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PubMed1997

Trace element contents in hair of residents from Harbin (China), Medan (Indonesia), and Tokushima (Japan).

The concentrations of 19 trace element in hair samples from 1273 residents of Harbin (China), Medan (Indonesia), and Tokushima (Japan) were measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The mean concentrations of Ba, Ca, and Se were significantly higher in the Harbin hair samples when compared to those from Medan, but Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Pb, Ti, Zn, and K were significantly higher in Medan than in Harbin hair samples. The differences in the mean concentrations of As, Cr, Mg, P, Sn, and Sr between the Medan and Harbin lots were not significant. In the Tokushima hair samples, Na and K were significantly higher, but As, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr, and Se were significantly lower than in the Harbin hair samples. The differences in the mean concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, P, Ti, and Zn between Harbin and Tokushima were not significant. In the Medan hair samples, Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr, Ti, and Zn were significantly higher, but P and Se were significantly lower than in Tokushima hair samples. Differences in mean concentrations of Na and K between Tokushima and Medan were not significant.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rural migration and regional development: the example of Indonesia.

"Regional disequilibria in the distribution of population lead in many developing countries to migration flows which cannot always be equated with flight from the land or drift to the cities. In diverse countries rural-rural migration is even supported by the state. This rural migration leaves a decisive mark not only on the regional development of the areas from which emigration takes place but also on the absorbing areas. The following article examines the costs and benefits for both [using the example of Indonesia]."

Asia↗
PubMed2002

Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia.

The geographically widespread Python reticulatus, the world's longest snake, has been largely neglected by taxonomists. Dwarfed individuals from Tanahjampea Island, Indonesia, differ strikingly in morphology. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using a 345-bp fragment of the cytochrome b gene for 12 specimens from different populations. Both genetic differences and morphological characters distinctly revealed two taxonomic subunits. The island populations of Tanahjampea and Selayar form two monophyletic lineages, supported by high bootstrap values, with distinct differences in color pattern and scalation. We consider these forms to represent two new subspecies. The Tanahjampea form is genetically related to populations of the Sunda Islands and mainland Southeast Asia, whereas the Selayar form is related to populations of Southwest Sulawesi. We conclude that, due to strong directional surface currents in this region, gene flow between Tanahjampea and Selayar is prevented. Sea-level changes during the Pleistocene probably contributed to the isolation of the two taxa described. Aspects of ecology and conservation status are briefly discussed. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Heavy metal and selenium concentrations in feathers of egrets from Bali and Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Herons and egrets are ideal organisms to use asindicators of heavy metal exposure in an ecosystem because different speciesfeed at different levels of the food chain and live in both coastal andinland habitats. This paper reports on the concentration of heavy metals andselenium in the feathers of cattle egrets Bubulcus ibis that wereexamined from nesting and roosting sites in Bali and Sulawesi, Indonesia, andin feathers of little egrets Egretta garzetta and intermediate egretsE. intermedia from the same colony in Bali. Mercury and manganeseconcentrations were significantly higher in cattle egrets from Bali comparedto Sulawesi, but otherwise there were no significant differences. There weresignificant differences in lead, cadmium and mercury among the three egretspecies nesting on Bali: 1) the cadmium and mercury concentrations related tosize and trophic level (insectivorous cattle egrets had the lowestconcentrations, fish-eating intermediate egrets had the highestconcentrations), and 2) cattle egrets had significantly lower concentrationsof lead than the other two species. For cattle egrets, secondary flightfeathers had significantly higher levels of cadmium and mercury, and lowerlevels of manganese, than mixed breast and tertiary feathers, reflectingtemporal differences in exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Crustacean fish parasites from Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia.

The present study is the first investigation on ectoparasites of commercial important fish from Segara Anakan, a brackish water lagoon located at the southern coast of Java, Indonesia. Eight economically important marine fish species (Mugil cephalus, Siganus javus, Scatophagus argus, Caranx sexfasciatus, Lutjanus johnii, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, Johnius coitor, and Epinephelus coioides) were examined for crustacean parasites. Prevalence and intensity data for each parasite species are given, together with an analysis of the origin and possible transmission pathways. A highly divers copepod fauna consisting of 23 different species and two isopods was found. All fish species were at least infested with two copepod species, with the exception of L. johnii, S. argus, and M. cephalus. With seven and six species, respectively, they harboured the most species-rich ectoparasite fauna. The copepods Ergasilus sp. 3 and Caligus acanthopagri on S. argus showed the highest prevalence (78.6) and intensity [17.8 (1-233) and 5.3 (1-22)] of infestation. The recorded parasite fauna is represented by marine, brackish water, and probably also freshwater components. The brackish water environment of Segara Anakan does not prevent disease outbreaks due to parasitic copepods by preventing pathogenic marine or freshwater species to enter the lagoon. This might cause fish health problems if the Segara Anakan Lagoon would be developed for finfish mariculture in future.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

TT virus (TTV) genotypes in native and non-native prostitutes of Irian Jaya, Indonesia: implication for non-occupational transmission.

We investigated prostitutes in Irian Jaya, an Indonesian territory of New Guinea, to know whether TT virus (TTV) is sexually transmitted and what genotypes of TTV exist there. An ORF2 region of the TTV genome was analyzed for 44 isolates from prostitutes (19 were Irian Jaya natives but 25 were immigrants from Java or other islands of Indonesia) and 26 isolates from women of child-bearing age in Surabaya as a control. The WX(7)HX(3)CX(1)CX(5)H motif sequence of the ORF2 was compared across the 70 Indonesian isolates with a reference of 47 Japanese isolates (filed in databases) and the prototype TTV isolate TA278. A total of 77 different sequences were generated from the comparison, but a phylogenetic analysis suggested that they could be divided into three categories: group A, group B and others (the third group was highly diverse). Interestingly, most of the Indonesian isolates belonged to group B (74%): this rate was considerably higher than that observed previously in Japanese isolates. Group B isolates were further compared for the N-terminal 95 amino acids of the ORF2, with a result that the natives of Irian Jaya had a different pattern of genotype distribution from other groups. In particular, 9 out of 19 isolates from the Irian Jaya-natives were co-classified under a distinct branch, to which none of the other Indonesian and Japanese isolates belonged. Our data indicate that TTV genotypes reflect the birth place of the infected prostitutes rather than their work environment, and thus suggest that an infection is more likely during the early period of life than through sexual transmission. In addition, the presence of an Irian Jaya-specific genotype is intriguing from an anthropological and viral evolutionary point of view, because Irian Jaya has been isolated from contact with other areas for a long time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Molecular epidemiology of TT virus (TTV) and characterization of two novel TTV genotypes in Indonesia.

The prevalence of TT virus (TTV) DNA among 244 healthy individuals in 23 cities on 12 islands in Indonesia was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers derived from the coding region (N22), which can detect TTV DNA of genotypes 1-6. By N22 PCR, TTV DNA was detected in 102 (42%) individuals. The amplified PCR products were molecularly cloned and three clones each were subjected to sequence analysis. Three hundred one (98%) of the 306 TTV clones were classified into genotype 1, 2 or 3, and none into genotypes 4-6. The remaining five clones from two individuals (Kt-08 and Kt-10) on Kutai, Kalimantan Island, differed by >30% from known TTV isolates of all 21 genotypes and were tentatively classified into genotypes 22 and 23, respectively. Using primers specific for the new TTV genotype 22 or 23, TTV genotype 22 was detected significantly more frequently in Kutai than in the other 22 cities (41% vs. 5%, P < 0.001). TTV genotype 23 was restricted to Kutai (17% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), suggesting the indigenous nature of this genotype. Analysis of two TTV isolates (Kt-08F and Kt-10F) demonstrated the extreme diversity of TTV and the preservation of the genomic organization and transcription profile.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and Southeast Asian ovalocytosis in asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers in Sumba island, Indonesia.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) caused by a 27-bp deletion in the band 3 gene (Band3Delta 27) are well-documented genetic traits resistant to malarial diseases; however, relationships between these traits and asymptomatic malaria infection hitherto had not been investigated. Filter-blotted blood samples were collected from a total of 210 healthy individuals, 100 males and 110 females, aged 6-17 years, in Sumba island, Indonesia, to survey for the presence of Plasmodium parasites, G6PD activity and the Band3Delta 27 mutation. Presence of P. falciparum and/or P. vivax was identified in 25 subjects (11.9%). In all, 24 subjects (11.4%) showed Band3Delta 27 heterozygously. In males and females, eight and nine subjects, respectively, showed G6PD deficiency. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection between individuals with or without these traits (P>0.05). No alterations in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection suggest that parasite invasion into erythrocytes is unlikely to be a target phase in which the two polymorphisms demonstrate possible protective effects against malaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Further investigations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Flores Island, eastern Indonesia.

We conducted field surveys for malaria and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in the eastern part of Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. A total of 1,108 volunteers (642 males and 466 females) belonging to three ethnic groups (Sikka, Ende and Bajo) were examined, and 55 G6PD-deficient individuals (38 males and 17 females) were detected. Among them, 50 samples were analyzed molecularly, in addition to three deficient cases in a Bajo family. In the Sikka population, G6PD Kaiping (1388G>A), one of the two common variants in the Chinese population, was unexpectedly found as the most dominant variant (11/22, 50.0%), followed by G6PD Chatham (1003G>A, 36.4%), G6PD Coimbra (592C>T, 9.1%) and G6PD Vanua Lava (383T>C, 4.5%). Frequency of G6PD Kaiping in the Sikka might be the highest among non-Chinese populations reported so far. In the Ende population, G6PD Vanua Lava (9/14, 64.3%) was the highest, followed by G6PD Kaiping (14.3%), G6PD Chinese-5 (1024C>T, 14.3%) and G6PD Chatham (7.1%). In the Bajo population, a total of 18 deficient cases were analyzed, and a novel mutation (844G>T) in exon 8 with a predicted amino acid change of 282 Asp>Tyr was found in a 7-year-old boy at a Bajo village near Maumere. This new Class II (mild type) variant was also confirmed in his mother and sister, and designated as G6PD Bajo Maumere. The missense mutation at the same nucleotide 844 has been known as G6PD Seattle/Lodi/Modena/Ferrara II, but this mutation is caused by a G>C substitution (282 Asp>His). In the Bajo population, G6PD Viangchan (871G>A, IVS 11 nt93 T>C, 1311C>T), the most common variant in continental Southeast Asian populations, was found to be the dominant (11/18, 61.1%), followed by G6PD Vanua Lava and the new variant (each 16.7%), and G6PD Coimbra (5.6%). These results strongly suggest that the Bajo peoples may have different ancestors from those for Sikka and Ende, and may be much closer to continental Southeast Asian populations. It is interesting that G6PD Canton (1376G>T), another common variant in Chinese, was not seen in the Flores population.

DNA Mutational Analysis↗
PubMed2001

The hemoglobin O mutation in Indonesia: distribution and phenotypic expression.

We have investigated hemoglobin O Indonesia (HbOIna) in related ethnic populations of the Indonesian archipelago: 1725 individuals of the five ethnic populations of South Sulawesi (Bugis, Toraja, Makassar, Mandar, and Kajang) and 959 individuals of the neighboring islands, who were divided into five phylogenetic groups: (a) Batak; (b) Malay from Padang, Pakanbaru, and Palembang in the island of Sumatra; (c) Javanese-related populations (Java, Tengger, and Bali) from the islands of Java and Bali; (d) populations of the Lesser Sunda Islands of Lombok, Sumba, and Sumbawa; and (e) the Papuan-languagespeaking population of Alor Island. Nineteen individuals heterozygous for HbO(Ina) were identified from the Bugis, Toraja, Makassar, and Kajang ethnic populations, but none from the other populations. In all cases, the underlying mutation was found to be in codon 116 (GAG to AAG) of the alpha1-globin gene, resulting in the Glull6Lys amino acid change. The level of HbO in the 17 individuals plus 12 additional family members carrying the mutation was found to be 11.6 +/- 1.0%, significantly lower than the expected 17%-22%, indicating the instability of HbO.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2006

Study of genetic diversity of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, from Thailand and Indonesia using microsatellite markers.

Genetic diversity of Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822), which inhabits coastal reefs from the western Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean, was studied based on four polymorphic microsatellite loci. Two hundred and fifty individuals were collected from two locations in Thailand (Nakornsrithammarat-N and Trang-T) and four in Indonesia (Sibolga-S, Lampung-L, Jepara-J, and Flores-F). The genetic variation of E. coioides was relatively low; the observed heterozygosities (Ho) ranged between 0.36 (F) and 0.55 (N). The average number of alleles/locus was between 3.57 (L) and 5.09 (J). Genotypic distribution for most population pairs was significantly different after Bonferroni correction (P<0.0024) except for J and F. Population structuring was significant (FST=0.074). The genetic distances between populations ranged between 0.016 (L and N) to 0.086 (F and S). Mantel's test showed no correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. The NJ tree clearly separated N from the others which comprised two subgroups, T-S and L-J-F.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2007

Complex emotions, complex problems: understanding the experiences of perinatal depression among new mothers in urban Indonesia.

In this article, we explore how Javanese women identify and speak of symptoms of depression in late pregnancy and early postpartum and describe their subjective accounts of mood disorders. The study, conducted in the East Java region of Indonesia in 2000, involved in-depth interviews with a subgroup of women (N = 41) who scored above the cutoff score of 12/13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during pregnancy, at six weeks postpartum, or on both occasions. This sample was taken from a larger cohort study (N cohort = 488) researching the sociocultural factors that contribute to women's emotional well-being in early motherhood. The women used a variety of Indonesian and Javanese terms to explain their emotional states during pregnancy and in early postpartum, some of which coincided with the feelings described on the EPDS and others of which did not. Women attributed their mood variations to multiple causes including: premarital pregnancy, chronic illness in the family, marital problems, lack of support from partners or family networks, their husband's unemployment, and insufficient family income due to giving up their own paid work. We argue for the importance of understanding the context of childbearing in order to interpret the meaning of depression within complex social, cultural, and economic contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Redescription of Kapsulotaenia sandgroundi (Carter, 1943) (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea: Acanthotaeniinae), a parasite of Varanus komodoensis (Varanoidea: Varanidae) from Indonesia.

The proteocephalidean cestode Kapsulotaenia sandgroundi (Carter, 1943) (Proteocephalidae: Acanthotaeniinae), the type-species of Kapsulotaenia Freze, 1963, is redescribed on the basis of the type-material from Varanus komodoensis Ouwens on Komodo Island, Indonesia, and material from museum collections. The ovary is larger than described by Freze (1965) and occupies 42-59% and not 33% of the proglottis width as cited by Freze. The presence of a small vaginal sphincter and a seminal receptacle are also new observations in all specimens. The microtriches, cross-sections and eggs are figured for the first time. In addition, the ventral osmoregulatory canals are connected to the ventral surface by narrow secondary ducts; the median part of the cirrus-sac is narrower than the distal and proximal regions. Egg clusters and a supplementary layer in the eggs situated between the oncosphere and the bi-layered embryophore, present in K. sandgroundi, are features also observed in the majority of Australian proteocephalideans. It is concluded that much more attention needs to be paid to the careful observation and description of the morphology of the eggs in the Proteocephalidea, as this may represent a valuable discriminatory character for distinguishing species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Helmets, injuries and cultural definitions: motorcycle injury in urban Indonesia.

This paper examines motorcycle helmet use and injuries in a developing country with a helmet law. Data were collected by systematic street observations and interviews with motorcyclists and supplemented with motorcycle injury data from a 1 month study of all patients coming to emergency departments in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Observations show that 89% of motorcycle drivers (N = 9242) wore helmets; only 20% of the passengers (N = 3541) did. However, only 55% of the drivers wore helmets correctly (e.g. with chin strap buckled). Differences in time and place were noted in interviews when motorcyclists reported wearing helmets least at night and when no police were around; various reasons for not wearing helmets included physical discomfort and absence of police surveillance. Data from emergency departments found that motorcycles were involved in 64% of all traffic accident injuries, comprising 33% of total trauma patients presenting to emergency departments. Injury Severity Scores were calculated for the 26% of motorcycle injuries which were admitted to the hospital, with 60% having scores of 1-8, 27% 9-15, and 9% > 15. We conclude that although motorcycle drivers appear to comply with the motorcycle helmet law, it is a "token compliance." Less than 50% of riders were maximally protected by helmets and very little safety consciousness was found among drivers. Suggestions for improving helmet use that take cultural definitions of wearing helmets into account are presented for future research.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

Bacterial vaginosis and prematurity in Indonesia: association in early and late pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the association between preterm delivery and bacterial vaginosis in early and late pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated 490 pregnant women at three hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia, for bacterial vaginosis at 16 to 20 weeks' and 28 to 32 weeks' gestation and observed them through delivery. RESULTS: We found significant associations between preterm delivery (gestational age < 37 weeks) and bacterial vaginosis diagnosed at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 3.9) but not with bacterial vaginosis diagnosed at 28 to 32 weeks' gestation (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 3.0). The rates of preterm delivery were almost doubled for women who had bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy (20.5%) as compared with women who had bacterial vaginosis only in late pregnancy (10.7%). CONCLUSION: Only bacterial vaginosis diagnosed early in the second trimester of pregnancy plays a major role as a risk factor for preterm delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A brief history of the development of plastic surgery in The Netherlands East-Indies from World War I until the independence of Indonesia (1914-1950).

This study of surgical operations published in the Medical Journal of the Netherlands East-Indies over the period 1914-1950, supplemented with a series of interviews with retired Dutch East-Indian surgeons and their relatives, shows a vivid interest in plastic surgery from World War I until the independence of Indonesia. One can conclude that plastic surgery was performed more frequently and on a larger scale than in Holland, due to a larger number of patients, specific tropical pathology and often a longer patient delay, requiring extensive reconstructive procedures. The East-Indian publications on plastic surgical topics outnumber the Dutch ones enormously.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1991

A comparative clinical trial of the TCu 380A, Lippes Loop D and Multiload Cu 375 IUDs in Indonesia.

The Copper T 380A (TCu 380A), Lippes Loop D (LLD) and the Multiload Cu 375 (MLCu 375) IUDs were evaluated for safety and efficacy in a multicenter randomized clinical trial in Indonesia. A total of 2992 women were enrolled into the study and data for 2845 women were analyzed (147 cases did not meet protocol criteria). Although study IUDs were randomly assigned, LLD users in this study were older and of higher parity than TCu 380A and MLCu 375 users. The 24-month gross cumulative life-table pregnancy rates for TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 users were 1.2, 2.2 and 2.7, respectively. The 24-month expulsion rates for TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 users were 6.7, 7.5 and 5.3, respectively. Overall, 24-month continuation rates were 85.5%, 85.0% and 85.4% for the respective device groups. Differences in both gross and age- and parity-adjusted life-tables rates for the major outcome variables were not statistically significant at 24 months postinsertion. The study suggests that the TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 IUDs seem to be safe and effective contraceptive options for Indonesian women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Contraceptive introduction and the management of choice: the role of Cyclofem in Indonesia.

This paper presents a programmatic perspective on the relationship between the introduction of new contraceptive technology and expanding contraceptive options, using the example of Cyclofem in Indonesia. Past approaches to contraceptive introduction have considered only the characteristics of the new method in the decision-making process. In assessing whether the introduction of a new method actually expands contraceptive choice for women and whether the program has the managerial capabilities to assure quality of care in this process, the authors argue that consideration must be given to all methods within a delivery system and how new technology relates to the management of contraceptive choice. Using this perspective, the authors suggest that choice would not necessarily be expanded with scaled-up service delivery of a new once-a month injectable in the Indonesian public sector context.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗