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PubMed1992

Reference values for resistance index and pulsatility index of uteroplacental Doppler flow velocity waveforms based on 612 uneventful pregnancies.

Using a 4-MHz continuous-wave Doppler device, standard rates were established for resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of uterine and arcuate arteries of 612 patients with uneventful pregnancies and deliveries. From 18 to 41 weeks of gestation, neither RI nor PI of uterine or arcuate arteries proved to vary with gestational age, maternal heart rate, or maternal age. By contrast, a significant effect of placental location on the measurement results was found in both uterine and arcuate arteries. The differences between measurements on the placental or opposite site are more distinct in arcuate than in uterine arteries. Taking the 90th percentile as a localization gauge, cutoff levels of 0.52 (RI) and 0.98 (PI) were found in uterine arteries. In arcuate arteries, cutoff levels of 0.45 (RI) and 0.82 (PI) were found on the placental site or with a placenta without lateralization. On the nonplacental site of a lateralized placenta, the cutoff levels were 0.51 (RI) and 0.92 (PI).

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1987

Inconsistency of the slope and the volume intercept of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship as individual indexes of inotropic state in conscious dogs: presentation of an index combining both variables.

We tested the ability of the slope (Emax) and the volume intercept (Vo) of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) to indicate contractility changes in conscious dogs instrumented with sonomicrometers measuring left ventricular diameter in three orthogonal axes and a left ventricular pressure microtransducer. ESPVRs were generated by inferior vena caval occlusion under control conditions (C1 and C2) and during enhanced (I+) and depressed (I-) inotropic states achieved by infusion of dobutamine and injection of propranolol, respectively. No significant difference between the first control (C1) and I+ or between the second control (C2) and I- were found for either Emax (C1, 5.31 +/- 1.68 mm Hg/ml, mean +/- SD; I+, 5.37 +/- 1.44; C2, 5.20 +/- 1.62; I-, 4.18 +/- 1.32) or Vo (C1, 10.3 +/- 9.6 ml; I+, 7.3 +/- 9.1; C2, 9.9 +/- 9.0; I-, 12.7 +/- 12.5), despite significant changes in other indexes of contractility. Comparison of changes in Emax in individual animals in response to I+ and I- revealed that 63% were nonsignificant, 28% were significant and expected, and 9% were significant and paradoxical. Within defined volume limits and irrespective of individual changes in Emax and Vo, in all animals I+ shifted the ESPVR above and to the left of C1 and I- shifted the ESPVR below and to the right of C2. We thus integrated the changes in Emax and Vo by measuring the area beneath each ESPVR between defined limits of end-systolic volume. The values for area were: C1, 612 +/- 150 mm Hg.ml; I+, 745 +/- 191 (p less than .001); C2, 520 +/- 198; I-, 420 +/- 139 (p less than .001). We conclude that (1) neither Emax nor Vo are individually reliable indexes of changed contractility, and (2) the area beneath the ESPVR between defined end-systolic volume limits is a consistent indicator of variations in inotropic state.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Measuring disability in multiple sclerosis: is the Community Dependency Index an improvement on the Barthel Index?

The Community Dependency Index (CDI) was developed due to concerns that the Barthel Index (BI) was limited as a measure of physical function in community settings. However, no studies have compared the two rating scales within multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to determine whether, in a community-based sample of people with MS, the CDI is a better measure than the BI. BI and CDI data were collected from 90 people with MS. Four measurement properties were compared: scaling assumptions (item mean scores, corrected item-total correlations), acceptability (score distributions, floor/ceiling effects), reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and validity (concurrent, discriminant, group differences, relative validity). Both scales satisfied recommended criteria for scaling assumptions (indicating it was legitimate to report a summed score) and internal consistency reliability (alpha > 0.85). The scales were highly correlated (r = 0.96), indicating they measured the same construct. Both scales demonstrated good group differences validity, but the BI was marginally superior. Notable ceiling effects (BI > CDI) were demonstrated for both scales, particularly in those less disabled. This study sample had relatively minor levels of disability, with over 70% still being independently mobile. In this sample of people with MS, the measurement properties of the BI and CDI examined were very similar, suggesting the CDI does not appear to have achieved its goal of better measurement.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

The cutaneous B-cell lymphoma prognostic index: a novel prognostic index derived from a population-based registry.

PURPOSE: Three classification and prognostic systems exist for primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL). Whereas the WHO classification defines its categories based on histology, both the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification and the conventional staging system consider skin site. We sought to incorporate both histology and skin site into a single prognostic index designed to predict survival in patients with PCBCL. METHODS: The associations between histology, skin site, and survival were determined using adjusted proportional hazards analysis conducted on 926 patients with PCBCL identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, spanning 1973 to 2001. RESULTS: Four primary CBCL prognostic index (CBCL-PI) groups were identified. Group IA included indolent histologies involving any skin site. Group IB included diffuse large B-cell histology involving favorable skin sites (head/neck, arm). Group II included diffuse large B-cell histology involving unfavorable skin sites (trunk, legs, disseminated) or immunoblastic large B-cell histology involving favorable skin sites. Group III included immunoblastic large B-cell histology involving unfavorable skin sites. The adjusted mortality hazards ratios were 1.0, 1.3 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.7), 2.1 (95% CI, 1.6 to 2.7), and 4.5 (95% CI, 2.8 to 7.2) for groups IA/B to III, respectively. The corresponding 5-year relative survivals were 94%, 86%, 60%, and 34%. CONCLUSION: The CBCL-PI identifies adverse combinations of histology and skin site, helping to reconcile differences in current classification and prognostic systems for PCBCL.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Electrophysiological indexes of encoding and behavioral indexes of recall: examining relations and developmental change late in the first year of life.

Long-term memory undergoes pronounced development in the latter part of the 1st year. This research combines electrophysiological (event-related potential [ERP]) and behavioral (deferred imitation) measures of encoding and recall, respectively, in an examination of age-related changes in and relations between encoding and recall during this time. In a short-term longitudinal study, infants were exposed to different multistep sequences at 9 and at 10 months. In both phases, they were tested for immediate recognition of the events via ERPs (as an index of encoding), and for recall of them 1 month later. At both ages, infants encoded the events; encoding was more robust at 10 months than at 9 months. After the 1-month delay, infants failed to recall the events experienced at 9 months, but evidenced recall of the events experienced at 10 months. In spite of developmental differences in encoding and recall over this period, indexes of encoding at 9 months were correlated with measures of recall of events experienced at 10 months and tested 1 month later.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of bispectral index and rapidly extracted auditory evoked potentials index responses to noxious stimulation during sevoflurane anesthesia.

In 21 patients given sevoflurane anesthesia, we simultaneously compared the abilities of Bispectral Index (BIS) and rapidly extracted auditory evoked potentials index (AAI) to display the effect of an increasing cerebral concentration of sevoflurane, with and without noxious stimulation. In addition to BIS/AAI, hemodynamic variables were monitored. After titrating sevoflurane to BIS = 50-55 during 15 min, the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (1.46% +/- 0.20%) was doubled followed by a noxious stimulus, laryngoscopy, applied at random time points within the following 15 min. After the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was doubled, a substantial reduction in BIS was observed, whereas only a slight reduction in AAI was seen (P < 0.0001). BIS/AAI responses to laryngoscopy were not attenuated with increasing wash-in of sevoflurane. After noxious stimulation, AAI exceeded the highest recommended value, 25, in 3 cases, whereas BIS did not exceed the recommended threshold, 60, in any of the patients. Response times for BIS and AAI were 44.5 +/- 26 and 47 +/- 31 s, respectively. These results suggest that, at a hypnotic level associated with surgical sevoflurane anesthesia, BIS better displays drug-related alterations in the level of hypnosis than AAI or hemodynamic variables but there is no difference between BIS and AAI in the time to response to a noxious stimulus.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Simple polarimetric approach to direct measurement of the near-surface refractive index in graded-index films.

In the standard M-line method for the characterization of graded-index film, an analytical curve is fitted to the waveguide mode measurements and extrapolated to provide the refractive index in the zero-depth limit. Here we review our polarimetric approach to a direct near-surface measurement, which complements the M-line method. Also, we present its new and more straightforward version, which is applicable to existing samples and does not require masking before ion exchange.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Flow cytometric analysis of erythropoietic abnormality: changes in the cell maturity index of reticulocytes and retic distribution index are useful as indicators of erythropoietic toxicity in non-clinical studies.

We performed a flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of the maturity of reticulocytes using peripheral blood obtained from rats administered 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg or acethylphenyl hydrazine (APHZ) at 1 and 3 mg/kg to clarify whether the FCM method is useful for assessing toxicity. In the 5-FU-administered rats, a decrease and recovery of the immature reticulocyte fraction (Cell Maturity Index, CMI; Retic Distribution Index, RDI) was observed more rapidly (several days prior to changes in the reticulocyte ratio), and sensitively regarding dose-dependency (clear changes were observed at 10 mg/kg, whereas the reticulocyte ratio was only slightly affected). In addition, there was good agreement between the microscopic results obtained by counting Heilmyer's reticulocyte maturation groups, especially for type I and II, and CMI/RDI assessed by the FCM method after the administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg of 5-FU, the dose at which clear changes were obtained with the microscopic method. In the APHZ-administered rats, a dose-dependent increase in CMI/RDI coinciding with the enhancement of reticulocyte production was observed. The results suggested that the automated FCM method could be a useful and valuable tool to assess and predict impairments of erythropoiesis, especially for CMI and RDI, and could help in the diagnosis of hematological disorders in experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index in mothers of very-low-birthweight children now age 7.

Two measures, the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index were used to assess parents' stress and social support among mothers of 7-yr-old children born at very low birthweight. The MSSI Total scores did not significantly correlate with the PSI Total Child, Total Parent, or Total Stress Indices, although they were significant, but modestly correlated with scores on the Parent subscale of Social Isolation. The relationship between parental stress and maternal social support requires continued investigation.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Pathological characteristics, PCNA labeling index and DNA index in prognostic evaluation of patients with moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To study the relationship between prognosis and pathological characteristics, proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA-LI) and DNA index (DI) in patients with moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). METHODS: 51 cases of moderately differentiated HCC were analyzed with respect to the relation between their clinical follow-up data and pathological characteristics. Meanwhile, PCNA-LI of HCC cells was detected by immunohistochemistry assay and DI was measured by Feulgen staining and automatic image analysis technique. RESULTS: Patients with a single tumor nodule, less than 5 cm in diameter, no tumor emboli, no daughter nodules and necrosis had relatively better prognosis; patients with euploidy HCC had better prognosis than those with aneuploidy; among the aneuploidy patients those with DI<1.5 had better prognosis than the cases with DI>1.5; The higher the PCNA-LI, the worse would be the prognosis. The increase in DI was correlated with the increase in PCNA-LI, and both of them were correlated with the pathological changes of the tumor. CONCLUSION: A composite analysis of the pathological characteristics of tumor tissue, DI and PCNA-LI might be useful in predicting the prognosis of HCC patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Doppler evaluation of the fetal arterial circulation: reference values of the Resistance Index and Pulsatility Index between the 28th and 41st weeks of gestation].

The authors established reference ranges for the Resistance Index and the Pulsatility Index of the umbilical artery, the fetal descending aorta and the middle cerebral artery in order to facilitate the uniform evaluation of the Doppler ultrasound examination in obstetrics. 164 patients with uncomplicated pregnancies between the 28th and 41st weeks of gestation were recruited for the longitudinal assessment of Doppler Resistance Indices and Pulsatility Indices in the fetal and umbilical arteries. Data were retrospectively analysed in order to establish the weekly mean values and standard deviations. The mean values of the indices in three periods (I.: 28-31, II.: 32-36, III.: 37-41 weeks) were compared. The normal haemodynamic resistance is reflected by the Doppler indices within the weekly mean +/- 2SD range. The results designate decreasing haemodynamic impedance in the umbilical and in the middle cerebral arteries while the resistance to the blood flow in the abdominal aorta is constant throughout the third trimester of gestation. The introduction and the clinical application of the reference values provides appropriate interpretation of the physiologic fetal blood flow patterns which is the prerequisite of the diagnostic accuracy of the Doppler ultrasound in obstetrics.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1998

[Significance of resistance index and pulsatility index in differential diagnosis of breast neoplasm].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of the resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) in differential diagnosis between the benign and malignant breast neoplasms. METHODS: Forty-seven cases of malignant breast tumors, sixty-nine cases of fibroadenomas, seven cases of inflammatory masses and twenty-two cases of mammiplasia were demonstrated on color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). The measurements of RI and PI of the four groups were recorded respectively and the comparison between benign and malignant neoplasms was made by applying Doppler quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The color flow was detected in 59.4% of benign breast neoplasms and in 89% of malignant ones respectively (chi 2-test, P < 0.001). There were significant difference between benign and malignant neoplasms on the RI and PI. The malignant neoplasms were characteristic of higher RI (> or = 0.70) and PI (> or = 1.30), which were of satisfactory value for differential diagnosis, amounting to 95.5% of accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of both color Doppler analysis and 2D-US might remarkably increase the sensitivity and specificity of differential diagnosis of breast neoplasms. Our results confirmed the significance of color Doppler flow imaging and Doppler quantitative analysis on the differential diagnosis of breast neoplasms.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[A clinical study on solute removal index as an index to quantitate the adequacy of hemodialysis].

OBJECTIVE: In order to find a proper hemodialysis dosage and improve the life quality of the patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: A clinical study of solute removal index (SRI) was performed in 20 stable maintenance hemodialysis patients. Plasma BUN level was tested before and at the end of hemodialysis as well as 1 hr post-hemodialysis. Urea regeneration rate (G), protein catabolic rate (PCR), solute removal amount (R) and SRI were calculated by double-pool urea kinetic model. RESULTS: It is shown that urea rebound rate was (18.50 +/- 3.35)% 1 hr post-hemodialysis, R was (13.82 +/- 5.48)g, G was (4.85 +/- 1.39)g, PCR was (0.94 +/- 0.29)g x kg(-1) x d(-1), SRI was (71.33 +/- 6.80)% respectively. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that SRI is a better index to quantitate the adequacy of hemodialysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Anterior acetabular head index of the hip on false-profile views. New index of anterior acetabular cover.

The vertical-centre-anterior margin (VCA) angle quantifies the anterior cover of the femoral head. However, when the femoral head is deformed it may be difficult to identify its centre. We have therefore created a new index, the anterior acetabular head index (AAHI) which is measured on the false-profile radiograph. We measured the VCA and AAHI angles in 312 hips in which the centre-edge angle was >25 degrees. There were 250 patients, 86 men and 164 women, whose ages ranged from 20 to 65 years. The mean AAHI was 84.1% (81.7% in women and 88.5% in men). There was a correlation between the AAHI and VCA angles. Our data suggest that the AAHI is useful in the evaluation of anterior acetabular cover and that it is higher in men than in women.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of bibliographic citations received by Spanish anesthesiologists for work indexed by Science Citation Index, 1988-2002].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the international impact of articles published by authors in Spanish anesthesiology departments. METHOD: Citable articles indexed by Science Citation Index between 1988 and 2002 and authored by members of Spanish departments of anesthesiology were considered. Citations were counted 2 years and 5 years after publication. Authors and institutions were ranked according to number of citations received. We also determined the journals Spanish anesthesiologists most often chose for publishing their work. RESULTS: Of the 322 citable articles identified, 61.8% were cited in the 2 years following publication (total 587 citations), and 79.5% were cited within 5 years (total 1472 citations). The most frequently cited articles received 17 citations in 2 years and 45 in 5 years after publication. Articles from the Department of Anesthesiology of Hospital Clinic i Provincial of Barcelona received the largest number of citations (333 citations in 5 years). The author with the highest rate of citations received 11.57 per article. The author with the largest number of citations received 86. Anesthesia & Analgesia was the journal publishing the largest number of articles by Spanish anesthesiologists (35 articles). CONCLUSION: This citation analysis shows the international impact of publications by Spanish anesthesiologists.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2005

Targeting attention on local vulnerabilities using an integrated index approach: the example of the climate vulnerability index.

It is known that climate impacts can have significant effects on the environment, societies and economies. For human populations, climate change impacts can be devastating, giving rise to economic disruption and mass migration as agricultural systems fail, either through drought or floods. Such events impact significantly, not only where they happen, but also in the neighbouring areas. Vulnerability to the impacts of climate change needs to be assessed, so that adaptation strategies can be developed and populations can be protected. In this paper, we address the issue of vulnerability assessment through the use of an indicator approach, the climate vulnerability index (CVI). We show how this can overcome some of the difficulties of incommensurability associated with the combination of different types of data, and how the approach can be applied at a variety of scales. Through the development of nested index values, more reliable and robust coverage of large areas can be achieved, and we provide an indication of how this could be done. While further work is required to improve the methodology through wider application and component refinement, it seems likely that this approach will have useful application in the assessment of climate vulnerability. Through its application at sub-national and community scales, the CVI can help to identify those human populations most at risk from climate change impacts, and as a result, resources can be targeted towards those most in need.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Correlations of smoothness index and trough-to-peak ratio with left ventricular mass index changes induced by lercanidipine in hypertensive patients. A pilot trial.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of changes in left ventricular mass, with changes in office blood pressure (BP) and in 24-h ambulatory (ABP), with the trough-to-peak (T/P) ratio and with the smoothness index (SI), as induced by antihypertensive treatment with lercanidipine. METHODS: This was done through an observational, prospective, open, non-comparative, single centre, pilot study in patients naïve to antihypertensive therapy. All patients were treated with lercanidipine 10-20 mg/day plus hydrochlorothiazide 12.5-25 mg/day if treated BP exceeded an arbitrarily defined safety level (>160/100 mmHg) after 1 month on monotherapy. ABP monitoring was repeated after 1 month and after 6 months. Two-dimensional mode echocardiography was performed twice, at the beginning and end of the study. Seventeen patients were included in the final analysis (aged 45.8 +/- 10.7 years, 35% women). RESULTS: Treatment-induced changes in left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were not found to correlate neither with changes in office BP, with changes in ABP values, nor with T/P. However, a significant correlation was found between LVMI changes and SI at 6 months (r=0.50, P=0.039). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the SI has a higher predictive value, compared to other BP-derived parameters, for treatment-induced LVMI changes, in hypertensive patients treated with lercanidipine.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Correlation of DNA index and BrdU labeling index with clinicopathological factors in colorectal carcinoma].

We studied the usefulness of the DNA index (DI) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index (BLI) using fresh material from 71 patients with colorectal carcinoma. We compared the DI and BLI of the biopsy specimens with those of the resected specimens from 17 patients. These DI and BLI values were evaluated by flow cytometry. Neither DNA ploidy nor DI was correlated with other clinicopathologic factors. Intratumoral DI heterogeneity (DIH) was found in 33.8% (24/71) of tumors. Lymph node metastases were observed more often in cases with DIH than without DIH. The incidence of DIH was correlated with histologic stage. BLIs were higher in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma than in moderately and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. BLIs were not correlated with histologic stage. A significant correlation was observed between DI and BLI (r = 0.47, p less than 0.001). In cases without DIH, there was a good correlation between the DI values of the biopsy and resected specimens (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001). A significant correlation was also found between the BLI values of the two types of specimens (r = 0.69, p = 0.002). These results suggested that 4 biopsy specimens were adequate to estimate DI and BLI by FCM, and that DI and BLI values determined by FCM could facilitate the design of treatment regimens for preoperative patients.

Adenocarcinoma↗