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Results for “Human Reproductive Indexes”

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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Vaginal uterine artery ligation avoids high blood loss and puerperal hysterectomy in postpartum hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel, effective, and minimally invasive surgical technique for avoiding excess blood loss and hysterectomy in intractable postpartum hemorrhage. Previously described techniques-uterine artery ligation at various levels, hypogastric (internal iliac) artery ligation, uterine compression-all require an abdominal approach. METHODS: This procedure, which is quickly learned, is performable in the delivery room with minimal preparation, with or without bladder retraction. A 2-cm horizontal incision is made in the anterior cervix 1 cm beneath the estimated vaginocervical fold and the bladder reflected in the natural plane. Firm but gentle downward traction on the uterus to the contralateral side of the intended ligature maximizes cephalad and lateral access, permitting bilateral uterine artery ligation from laterally under direct vision and/or indirect transcervical palpation. RESULTS: Between November 1997 and June 2001, 13 women with intractable postpartum hemorrhage chose the vaginal route over laparotomy as a uterus-preserving procedure. Hysterectomy proved necessary in only one case (8%) because of placenta percreta. One woman has since delivered a healthy term infant by cesarean, and uterine vascularization was unimpaired. CONCLUSION: The vaginal route offers a novel, simple, effective, and minimally invasive technique for treating intractable puerperal hemorrhage by uterine artery ligation. Timely intervention avoids hysterectomy and consumption coagulopathy and preserves reproductive potential.

Arteries↗
PubMed2004

Strategies to prevent and treat preeclampsia: evidence from randomized controlled trials.

Preeclampsia-eclampsia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in mothers, fetuses, and neonates worldwide, most devastating in developing nations. Its cause is still uncertain, and many controversies exist concerning its management. The World Health Organization is aware of this and is coordinating a series of systematic reviews that focus on the etiology and the best strategies for the screening, prevention, and treatment of preeclampsia. This article summarizes results from systematic reviews of randomized trials to prevent and manage preeclampsia. There is a prophylactic role of modest magnitude for low-dose aspirin but the number to treat (90 women) to avoid one case of preeclampsia still is considered high. Antioxidant and calcium supplement trials remain to be completed before firm conclusions can be rendered on their efficacy for prevention. Magnesium sulfate is effective in preventing and treating eclampsia, while severe hypertension (with or without proteinuria) requires drug therapy, but there appears to be no benefits to treating mild to moderate hypertension without proteinuria in pregnancy. Finally, our review focuses on the quality of data reviewed, suggesting the need for better evidence, and discusses the use of systematic reviews as a strategy to focus future research on this important area of reproductive medicine.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Serum leptin through childhood and adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: Leptin is the protein product of the recently cloned ob gene, that has been implicated in the control of body weight and thermogenesis, but also independently stimulates the reproductive axis. As major changes in body composition and gonadal function occur during human adolescence, we have assessed serum leptin concentration through childhood. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Serum leptin was measured in a radioimmunoassay in samples from 235 healthy children from 5 to 18 years of age. Its relationship to body mass index (BMI) (expressed as standard deviation score (SDS)) and the changes in concentration both within and between sexes over the stages of puberty were analysed. RESULTS: Serum leptin was present at similar concentrations in both sexes over the prepubertal years and increased in parallel into early puberty (breast stage (B) 2, genital stage (G) 2). Thereafter serum leptin in the boys declined to a nadir in G5. In contrast in girls, leptin remained constant in mid-puberty rising to a peak at B5. Factors influencing leptin (BMI SDS, age and testicular volume) were assessed therefore in the pre- and peripubertal stages (B1-2, G1-2) compared to the later pubertal stages (B3-5, G3-5). In all groups, leptin was positively correlated to BMI SDS (r2 = 38-41% in girls, r2 = 31-35% in boys). However in B1-2 and G1-2, leptin was also positively related to age, which contributed a further 27% and 20% respectively to the variability. In B3-5, age only accounted for an additional 5% in leptin variability. In contrast in G3-5, leptin was related positively to BMI SDS (r2 = 35%) and negatively to testicular volume (r2 = 24%). CONCLUSIONS: The influence of BMI on leptin is a significant factor throughout the prepubertal and pubertal years of both sexes. The additional negative effect of testicular volume in the boys contributes to the sexual dichotomy in leptin concentration at the completion of puberty. The similar rise in leptin over the prepubertal years into early puberty in both sexes, related not only to BMI SDS but also independently to age, would suggest that leptin may have a facilitatory role in human pubertal development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Attachment loss with postmenopausal age and smoking.

To determine whether postmenopausal bone loss and factors associated with osteoporosis affect tooth retention, we examined vertebral and proximal femoral (postcranial) bone mineral density in relation to tooth loss and attachment loss in a cross-sectional study of 135 postmenopausal women (age range 41-70 yr). Women had at least 10 teeth and no evidence of moderate or severe periodontal disease. Full-mouth attachment loss measurements were made using a pressure-sensitive probe, and bone density was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Attachment loss was correlated with tooth loss (number of remaining teeth, radiologically determined), but not with vertebral or proximal femur bone density. Multivariate analysis showed current smoking (p = 0.01), years since menopause (p = 0.02) and the interaction of age and current smoking (p < 0.01), to be statistically significant predictors of attachment loss in our study population.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

Bone density in a population of long term oral contraceptive pill users does not differ from that in menstruating women.

Prevention of osteoporosis is a major public health issue. Amenorrhoeic women have lower bone density than normally menstruating women, which is related to the duration of amenorrhoea and the severity of oestrogen deficiency. Bone mineral density (BMD) in amenorrhoeic women can be improved by oestrogen replacement in the form of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), so increased BMD might be an important non-contraceptive benefit of the COCP in menstruating women. Previous studies have been variably reported, but have used different methodologies for measurement of BMD. We measured BMD using the DEXA technique in long term COCP users and compared this with menstruating women who had never used the COCP. No differences in bone density were found, suggesting that the COCP does not improve bone mass in menstruating women who are adequately oestrogenised by their own ovaries.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1981

Short-term retention of temporal information.

The main purpose was to determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing the time-aiding techniques. Visual time lengths of 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 20 sec. of rest, and 20 sec. of interpolated activity, i.e., counting backwards by threes. The variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects hold time lengths of 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. in memory for a period of 20 sec. of rest or 20 sec. of interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately. The variability between the 20 sec. of rest and the 20 sec. of interpolated activity retention intervals was similar. Two explanations for the lack of an interaction between time lengths and retention interval under the variable error were suggested. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Immediate reproduction of the retention interval had less mean constant error than 20 sec. of rest retention under the 32-sec. time length. The particular result was explained in perceptual terms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Torsion of para-ovarian cyst: a cause of acute abdomen.

Torsion of uterine adnexa is an important cause of acute abdominal pain. Torsion of ovarian masses is quite common and isolated torsion of fallopian tube has also been reported in literature. However, torsion of para ovarian cyst is a very rare. We report a rare case of twisted para ovarian cyst resulting in secondary torsion of the fallopian tube. Torsion of fallopian tube and para ovarian cyst are usually seen in the reproductive age group. Physicians need to maintain a high index of suspicion for this uncommon and often difficult to diagnose cause of abdominal pain.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1998

An epidemiologic investigation of reproductive hormones in men with occupational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a potent synthetic surfactant used in industrial applications, is a peroxisome proliferator that has resulted in dose-related increases in hepatic, pancreatic acinar, and Leydig cell adenomas in laboratory animals. In addition, PFOA increased serum estradiol levels through the induction of hepatic aromatase activity. In 1993 and 1995, we conducted two cross-sectional studies of 111 and 80 production workers, respectively, and specifically measured their serum PFOA in relation to several reproductive hormones to determine whether such an effect occurs in humans. PFOA was not significantly associated with estradiol or testosterone in either year's study. A 10% increase in mean estradiol levels was observed among employees who had the highest levels of serum PFOA, although this association was confounded by body mass index. Neither was PFOA consistently associated with the other measured hormones. Our results provide reasonable assurance that, in this production setting, there were no significant hormonal changes associated with PFOA at the serum levels measured. Limitations of this investigation include its cross-sectional design, the few subjects exposed at the highest levels, and the lower levels of serum PFOA measured, compared with those levels reported to cause effects in laboratory animal studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effect of chronic irradiation of 60Co-gamma-ray at low dose rate on rhesus monkey - effect on peripheral blood and testis.

The authors have demonstrated that after a long-term chronic irradiation of 2.17 rad/day for 2 months, the testis of the experimental monkey (Macaca mulatta) is extremely atrophied with a loss of reproductive ability. But the effect on peripheral blood is not apparent even after irradiation for 57 months. It should be noted that rhesus monkeys, being as sensitive to irradiation and similar in evolutionary steps as human beings, could be used as experimental animals to further study the dose rate for aspermatogenesis, the morphological injuring effect on the reproductive system and the cytogenetic effect of irradiation, and this is highly important to working out a standard of promised dose of irradiation for X-ray workers and an index or radiation protection monitoring.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Exposure of young men to organochlorine pesticides in Southern Spain.

It has been hypothesized that endocrine disruptors and especially synthetic estrogenic environmental contaminants (xenoestrogens) are etiologic factors in the global decrease of sperm counts and other problems of the male reproductive tract, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular cancer. This possibility has prompted research into the current and historical incidence of these diseases. The largest area of intensive greenhouse agriculture in Europe is near the Mediterranean coast of Southern Spain, where this activity has greatly expanded since the 1960s. We determined and compared levels of 14 organochlorine pesticides in the blood of 220 young males in Southern Spain. Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfans, and DDT and its metabolites were identified. Detectable concentrations of p,p'-DDE were found in 96% of serum samples. Among the remaining DDTs, o,p'-DDD was the most prevalent, detected in 65% of serum samples. Detectable concentrations of endosulfan I or II or their metabolites endosulfan-diol, or -sulfate were found in all samples; endosulfan-diol was the most frequently detected metabolite (92%) followed by sulfate. Results indicate that men of reproductive age in Southern Spain have been and are exposed to organochlorine pesticides. Because many of these chemicals have estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity, further research is warranted to interpret the male reproductive health consequences of this exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

An analysis of the pattern of pregnancy loss in women with recurrent miscarriage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of pregnancy loss in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (RM). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: A tertiary referral center for RM. PATIENT(S): Five hundred thirty-eight subjects with RM. INTERVENTION(S): Women with antiphospholipid syndrome were treated with clexane and aspirin; some patients with uterine anomalies underwent corrective surgery, and some cases of retarded endometrium were treated with hMG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy outcome, including the stage of pregnancy at which pregnancy loss occurred. RESULT(S): In women with a prothrombotic state, the miscarriage rate before the detection of fetal heart activity (early loss) in the untreated group (50%) was significantly higher than in the treatment group (17.5%). In women with a uterine anomaly, the early loss rate and the later loss rate (after detection of fetal heart activity) were both increased. Women with retarded endometrium, women with >/=6 losses, and older women (>/=41 years) are more likely to have a further early loss but not a later loss. CONCLUSION(S): An understanding of the patterns of pregnancy loss provides further insight into the mechanism of the reproductive failure, which has implications for treatment.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2002

Effects of sex steroid hormones and menopause on serum leptin concentrations.

Leptin is a protein secreted by adipocytes; its circulating levels are correlated to fat mass and it acts on the hypothalamic centers regulating body weight. Leptin may also play an important role in regulating reproductive function. Indeed, ob/ob mice, lacking leptin due to a genetic mutation, are obese and infertile; administration of recombinant leptin to these animals reduces body weight and restores fertility. A sexual dimorphism in serum leptin levels has also been observed, with higher concentrations in women. Studies in vitro seem to indicate that estrogens stimulate leptin secretion, while in vivo studies are extremely discordant. In humans, several studies showed increased, unmodified and decreased leptin levels after the menopause. Furthermore, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) after the menopause was reported to result in unmodified, increased or decreased leptin levels. It is likely that the effects of postmenopausal hypoestrogenism on leptin levels are masked by the postmenopausal changes in body composition. Indeed, after menopause, there is an increase in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass with a centralization of fat distribution. Administration of HRT may stop these changes and even restore a premenopausal pattern, leading then to decreased leptin levels.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Reliability and clinical usefulness of the short-forms of the Wechsler memory scale (revised) in patients with epilepsy.

PURPOSE: The Wechsler Memory Scale-R (WMS-R) is often used for the evaluation of patients with epilepsy, but is time consuming. Two shortened forms of the WMS-R have been published in an effort to reduce the time involved in the test. The purpose of this study is to cross-validate these abbreviated forms in patients with epilepsy. METHODS: We assessed 103 consecutive patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy being treated in our epilepsy unit. The WMS-R was administered to all patients. The reliability of two shortened versions of the WMS-R were evaluated. The appraisal was performed taking into account the side of the epileptogenic region. The statistical analyses were carried out with the Pearson's correlation and with the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Both shortened formulas showed good reliability coefficients for predicting the General Memory and Delayed Recall Indices. In the overall accuracy of the predictions by both short forms no significant differences were found among the three study. groups (right, left or bilateral). However, when considering the predictive error only the three-subtest formulas comprising logical memory, verbal paired associates and visual reproduction efficiently predicted performance, regardless of the side of the epileptogenic region. Of the predicted scores in the overall sample, 92 and 97% fell below the standard error of measurement for general and delayed memory index, respectively. Both short forms correctly classified 89-94% of the performances at the average or impaired level. CONCLUSIONS: The short form of the M-MS-R using three subtests (logical memory, verbal paired associates and visual reproduction) is reliable and time-efficient for estimating the General and Delayed Recall Memory indexes in patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The ecology of birth seasonality among agriculturalists in central Africa.

The Lese are subsistence farmers living in the Ituri Forest of north-east Zaïre. They exhibit significant birth seasonality, with lowest frequencies of conception when food production is least, nutritional status is low and ovarian function, as measured by salivary steroid hormone levels, is reduced. Efe pygmy foragers, who live in the same geographical area but are less dependent on cultivated foods and have a more flexible life style, do not exhibit frequent fluctuations in nutritional status nor significant birth seasonality. These findings support a model of birth seasonality relating climatic variables to variation in fertility through a causal chain linking rainfall to food production to energy balance to ovarian function to fertility. The model, which emphasises an ecological approach to the study of human reproduction, should have broad applicability since seasonality of food production and energy balance is widespread geographically and across a wide variety of economies and cultures.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Patenting human genes: when economic interests trump logic and ethics.

To date, over 5,000 applications have been filed with United States Patent Office for patents on human genes. More than 1,500 of these applications have been granted. Other jurisdictions are experiencing a similar rush to mine and protect genomic gold. This paper argues that although many jurisdictions allow the patenting of human genes, this is ethically indefensible and amounts to an unjustified appropriation of a general human heritage. Economic and legal arguments in favour of patenting are considered and rejected. Reference is made to the Wellcome Trust Consortium's initiative and the Merck Gene Index Project, which place patented genetic information into the public domain.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1982

Short-term retention of temporal auditory information.

To determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques, auditory durations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. were estimated by 30 subjects by reproduction. Five levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 30-sec. rest, 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 0 bit per response, 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 1 bit per response, and 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 2 bits per response. Variable error evaluated effects of forgetting. When subjects hold durations of 8, 16, and 32 sec. in memory for a 30-sec. rest or 30-sec. interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately. The variabilities between the 30-sec. rest and the 30-sec. interpolated activity retention intervals were similar. Two explanations for the presence of an interaction between duration and retention interval under the variable error were suggested. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Immediate reproduction of the retention interval had less mean constant error than 30-sec. rest retention under the 8-, 16-, and 32-sec. durations. That particular result was explained in perceptual terms.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Premenstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhea in relation to emotional distress factors in adolescents.

The extent to which premenstrual symptoms occur when they are distinguished from primary dysmenorrhea and the relationship of premenstrual symptoms to other emotional distress in adolescents is not well understood. This pilot investigation examined relationships between premenstrual symptoms, dysmenorrhea and emotional distress factors in a sample of 165 females, ages 15-19 years. Premenstrual symptoms were correlated with dysmenorrhea (r = 0.54, p < 0.0001). Subjects with premenstrual symptoms had significantly more emotional distress than the normal group as assessed by the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90), an objective self-report questionnaire. In contrast, dysmenorrhea had no relationship with the SCL factors and no interaction with premenstrual symptoms in relation to emotional distress. The SCL scores significantly decreased from baseline (2 years earlier) in the normal group but not in the premenstrual symptom group. The data show that premenstrual symptoms were associated with other emotional distress factors in adolescents while dysmenorrhea was not. A further prospective, longitudinal study of menstrually-related symptoms in adolescents is needed to learn about the development of these premenstrual symptoms that may be related to the premenstrual syndrome seen clinically in the later reproductive years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Pelvic inflammatory disease: education for maintaining fertility.

PID is a serious health problem that affects the reproductive potential of women. Education regarding risk factors and prevention of PID are primary prevention strategies that can minimize loss of future fertility potential. Acute episodes of PID can be successfully managed by clinicians using a high index of suspicion and initiating prompt, aggressive treatment for patients and partners. Ongoing follow-up and counseling can minimize repetitive threats to reproductive loss and circumvent the need for reparative fertility surgery.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗