casual chunks. Once formed, these chunks presumably influence the extent to which people are aware of their influence on others, as well as their impressions of others. We anticipated that people would form self-causal chunks (e.g., my action causes my partner's action) when they possessed an offensive set and other-causal chunks when they possessed a defensive set. We also expected that a self-causal chunking strategy would make salient people's influence on their partners and thereby discourage them from concluding that their partner's behaviors reflected underlying dispositions. In contrast, we anticipated that an other-causal chunking strategy would obscure people's influence on their partners, thereby encouraging them to infer that their partners' behaviors reflected underlying dispositions. We tested these hypotheses by inducing participants to develop either a defensive or an offensive set prior to interacting with another person in a simulated arms race. After the interactions, we assessed the manner in which participants chunked their interactions, as well as their impressions of partners. The results supported our predictions. The implications of these findings for understanding conflict and misunderstanding in interpersonal relations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sources of stress for family caregivers of institutionalized dementia patients.

Although many caregivers place their relative in a nursing home in an attempt to reduce their own burden, caregiving stress often continues after institutionalization. This research examined sources of stress for 66 caregivers who cared for their impaired relative at home and later placed that individual in a nursing home. We hypothesized that although these caregivers no longer had primary responsibility for direct care, they would continue to experience distress because of the stressors associated with the nursing home. Results ran counter to our expectations. Although many caregivers reported stressors related to nursing home care, stressors stemming from the patient's Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms accounted for more variance in caregivers' levels of anxiety and depression, and in the quality of their interpersonal relations. Even though caregivers were assisted in their caregiving responsibilities by the nursing home staff, their relative's AD symptoms continued to prompt distress.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1984

Psychological assessment of psychopathology in opiate addicts.

A sample of 99 opiate addicts seeking treatment were assessed on three well established clinical assessment procedures; the Loevinger Sentence Completion, the Bellak Ego Functions Interview, and the Rorschach. Their scores were compared using normal and clinical reference groups. On all three procedures, opiate addicts had a significantly greater impairment than normals but significantly less thought disorder and impairments in ego functions than hospitalized borderline and psychotic patients. The results indicate that a primary disturbance in opiate addicts appears to be their relative inability to conceptualize people as well differentiated, articulated, and involved in meaningful, purposeful, and constructive activity. In addition, opiate addicts appear to have greater affective lability. These difficulties in interpersonal relations and affect modulation are consistent with disturbances in the neurotic range and suggest that opiate addicts have selected a particularly untoward, self-destructive, isolated mode of adaptation for achieving the satisfactions and pleasures most people seek in intimate personal relationships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Affective influences on partner choice: role of mood in social decisions.

Does mood influence our information search and decision strategies when choosing a partner? In Experiment 1 (N = 60), sad Ss preferred rewarding to competent partners and remembered information supporting that choice better. In Experiment 2 (N = 96), mood effects on information selectivity, decision speed, and processing strategy in partner choices were found. In Experiment 3 (N = 42), a computerized stimulus presentation revealed mood-induced differences in the latency, self-exposure, and eventual recall of interpersonal information. These results are interpreted as evidence for mood-induced selectivity in information search and decision strategies when making realistic partner choices. The implications of the findings for research on interpersonal relations and for contemporary affect-cognition theories are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency in adolescents].

This study attempted to clarify the relationship between self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency in normal adolescents. Two questionnaires measuring self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency were administered to junior and senior high school students, and college students. The results show that for the junior high school and college students, self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency correlated negatively, while there was an uncorrelativeness for the senior high school students. During senior high school age, they tend to estimate themselves in terms of their own standards rather than others', which result in little correlations between self-esteem and anthrophobic-tendency. The conflict between one's autistic tendency and interpersonal relations tends to lead to the anthrophobic-tendency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

[Report and considerations on group psychotherapy in a prison[].

Psychiatric group psychotherapy in a prison presumes that the professional secret be guarded by the therapist. The direction of the institution should concede to such therapy all privileges that are usually given to other medical assistance in a prison. The present paper reports about first experiences made in a prison under such favourable conditions. The aim of such therapy is mainly the expectation to reduce the danger of regression of the participants and to promote their capacities in the field of interpersonal relations and other group activities both in prison and after discharge.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1977

Social impairments four years after an acute depressive episode.

Social functioning of 40 depressed women was studied four years following the acute episode, and compared with 40 normal community subjects. Results show that the social impairments of depressed patients persist well beyond the acute episode, particularly in marital and close interpersonal relations. Clinical and public health implications are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

The construct of effortful control: an approach to borderline personality disorder heterogeneity.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the heterogeneity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis as a function of the construct of effortful control. We hypothesized 3 subgroups of BPD patients based on effortful control, that would also differ in other areas of functioning, such as symptoms, interpersonal relations and personality organization. SAMPLING AND METHODS: Forty-seven clinically referred individuals were reliably diagnosed as meeting DSM-IV criteria for BPD using semistructured interviews. Effortful control, symptomatology, interpersonal functioning and personality organization were assessed using self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: Cluster and profile analyses were performed and identified 3 subgroups. Subgroup 1, with high effortful control, exhibited the fewest problems in symptoms, interpersonal functioning and personality organization. Subgroup 3, with low ratings of effortful control, had the most problems in these areas, and subgroup 2, a group high in some aspects of effortful control but low in others, ranged midway between groups 1 and 3. DISCUSSION: The findings indicate a relationship between attentional mechanisms and the clinical expression of borderline personality pathology. Effortful control is a valuable construct for identifying subgroups of BPD patients, thus helping to understand the heterogeneity in BPD. Limitations of the study include the exclusive use on self-report of effortful control, as well as the small sample size. Future research should further investigate the associations of neurocognition and borderline pathology, as well as different approaches to treatment of the different BPD subgroups.

Adult↗