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PubMed1980

Golf philately.

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Golf↗
PubMed1996

Tendinitis in golf.

The term tendinitis has been used in a universal fashion to describe a variety of pathologic conditions. This article examines the pathology of tendon failure. The anatomy of the tendon and the spectrum of tendon injuries are discussed. Histologic evaluation of injured tendons usually reveals areas of tendinosis, or tendon degeneration, with an occasional inflammatory infiltration the paratenon, the outer connective tissue lining layer. A variety of treatment options are presented.

Golf↗
PubMed1996

Shoulder pain in golf.

This discussion and the three case examples illustrate different etiologies of shoulder problems in the golfer. Age and the mechanics of an individual swing are factors to consider when defining the core problem. In summarizing shoulder pain in the golfer, perhaps the key point is that a thorough patient evaluation is essential to diagnose the problem accurately. It is only with a specific and accurate diagnosis that an optimal treatment program can be designed, and successful outcomes will be the result.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Identification of a nonmammalian Golf subtype: functional role in olfactory signaling of airborne odorants in Xenopus laevis.

Attempts to identify the Galpha subtypes in the two compartments of the olfactory system from Xenopus, which are supposed to be specialized for detecting aquatic and volatile odorous compounds, revealed that a Galpha(o1) subtype is characteristic for the "water nose," the lateral diverticulum, whereas a novel Galpha(s) subtype predominates in the "air nose," the medial diverticulum. The newly identified Galpha(s)-type is more closely related to Galpha(olf) of rat and human than to the known Galpha(s)-isoform of Xenopus; it is therefore considered the first identified nonmammalian Galpha(olf) subtype. Sequence comparison of Galpha(olf) from amphibia and mammals revealed a particular conservation within the alpha-helical domains, which are supposed to control the GDP/GTP-exchange rate. The selective expression of different Galpha subtypes in the two anatomically separated and functionally specialized nasal compartments parallels the expression of distinct classes of olfactory receptors. Moreover, biochemical analysis revealed that stimulation with appropriate odorous compounds elicits the formation of inositol trisphosphate in the lateral diverticulum. In contrast, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signals were induced in the medial diverticulum, and this response appears to be mediated by the novel Galpha(olf) subtype. The data indicate that olfactory sensory neurons in each of the nasal cavities are equipped not only with defined sets of receptor types but also with a distinct molecular machinery for the chemo-electrical transduction process.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Changes in PKA activity and Gs alpha and Golf alpha levels after amphetamine- and cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.

Neuroadaptations in the cAMP signal transduction system have been proposed to play a critical role in psychostimulant-induced behavioral sensitization. Studies relevant to this hypothesis have provided conflicting evidence, however, because repeated cocaine and amphetamine treatment has been alternately reported to either increase or decrease protein kinase A (PKA) activity in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. In an attempt to reconcile these disparate findings, PKA activity and the stimulatory G-protein subunits, G(salpha) and G(olfalpha), were measured after rats had received a sensitization-inducing regimen of amphetamine or cocaine. Results showed that seven consecutive daily injections of amphetamine or cocaine produced locomotor sensitization and caused a reduction in accumbal PKA activity. A challenge injection of amphetamine on the test day also reduced dorsal striatal PKA activity. G(salpha) levels were unaffected by psychostimulant exposure, while G(olfalpha) levels in the nucleus accumbens declined significantly after amphetamine or cocaine pretreatment. Because repeated amphetamine and cocaine treatment both induced behavioral sensitization and decreased accumbal PKA activity, it appears that psychostimulant-induced increases in PKA activity are not necessary for the ultimate expression of behavioral sensitization.

Amphetamine↗