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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Analysis of the superantigen-producing ability of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains of various serotypes isolated from patients with systemic or gastroenteric infections, wildlife animals and natural environments.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a pathogen causing gastroenteritis as well as acute and systemic infections. This organism produces a superantigenic exotoxin, designated Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen (YPM). We consider this exotoxin to be the primary pathogen of the systemic type infection. In this study, we examined 101 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from various sources, patients with the systemic or the gastroenteric type of infections, wildlife animals and natural environments for the presence of the YPM gene and the production of YPM or other related superantigens. We found that all of the strains isolated from patients with systemic type infection carried the YPM gene and produced YPM. A certain proportion of the organisms isolated from patients with the gastroenteric type infection, wildlife animals or natural environments did not carry the YPM gene nor produced superantigens. These results suggest that YPM is involved in the pathogenesis of the systemic type of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification of viral agents causing gastroenteritis among children in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases affecting children and rotavirus is the major etiological agent worldwide. Although the role of rotaviruses as a causal agent of gastroenteritis has been previously established in Argentina, little is known about the frequency of other gastrointestinal viruses. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to determine the frequency of calicivirus in comparison with rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus type 40/41 in our country. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty six diarrhea patients (10%) =3 years of age, were randomly selected from a previous series (9/1997-8/1998) and virus frequency determined using RT-PCR and/or commercial EIAs. In addition, we sequenced the RNA polymerase region of calicivirus-positive samples to characterize Argentine strains. RESULTS: We detected at least one viral agent in 48.5% (32/66) of the patients. Rotavirus, calicivirus, astrovirus, and enteric adenovirus were found in 17, 16, 5, and 2 children, respectively. Sequence analysis of 4 calicivirus positive samples allowed us to identify a strain clustered to Lorsdale virus, one strain clustered with Manchester virus and two strains clustered with London/92 virus. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that calicivirus and rotavirus are major agents of gastroenteritis in children younger than 3 years of age in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Unfortunately, viral diagnosis is seldom available in Argentine hospitals and coproculture results are mostly negative. Our data supports the need to develop rapid and sensitive tests for calicivirus diagnosis. The introduction of affordable viral diagnosis in our pediatric hospitals will improve patient care by reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2005

[Benign seizures associated with mild gastroenteritis: apropos of two cases].

INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of benign seizures in association with viral gastroenteritis without dehydration or fever is well recognized in Asia, but it is virtually unknown in other parts of the world. This is a benign process that does not lead to a greater risk of epilepsy or developmental deterioration. CASE REPORTS: We describe two infants who were admitted to our department over a 1-year period with acute convulsions and mild gastroenteritis. The seizures were brief and did not recur after the first day. In both cases the outcome was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: This entity does not appear exclusively in Asia and its frequency may have been underestimated in Spain. This diagnosis should be borne in mind in patients with gastroenteritis and seizures to avoid intensive and/or prolonged antiepileptic treatment.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Gastroenteritis in London and Jamaica: a clinical and bacteriological study.

The flora of both faeces and small bowel lumen was studied in children with gastroenteritis from London, England, and Kingston, Jamaica. Clinical and laboratory differences between these two groups are described. All bacterial groups in the faeces were greatly altered during gastroenteritis and this particularly affected anaerobic organisms. These changes generally reverted rapidly to normal after the illness. The small bowel flora was also altered during gastroenteritis; there was a tendency for a wider range of organisms including anaerobes to be isolated from the children in Jamacia than from those in England.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Infectious gastroenteritis in Norfolk Island and recovery of viruses from drinking water.

A high incidence of gastroenteritis in both islanders and tourists has been recorded in recent years on Norfolk Island--a popular tourist resort for Australians and New Zealanders. No bacterial cause has been found. However, electron microscopic examination of 28 faecal specimens revealed viruses associated with gastroenteritis in 21 (75%). No viruses were isolated in cell cultures. Bore water is used for drinking purposes on the island and 32 samples from 15 bores were examined for viruses by electron microscopy and culture as well as for bacterial contamination. Seven polioviruses (all type 1 vaccine strain) and adenoviruses 1 and 5 were isolated in cell cultures. In addition one rotavirus, one adenovirus and two small round viruses were detected by electron microscopy. Six of 21 samples tested showed unacceptably high levels of bacteria for drinking water. The deep ground water has apparently become contaminated with sewage effluent and is almost certainly the main cause of the high level of gastroenteritis on the island.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1991

A large outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a small round structured virus among schoolchildren and teachers in Japan.

In March 1989 a large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred simultaneously among schoolchildren and teachers at nine elementary schools in Toyota City, Japan. Illness was observed in 3236 (41.5%) of 7801 schoolchildren and 117 (39.4%) of 297 teachers. The main clinical symptoms were diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. Gastroenteritis was significantly associated with the consumption of school lunch served by one particular lunch preparation centre. One food handler at the centre suffered from gastroenteritis during the outbreak. Small round structured virus (SRSV) was detected in 4 of 8 stool specimens from sick persons. The school lunch contaminated by the infected food handler is the most probable source of this outbreak due to SRSV.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2003

A large infantile gastroenteritis outbreak in Albania caused by multiple emerging rotavirus genotypes.

By the end of December 2000, the epidemiological system 'Alert' of the Public Health Institute in Tirane reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. The outbreak involved children in Tirane and in the rural area. In total, 2722 children were seen in Tirane Hospital and 982 (56.4%) were treated for acute gastroenteritis. The age group with the highest morbidity was 0-5 years (89.7%), followed by the 6-9 (6.2%) and 10-15 years age groups (4.1%). The distribution of acute gastroenteritis cases, which occurred along the same water distribution system, suggests a waterborne origin. The nucleic acid amplification confirmed the co-circulation of different genotypes of rotavirus, mainly P[8]G9 and P[8]G3, responsible for the outbreak. Other enteric viruses such as astrovirus serotype 1, adenovirus and Norovirus, genogroups I and II were detected. Co-infections with different rotavirus genotypes and even with different enteric viruses were detected in several samples.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with Norovirus in nursing homes.

An increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks due to Norovirus has been reported worldwide. We investigated a large-scale outbreak affecting 246 residents and 33 staff members in six nursing homes in the Tel-Aviv district, Israel, during 3 weeks in 2002. Person-to-person spread was noticed in all nursing homes. The spread of disease could not be attributed to social interactions. Among the elderly residents, the hospitalization rate was 10.2% and the case-fatality rate was 2.0%. Bacteriological cultures were negative. Overall, 7 out of 15 stool specimens were positive for Norovirus by RT-PCR. All were sequenced and found to be 90% identical. The characteristics of this outbreak and the RT-PCR results suggest that illness was caused by Norovirus. Due to the high case-fatality rate of Norovirus gastroenteritis, there should be a high index of suspicion when encountering a gastroenteritis outbreak among the elderly. This will enable prompt action to stop the spread of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers.

Although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. We investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (RR = 14.1, 95% CI = 2.0-97.3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. Norwalk-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from several company employees, the sick food handler whose specimen was obtained 10 days after resolution of illness, and an asymptomatic food handler. All RT-PCR product sequences were identical, suggesting a common source of infection. These data support observations from recent volunteer studies that current recommendations to exclude food handlers from work for 48-72 h after recovery from illness may not always prevent transmission of Norwalk-like viruses because virus can be shed up to 10 days after illness or while exhibiting no symptoms.

Caliciviridae Infections↗
PubMed1998

Detection of campylobacter in gastroenteritis: comparison of direct PCR assay of faecal samples with selective culture.

The prevalence of campylobacter gastroenteritis has been estimated by bacterial isolation using selective culture. However, there is evidence that certain species and strains are not recovered on selective agars. We have therefore compared direct PCR assays of faecal samples with campylobacter culture, and explored the potential of PCR for simultaneous detection and identification to the species level. Two hundred unselected faecal samples from cases of acute gastroenteritis were cultured on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR assay. Culture on CCDA indicated that 16 of the 200 samples contained 'Campylobacter spp.'. By contrast, PCR assays detected campylobacters in 19 of the 200 samples, including 15 of the culture-positive samples, and further identified them as: C. jejuni (16), C. coli (2) and C. hyointestinalis (1). These results show that PCR offers a different perspective on the incidence and identity of campylobacters in human gastroenteritis.

Campylobacter↗
PubMed2001

Use of montelukast as steroid-sparing agent for recurrent eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis generally respond well to corticosteroids but relapses are common. Patients with relapsing disease are usually placed on long-term low-dose prednisone or immunosuppressive therapy. Here we reported on a patient with severe steroid-dependent eosinophilic gastroenteritis who was able to successfully taper off steroids and maintain remission after starting montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist. To our knowledge, this is the first use of montelukast as a steroid sparing agent for eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Acetates↗
PubMed1997

Antiemetic activity of ondansetron in acute gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of nausea and vomiting associated with gastroenteritis is unknown. The role of 5-HT3 receptors in emesis associated with gastroenteritis was investigated in paediatric patients. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in three groups of 12 patients each, receiving either a single i.v. dose of ondansetron (0.3 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.3 mg/kg) or placebo (sterile saline). Food was restricted and oral rehydration was administered for 4 h. RESULTS: During 0-24 h, the number of emetic episodes experienced was significantly greater (P = 0.048) with placebo (mean = 5) than ondansetron (mean = 2) and the proportion of patients experiencing no emesis was significantly greater (P = 0.039) with ondansetron (58%) than placebo (17%). A numerical difference, in favour of ondansetron, was observed between ondansetron and metoclopramide groups for both of the above parameters. Fewer treatment failures were observed with ondansetron (17%) than placebo (33%) and metoclopramide (42 %). More diarrheal episodes were observed in the groups receiving anti-emetic treatment. All three treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Ondansetron, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist, was significantly superior to placebo in preventing emesis associated with acute gastroenteritis, in paediatric patients. Therefore, serotonin, acting through 5HT3 receptors, may play a role in this form of emesis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic gastroenteritis after pediatric liver transplantation.

Reports indicate peripheral eosinophilia (PE) and gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation can occur after pediatric liver transplantation. The incidence of these conditions, potential risk factors, and the impact of PE and gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation on liver transplant outcome were determined in this pediatric liver transplant program. Medical records of liver transplant recipients from 1 to 97 and from 12 to 99 were reviewed. Fifty-seven transplants on 54 patients were performed during the study period. Fifty-three patients were evaluated; all had normal pre-transplantation peripheral eosinophil counts. PE of > 10% developed in 28% of patients. Using this definition, all such identified patients had absolute eosinophil counts of > 350/mm3. History of immediate hypersensitivity did not differ between patients with or without eosinophilia. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy was performed in 23 patients with gastrointestinal complaints. Of those, six had eosinophilic gastroenteritis and all six had PE. Compared with patients without eosinophilia, those with PE were younger at the time of transplantation (p < 0.05), had more frequent rejection (p < 0.01), were more commonly managed with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression (p < 0.001), and experienced more frequent episodes of detectable EBV viral load (p < 0.04). Patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis were more frequently retransplanted (p < 0.006). PE associated with symptomatic eosinophilic gastroenteritis is common after pediatric liver transplantation. Age at transplant, frequency of rejection episodes, tacrolimus-based immunosuppression, and EBV viral load may be associated with the development of this condition. There may be higher rates of graft loss in such patients. Whether innate immune responsiveness or an acquired immune dysregulation accounts for these findings merits further evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Non-typhoid Salmonella gastroenteritis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features of non-typhoid Salmonella gastroenteritis and the incidence, risk factors and outcome of invasive complications in urban Malaysian children. To describe the serotypes of Salmonella species isolated and the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective review of a group of 131 children with non-typhoid Salmonella gastroenteritis seen at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from January 1994 to December 1996. RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent were infants below one year of age. Fever and vomiting were seen in nearly half of children. Seven children (5.3%) had invasive complications: 5 bacteraemia and 2 meningitis. Age below 6 months, fever > 38.0 degrees C, and dehydration on admission were significantly associated with invasive complications. The commonest serotypes isolated were S. enteritidis, S. paratyphi B, and S. bovis-morbificans. A total of 94-100% of isolates were susceptible to commonly prescribed antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Children with Salmonella gastroenteritis below 6 months of age who are febrile and dehydrated should be treated empirically with antibiotics until the result of blood culture is available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Gastroenteritis and environmental health among Aboriginal infants and children in Western Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively examine rates of hospitalization of infants and children in Western Australia for gastroenteritis from 1994 through 2000. METHODOLOGY: Analysis of hospital separations data from the Hospital Morbidity Data System of the Department of Health, Western Australia. RESULTS: Rates of hospitalization of Aboriginal infants and children for gastroenteritis from 1994 to 2000 in Western Australia were approximately seven times higher than for their non-Aboriginal peers. This was despite some decline in Aboriginal hospitalization rates over the study period. This may have been due to a simultaneous decline in hospital admissions of non-Aboriginal infants and children. Rates of hospitalization of Aboriginal infants and children were much higher in non-metropolitan rather than in metropolitan regions. There was a remarkable fall in the deaths of Aboriginal infants and children from gastroenteritis between 1970 and 2000. There were no deaths recorded in Western Australian hospitals from this disease from 1990 to 2000.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Viruses causing gastroenteritis.

Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in humans worldwide. Viruses are recognized as important causes of this disease, particularly in children. Since the Norwalk virus was identified as a cause of gastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated with diarrheal disease in humans has steadily increased. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Astrovirus, calicivirus and enteric adenovirus are also important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other viruses, such as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses and pestiviruses, are increasingly being identified as causative agents of diarrhea. In recent years, the availability of diagnostic tests, mainly immunoassays or molecular biology techniques, has increased our understanding of this group of viruses. The future development of a safe and highly effective vaccine against rotavirus could prevent, at least, cases of severe diarrhea and reduce mortality from this disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Human caliciviruses and pediatric gastroenteritis.

Surveillance using molecular diagnostic methods developed in the past decade shows that human caliciviruses, particularly the Noroviruses, are the most important cause of pediatric acute gastroenteritis, next to rotavirus. Noroviruses also cause severe gastroenteritis in children, requiring hospitalization. The Sapovirus, a morphologically and genetically distinct genus of calicivirus, cause mainly milder endemic pediatric gastroenteritis. Noroviruses and Sapoviruses are genetically and antigenetically diverse, and multiple genetic types cocirculate in the same community. Human caliciviruses still cannot be cultivated in cell culture or in an animal model. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in the classification, diagnosis, and vaccine development, as well as in the recent discovery of Norovirus recognizing human histoblood group antigens as receptors. Major developments in this field are expected to occur in the near future.

Caliciviridae↗
PubMed1999

A hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis possibly related to the contamination of tap water by a small round structured virus.

Small round structured viruses (SRSVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis in institutions and sensitive new molecular techniques allow rapid diagnosis and the establishment of control measures. In January 1999, a 10 day-long outbreak of gastroenteritis in a re-education ward, was reported by a hospital hygiene department. A potential common source of contamination was tap water. The stools of six patients with gastroenteritis and seven tap water samples from the hospital ward, were tested for SRSV by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): three stools and four water samples, all bacteriologically negative, were SRSV-positive. Nucleotide sequencing of a fragment of the SRSV polymerase gene showed that the sequences of the positive samples (two patients and four water samples) were identical (genogroup II). We cannot exclude interhuman transmission of SRSV together with viral soiling of some taps in the ward, but this hospital infection was more likely due to the transient contamination of the ward supply of drinking water with a SRSV strain.

Caliciviridae Infections↗