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PubMed1991

Effect of Panax ginseng on age-related changes in the spontaneous motor activity and dopaminergic nervous system in the rat.

Effects of Panax ginseng on the spontaneous motor activity and central dopaminergic systems in old rats were investigated and compared with those in young rats. Oral intake of a 1.8% water extract of Panax ginseng for four weeks produced an increase in spontaneous motor activity during the dark period in old rats, while it caused a decrease in the activity in young rats. After the intake of ginseng extract for five weeks, it caused a significantly low dopamine utilization in the daytime in the striatum of old rats, while it produced a high dopamine utilization in the structure of young rats. Concentrations of striatal dopamine D-2 receptors in old rats were significantly lower than that in young rats, although subchronic Panax ginseng did not affect the striatal D-1 and D-2 receptors of old rats. These results suggest that subchronic intake of ginseng extract inhibits the activity of nigro-striatal dopamine neurons in the daytime and activates spontaneous motor activity during the dark period in old rats, while it produces opposite effects in young rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Anti-stress effects of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng: a comparative study.

Stress is a global menace fortified by the advancement of industrialization. Failure of stress management is due to lack of proper evaluation of anti-stress products. We explored the anti-stress potential of the Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba, 30 mg/kg, p.o.) and compared it with that of Panax ginseng (P. ginseng, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) against acute stress (AS) and chronic stress (CS) models in rats. Immediately after AS and CS, the rats were sacrificed, and adrenal glands and stomach were dissected out for weight determination and scoring of the ulcer index (UI), respectively, as well as changes in biochemical parameters like plasma glucose (GL), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CL), creatine kinase (CK), and serum corticosterone (CORT) were also estimated. AS significantly increased UI, adrenal gland weight (AGW), GL, CK activity, and CORT, whereas G. biloba significantly reduced them. P. ginseng significantly reverted GL and CK activity. In CS, a significant increase was found in the UI, AGW, CK activity, and CORT with a decrease in the level of CL and TG. G. biloba did not produce any significant effect on CS-induced alterations. P. ginseng reduced the UI, AGW, plasma GL, TG, CK activity, and CORT level significantly. From the above study, G. biloba is more effective in AS, whereas for CS, P. ginseng will be a better option. Hence these extracts possess significant anti-stress properties and can be used for the treatment of stress-induced disorders.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2002

Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of Panax ginseng.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Panax ginseng ingestion can acutely or chronically alter electrocardiographic parameters: PR, QRS, QT, QTc, and RR intervals, and QT and QTc interval dispersion. Effects of P. ginseng on blood pressure and heart rate also were evaluated. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of healthy adults at the University of Connecticut. Thirty subjects were randomly allocated to receive 28 days of therapy with either P. ginseng extract 200 mg or placebo. Baseline 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained. Subsequent ECGs were performed following study drug ingestion at 50 minutes, 2 hours, and 5 hours on days 1 and 28. Blood pressure readings were taken with each ECG. RESULTS: P. ginseng ingestion increased the QTc interval by 0.015 seconds on day 1 at 2 hours compared with the placebo group (p = 0.03). It also reduced diastolic blood pressure from 75 +/- 5 mm Hg at baseline to 70 +/- 6 mm Hg at the same time point (p = 0.02). The observed effects are not believed to be clinically significant. No other statistically significant changes were found in electrocardiographic or hemodynamic variables on days 1 or 28. CONCLUSIONS: P. ginseng, at doses of 200 mg of the extract daily, increases the QTc interval and decreases diastolic blood pressure 2 hours after ingestion in healthy adults on the first day of therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Systematic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the evidence for the efficacy of ginseng (Panax spp.) on cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipid profiles, and blood glucose, and to summarize reported cardiovascular adverse events. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, AMED, BIOSIS, CAB, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials databases through July 2005 and performed hand searches of bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Short- or long-term, randomized, controlled trials and nonrandomized studies published in English were included. Data were extracted in a standardized manner, and 2 independent investigators assessed methodologic quality of the studies. Thirty-four studies were identified with results for blood pressure, lipids, and/or blood glucose. Due to heterogeneity of the studies, we were unable to perform a meta-analysis. Data on cardiovascular adverse events were extracted from events reported in identified studies and from case reports. DATA SYNTHESIS: The majority of studies were short term. Ginseng may slightly decrease blood pressure compared with placebo (range 0-4%). We found mixed results for an effect on lipids, with 5 of 9 studies showing improvement in one or more lipid parameters compared with baseline (range 7-44%). We identified several studies showing that ginseng lowers blood glucose, but overall studies were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence does not support the use of ginseng to treat cardiovascular risk factors. Some studies suggest a small reduction in blood pressure. Despite some evidence showing that ginseng lowers blood glucose and improves lipid profiles, well-designed, randomized, controlled trials evaluating its effects are lacking.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventive effects of various ginseng saponins on the development of copulatory disorder induced by prolonged individual housing in male mice.

Recently, we found that virtually all male mice failed to display copulatory behavior following prolonged individual housing. The present study was conducted to investigate whether or not ginseng saponin components prevent the development of this copulatory disorder. ICR male mice were housed individually for 5 weeks after weaning, followed by a 10-min encounter with an estrous female mouse. The following constituents of red ginseng powder were administered intraperitoneally once per day throughout the individual housing period: crude ginseng saponins and pure ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rg1, and Ro. Three elements of copulatory behavior (mounting, intromission and penis licking) were determined. Following prolonged individual housing only one mouse in the vehicle-treated group displayed mounting. Chronic treatment with crude ginseng saponins (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly lessened the severity of copulatory disorder in a dose-dependent manner. Ginsenoside Rg1 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) also resulted in a significantly higher incidence of copulatory behavior as compared to the individually housed vehicle-treated group, whereas ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Ro were ineffective. This evidence indicates that ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the ingredients of red ginseng root that acts on male copulatory behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Panax ginseng and Eleuthrococcus senticosus extracts--in vitro studies on binding to steroid receptors.

We have examined the binding of 44% saponin from Panax ginseng, and extracts from Eluthrococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) to classical steroid receptors in vitro. Both extracts had demonstrable affinity for progestin, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors; the Siberian ginseng also bound to estrogen receptors. Highest affinity binding was to glucocorticoid receptors, with an approximate Ki of 8 x 10(-6) M for Panax ginseng. Such interactions may explain the reported glucocorticoid-like effects of ginseng in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng.

Ginseng has been used for several thousand years in the Orient as a tonic, prophylactic agent and 'restorative'. However, its efficacy has been established primarily through clinical experience as opposed to scientific verification of its pharmacological effects. Ginseng has been used by athletes as an ergogenic aid for many years, but there is an absence of compelling research evidence in support of its use for this purpose. Indeed, most of the support favouring the use of ginseng to enhance physical performance is of a testimonial nature. While studies with animals show that ginseng or its active components may prolong survival to physical or chemical stress, there is, generally, a lack of controlled research demonstrating the ability of ginseng to improve or prolong performance in fatigued humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ginseng on newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this double-blind placebo-controlled study, 36 NIDDM patients were treated for 8 weeks with ginseng (100 or 200 mg) or placebo. Efficacy was evaluated with psychophysical tests and measurements of glucose balance, serum lipids, aminoterminalpropeptide (PIIINP) concentration, and body weight. RESULTS: Ginseng therapy elevated mood, improved psychophysical performance, and reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body weight. The 200-mg dose of ginseng improved glycated hemoglobin, serum PIIINP, and physical activity. Placebo reduced body weight and altered the serum lipid profile but did not alter FBG. CONCLUSIONS: Ginseng may be a useful therapeutic adjunct in the management of NIDDM.

Affect↗
PubMed1999

Pollen ultrastructure of Panax(the ginseng genus, Araliaceae),an eastern Asian and eastern NorthAmerican disjunct genus.

Pollen of ten species of Panax and six species of Aralia was examined in light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Grains of both genera have similar complex apertures, short columellae, and overlapping tectal sculptures, suggesting a close relationship. Most species of Panax have pollen characterized by striato-reticulate tecta, short columellae, thick foot layers, costa ectocolpi, and lalongate endoapertures. The eastern North American P. trifolius, commonly known as the dwarf ginseng, has a distinctive pollen morphology and exine structure, supporting the hypothesis of its phylogenetically isolated position. Pollen of the eastern Asian P. ginseng (ginseng) can be distinguished from the eastern North American P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) by differences in ultrastructure. The monophyly of the three medicinally important species, P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius, suggested by triterpenoid data, is not supported by pollen data. The results of the pollen study are generally congruent with those from the sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Antiepileptic activity of Panax ginseng against pentylenetetrazole induced kindling in rats.

In the present study, Panax ginseng was evaluated for its antiepileptic activity against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced chemical kindling in rats. PTZ was injected at the dose of 30 mg/kg, i.p. on alternate days and the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic convulsions were considered as the end point. One group received Panax ginseng every day, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, 30 min prior to PTZ injection whereas the other group received an equal volume of distilled water to serve as control. In a separate group the rats were evaluated for motor performance tests after Panax ginseng. The rats treated with Panax ginseng showed significant protection as compared to vehicle treated PTZ injected rats. The study suggests to potential of Panax ginseng against seizures.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[The study on fingerprint of compound ginseng injection by powder X-ray diffraction].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the fingerprint of "Compound Ginseng Injection", including Ginseng and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (Chenpi) raw material, their intermediate and injection by powder X-ray diffraction. METHOD: Powder X-ray diffraction was used to analyze Ginseng and Chenpi raw material, their intermediate and injection, contrasted and analyzed the graphs to establish the fingerprint. RESULT: The fingerprint of Ginseng and Chenpi raw material, their intermediate and injection was established. Furthermore, the fingerprint of them showed an excellent recurrence and stability. CONCLUSION: Powder X-ray diffraction method can be used to control the quality of "Compound Ginseng Injection".

Citrus↗
PubMed2004

[RAPD- and allozyme analysis of genetic variability of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and P. quinquefolius L].

Inter- and intraspecific variation of two ginseng species Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius was estimated by studying 159 RAPD and 39 allozyme loci. Parameters of polymorphism and genetic diversity were determined and a tree was constructed to characterize the differences between individual plants, samples, and species. Genetic variation in P. ginseng proved to be lower than in P. quinquefolius. Gene diversity in the total P. ginseng sample was comparable with the mean expected heterozygosity of herbaceous plants. This suggests that wild P. ginseng plants in various areas of the currently fragmented natural habitat and cultivated plants of different origin have retained a significant proportion of their gene pool. The mean heterozygosity calculated per polymorphic locus for the RAPD phenotypes is similar to that of the allozyme loci and may be helpful in estimating gene diversity in populations of rare and endangered plant species.

Enzymes↗
PubMed2004

[Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from American ginseng seeds and bioassay of fungicides against the pathogenic fungi].

OBJECTIVE: Detect the pathogenicity of fungi isolated from American ginseng seeds and select new fungicides against the pathogenic seed-born fungi. METHOD: inoculate the isolates to American ginseng seedlings to detect the pathogenicity, and seeded the hyphae disk at the center of agar plate containing chemicals to do fungicide bioassay. RESULT: Fusarium sp. isolate 5 and Alternara sp. isolate 13 had pathogenicity to American ginseng seedling. Sportak had the strongest inhibition to the two isolates, Carbendazim had better inhibition and Celest had weak inhibition. CONCLUSION: Sportak and Celest could be used as efficacious candidate chemicals to treat or coat the American ginseng seeds, and substitute Carbendazim, which has been used for many years, to control the diseases occurring in seedling stage of American ginseng.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2005

[Ginseng modulates the immune response via its effect on cytokine production--secondary publication].

Ginseng has been shown to modulate the immune system. In this study, ginseng"s effects against chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in animal models and its cytokine-modulating effects on leukocytes were investigated. Leukocytes cultured with ginseng produced more interleukin-12. Animal models treated with ginseng s.c. showed a much faster bacterial clearance, milder lung pathology, activation of phagocytes and a Th1 immune response. These results suggest that ginseng treatment induced a Th1-like immune response, which improved the pathologic course in our animal models.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in ginseng and other botanical roots by immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain molds and are common contaminants of many important food crops, such as grains, nuts, and spices. Some mycotoxins are found in fruits, vegetables, and botanical roots. These contaminants have a broad range of toxic effects, including carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The public health concerns related to both acute and chronic effects of mycotoxins in animals have prompted more than 100 countries to establish regulatory limits for some of the well-known mycotoxins, such as the aflatoxins (AFL). Our research focused on method development for 2 of these toxins, AFL and ochratoxin A (OTA), in ginseng and other selected botanical roots. Methods using an immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup, liquid chromatographic separation, and fluorescence detection were modified and evaluated. Two types of IAC cleanup were evaluated: IAC for AFL, and IAC for both AFL and OTA. Three derivatization techniques to enhance the fluorescence of the AFL were compared: precolumn trifluoroacetic acid, postcolumn bromination, and postcolumn ultraviolet irradiation. No derivatization was needed for OTA. Results for AFL using the single analyte IAC cleanup and the 3 derivatization techniques were all comparable for ginseng and for other roots such as ginger, licorice, and kava-kava. Recoveries of added AFL for ginseng at levels from 2 to 16 ng/g were about 80%. Using IAC cleanup for both AFL and OTA recoveries of added AFL for ginseng at 4-16 ng/g were about 70%, and for ginger, licorice, and kava-kava were about 60%. Recoveries of added OTA for ginseng, ginger, and echinacea at 4 ng/g were about 55%.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of lignin content in tiny Panax ginseng by UV spectrophotometry].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the UV spectrophotometry for determining lignin content in tiny Panax ginseng powder. METHODS: Classical Klason method and UV spectrophotometry were used. RESULTS: The lignin contents measured by UV spectrophotometry were higher, more repeatable and accurate as comparison with the Klason method. The specific absorptance peak of ginseng lignin appeared at 260 nm. The acetyl bromide treatment of the UV spectrophotometry was processed for ginseng powder at 70 degrees C for 30 minutes. It is also concluded that the lignin contents were obvious different among various ginsengs. CONCLUSION: UV spectrophotometry is simple, accurate and just need a little materials. It is especially suitable to determine the lignin content for ginseng and other precious Chinese traditional medicines.

Lignin↗
PubMed2006

Effect of ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene combined with CTX on telomere-telomerase system in K562 cell line.

This study was aimed to investigate the modulating effects on telomere length and telomerase activity in K562 cells treated by arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) and to explore the possible mechanism and new therapy for acute leukemia. Human erythroleukemic cell line K562 was co-cultured with the above-mentioned drugs. Cells were collected after 24, 48 and 72 hours for further detection. Telomere length and telomerase activity were detected by Southern-blot and PCR-ELISA respectively. The effects of these drugs were observed at different concentrations and exposure time. The results showed that (1) ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene, or CTX could completely inhibit the telomerase activity of K562 cells at proper concentrations and exposure time. The inhibiting effects were enhanced when the three former drugs were used with CTX. Telomerase activity decreased proportionally with the concentrations and length of time. (2) viability of K562 cells was decreased after being co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene and CTX. The level of inhibition depends on the concentration and exposure time. (3) telomere length of K562 cells was 5.36 +/- 0.18 kb. After being co-cultured with those drugs for 72 hours, telomere length was 5.90 kb -6.50 kb, significantly longer than that of control (5.18 - 5.35 kb). It is concluded that arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene can inhibit the growth and telomerase activity of K562 cells. The inhibiting effects were enhanced when they were used in combination with CTX. The depression of telomerase activity may be one of the mechanisms of anti-tumor effect. Less dosage and shorter course can be expected when arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene are used in combination with CTX. When telomerase activity was depressed, the telomere length prolonged a little, indicating K562 cell line may extend telomeres by some alternative way other than telomerase activation.

Arsenic Trioxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of a standardized ginseng extract combined with dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements on physical performance during exercise.

The subjects of this double-blind, randomized, crossover study were 50 healthy male sports teachers aged 21 to 47 years. Every day for six weeks each subject received two capsules of a preparation containing ginseng extract, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, or two capsules of placebo. The subjects then performed an exercise test on a treadmill at increasing work loads. The total work load and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise were significantly greater after the ginseng preparation than after placebo. At the same work load, oxygen consumption, plasma lactate levels, ventilation, carbon dioxide production, and heart rate during exercise were significantly lower after the ginseng preparation than after placebo. The effects of ginseng were more pronounced in the subjects with maximal oxygen consumption below 60 ml/kg/min during exercise than in the subjects with levels of 60 ml/kg/min or above. The results indicate that the ginseng preparation increased the subjects' work capacity by improving muscular oxygen utilization.

Adult↗