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PubMed1995

Benefits and burdens: researching the consequences of migration in the Sahel.

The consequences of rural out-migration for women and natural resource management are analyzed for four locations in the Sahel region of Africa, located in Burkina Faso, Senegal, Sudan, and Mali. The results show that "the impact of migration on women's management of natural resources varies considerably depending on prevailing gender divisions and relations of labour, of land access and control, and of responsibilities towards family and personal production."

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Incidence of shoulder and neck pain in a working population: effect modification between mechanical and psychosocial exposures at work? Results from a one year follow up of the Malmö shoulder and neck study cohort.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of mechanical exposure and work related psychosocial factors on shoulder and neck pain. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 4919 randomly chosen, vocationally active men and women ages 45-65 residing in a Swedish city. Neck and shoulder pain were determined by the standardised Nordic questionnaire. Mechanical exposure was assessed by an index based on 11 items designed and evaluated for shoulder and neck disorders. Work related psychosocial factors were measured by the Karasek and Theorell demand-control instrument. MAIN RESULTS: High mechanical exposure was associated with heightened risk for shoulder and neck pain among men and women during follow up. Age adjusted odds ratios (OR) were 2.17 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.65, 2.85) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.06), respectively. In women, job strain (high psychological job demands and low job decision latitude) correlated with heightened risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.31). These risk estimates remained statistically significant when controlled for high mechanical exposure regarding job strain (and vice versa), and for sociodemographic factors. Testing for effect modification between high mechanical exposure and job strain showed them acting synergistically only in women. CONCLUSION: Job related mechanical exposure in both sexes, and psychosocial factors in women, seem independently of each other to play a part for development of shoulder and neck pain in vocationally active people. The effect of psychosocial factors was more prominent in women, which could be the result of biological factors as well as gender issues. These results suggest that interventions aiming at reducing the occurrence of shoulder and neck pain should include both mechanical and psychosocial factors.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of the effects of low childhood socioeconomic position and low adulthood socioeconomic position on self rated health in four European studies.

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequalities in health are a persistent feature throughout Europe. Researchers and policy makers are increasingly using a lifecourse perspective to explain these inequalities and direct policy. However, there are few, if any, cross national lifecourse comparisons in this area. METHODS: Associations between socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood and in adulthood and poor self rated health among men and women at midlife were tested in four European studies from England (n = 3615), France (n = 11 595), Germany (n = 4183), and the Netherlands (n = 3801). RESULTS: For women, mutually adjusted analyses showed significant associations between poor self rated health and low SEP in both childhood and adulthood in England and the Netherlands, only low childhood SEP in Germany and neither childhood nor adulthood SEP in France. For men, mutually adjusted analyses showed significant associations between poor self rated health and low SEP in both childhood and adulthood in France and the Netherlands, only with adult SEP in England and only with childhood SEP in Germany. CONCLUSION: In most countries adult SEP showed stronger associations with self rated health than childhood SEP. There are both gender and national differences in the associations between childhood and adulthood SEP. Policies designed to reduce inequalities in health need to incorporate a lifecourse perspective that is sensitive to different national and gender issues. Ultimately, more cross national studies are required to better understand these processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Treating sexually transmitted infections in primary care: a missed opportunity?

OBJECTIVES: To explore patterns of primary care attendance, barriers to the use of primary care, and views on services in a population of first time genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic attenders. METHOD: A cross sectional survey of new patients attending a mainly walk-in outer London GUM clinic, in which responses were linked to clinical data. RESULTS: 40.5% of all patients and 39.9% of those with an STI had already seen a GP for their current problem. This did not vary with age or symptom status. Duration of symptoms was highly significantly longer in patients who had attended a GP than in patients who attended a GUM clinic in the first instance. When patients who had not seen a GP were asked the reason for this, a third of responses cited the convenience of a GUM clinic or difficulty in accessing primary care services, while only 3% cited embarrassment and only 2% examination or gender issues. CONCLUSION: Many patients initially attend GP services for STIs, and primary care is therefore already an important setting with potential for STI control. However, delay in treatment through attendance at primary care, and barriers in access to primary care, need to be addressed in the planning of future services.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Overview: the sex of the therapist.

Research studies about the relevance of therapist gender to assessment, duration of treatment, and satisfaction with treatment or its outcome provide no clear, replicable results salient to decision making. Psychoanalytic and other clinical writings deal with the impact of clinician gender on the course or outcome of psychotherapy. Effects appear to depend on many factors, including the type and goal of psychotherapy, the patient's developmental level, the early relationship with parents, and the nature of object relationships and specific conflictual areas, as well as the therapist' sensitivity and value system regarding gender issues. No specific conclusions as to optimal patient-therapist matches on the basis of therapist sex appear warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Professional classifications of American nurses, 1910 to 1935.

Nursing's claim to professional status is debatable. The purpose of this historical study is to describe the official classifications of American nurses as professionals or nonprofessionals, from 1910 to 1935. Labor legislation before World War I, military decisions during that war, and federal mandates during the Great Depression resulted in differing professional classifications of nurses. Although nurse leaders aspired to traditional criteria of professionalism, such as individual responsibility and a deep, distinct body of knowledge, these criteria were subsumed by political, financial, and gender issues. This study demonstrates that professional status cannot be assured by attainment of professional criteria alone, but is defined by more diverse and complex issues.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender relations and housing: a cross-community analysis.

Housing is not only a technological product, it is also a product of culture and gender relations. Gender differentiation in the means adopted to meet basic needs, access to religious spaces, social interaction, ownership and inheritance systems is reflected in built technology, affecting housing elements like the quality and size of space. And just as gender differentiation affects the structure of the house, so also the structure of the house reveals existing hierarchies and perpetuates different access to opportunities. It adds to difficulties in sharing household responsibility and comes in the way of efficiently running the household, affecting women's health and reinforcing existing gender relations. This paper studies gender relations as they affect housing in the case of the Newar community of Khokana village in Nepal. To highlight key points, illustrative examples are taken from a Karen and an Isan village in Thailand.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender, culture, and architecture in Ahmedabad and Berlin.

Spatial and social processes are inextricably linked. Hence gender relations as an inherent part of social relations get built into the spatial forms of any society. Spatial segregation by sex was a mark of traditional societies. This has diminished somewhat in contemporary societies due to various factors, perhaps the most important being the entry of women into the public sphere and their participation in income-earning activities. This paper looks at traditional, modern and postmodern housing in two cities--Ahmedabad and Berlin--through the lens of gender and culture. While there have been changes in housing over time, these changes have not been in proportion with the changes in gender relations in society which, in turn, have not kept pace with the way women's needs and priorities have changed. Housing must necessarily reflect the current needs of a society, and that entails reflecting the needs of both women and men equally.

Asia↗