SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Part-whole relations play a critical role in the OpenGALEN Common Reference Model. We describe how particular characteristics of the underlying formalism have influenced GALEN's view on partonomy, and in more detail discuss how specific modelling issues have driven development of an extended set of partitive semantic links.
Clinical terminologies are complex objects, getting more complex as the requirements on them grow, and as more complex technologies are used in their construction. But to the clinical end-user, functionality and utility is important, not inherent complexity--the simpler a clinical terminology can be for the end-user, the better. To reconcile these contradictory requirements, the GALEN Programme has developed an Intermediate Representation that allows the OpenGALEN Clinical Terminology to retain a high degree of internal complexity, whilst allowing it to be efficiently maintained, and easily used. This paper describes the elements of the Intermediate Representation, how it works, and some experience of its use.
This paper is a short biography of Galen that lived during the of reign Adrianus, between the years 129 and 216 AD. Satirus, Estratonicus and Escrion were his makers and he lived in Alexandria, Pergamus and Rome. He had difficult relationships with his contemporary colleagues due to his revolutionary medical concepts, but had important contributions to the knowledge of medicine.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neonates with vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) presenting with cardiac failure have high morbidity and mortality, and outcomes are significantly better in those presenting in later childhood. Neurologic outcomes in survivors are perceived to be uniformly poor, which may lead to the neonate being denied treatment. We assessed outcomes of modern neonatal intensive care and endovascular embolization in a consecutive series of such neonates presenting with cardiac failure. METHODS: Between 1996 and 1998, five infants (three male, two female) were diagnosed with symptomatic VGAMs in the first week of life, four of whom had intractable, high-output cardiac failure and underwent initial endovascular treatment. There were 15 endovascular procedures and one neurosurgical clipping in these five patients. Transarterial and transvenous routes were required, using multiple embolic agents. We emphasized the use of sonographically guided, percutaneous transtorcular-venous-access, moveable-core guidewire as an embolic agent; routine MR imaging; and MR angiography. RESULTS: Immediate outcomes included control of cardiac failure with normal neurologic function in four (80%) patients and one (20%) death from intractable cardiac failure. On follow-up examination, three (60%) infants showed no evidence of neurologic abnormality or cardiac failure; one (20%) infant showed moderate developmental delay. Two have had no further shunting on angiography, one has minimal flow, and one is awaiting follow-up imaging. CONCLUSION: Endovascular therapy with modern neuroanesthetic and neurointensive care can provide good outcomes even in the highest-risk neonates with VGAMs and cardiac failure. If medical management of cardiac failure fails, and there is no evidence of gross cerebral parenchymal damage on imaging, urgent endovascular treatment is feasible and can reduce the almost-100% mortality otherwise expected, without invariably severe morbidity. Use of multiple embolization strategies in multiple stages usually is necessary in these patients, and novel approaches and embolic agents may be necessary.
The GALEN technology has matured over more than a decade of use. We describe a set of software tools and associated methodologies that together are supporting ontological engineering in a production, rather than a research setting.
This note calls attention to Galen's use of different, nonrational elements of Hellenic culture and society in the construction of his case histories.
The Author examines two similar theories about the functioning of human brain as a refrigerator: Falk's and Fialkowski's (1990) and Aristotle's (IVth century b.C.). There are surprising, although fortuitous, convergences between the two, with the remarkable difference, however, that Artistotle's doctrine (later severely criticized by Galen) thinks of the brain merely as an organ for the cooling of the body's (the heart's) heat, while according to the modern radiator theory the human brain developed starting as a refrigerator of itself.
Why is the relationship between Galen and his female patients particularly difficult?
The period before Galen (including his time) is known as ancient herbal period of pharmacy, which is an important component in the developing history of pharmacy. Some characteristics and rules about early pharmacy development are reflectd from the origin of pharmacy, Babylonian - Assyrian pharmacy, ancient Egyptian pharmacy, ancient Greek pharmacy and Rome pharmacy in different periods and areas.
The Anatomical Procedures is Galen's most complete treatise on anatomy, which the Western culture came to know only in the Renaissance. Its first Latin translation was made by Demetrius Chalcondylas (1423-1511). He was a teacher of some translators of the ancient Greek physicians, and an owner of many Greek medical manuscripts. The translation by Chalcondylas was revised and published by Berengario da Carpi in 1529, and was reprinted only once, in 1531. Its philological analysis proves that it depends on a Greek manuscript, a copy of Par. gr. 1849, which is now lost. The humanist physician Nicolo Leoniceno knew the translation by Calchondylas before it was published, for he quoted it in his Apologia printed in 1522. Therefore, this translation circulated as a manuscript, which was so far ignored.
This study attempts to reflect on the role of authority in academic medicine during the lower Middle Ages. We chose a topic - the mechanisms of visual perception - that may have been potentially controversial in medieval classrooms, as the historical authorities Aristotle and Galen disagreed on this phenomenon. Whether conflict arose between authorities, and whether it necessitated reconciliation or explanation, are investigated in the light of the problem faced by the medieval physician who had to explain the vision of nonexistent objects. In our article we also reproduce six questiones composed by university physicians of the Studia in Sienna, Bologne and Montpellier, who dealt with the problem.
We wished to renew the study of such an important subject with the translation and the comment on this synopsis. Besides we wished to realize if there were any differences with a previous translation made on a different text. We did not find any outstanding diversity between the two texts and we could point out that the authorship of this synopsis is neither to be attributed to Galen nor to Rufus, but to an author who followed the principles of the Alexandrian Herophilus in the interpretation of the wrist.
The Hippocratic doctor does not believe any more in magico-religious "miasmata" that pollute whole populations; he accuses the environmental air, thus freeing his fellow-men from the fear of gods' wrath but impeding the rise of the concept of contagion and disconnecting his own experience from the vet's. Galen however observing a few cases of lepra in Minor Asia intuits human contagion.
Galen, who was certainly not a great amateur of women, nevertheless was interested in some disfunctions of sexual activity in men. Although he develops a theory about the problem, he is matter of fact as far as daily life is concerned, and, even if he quotes him, quite different from what Epicurus used to be.
Galen builds his andrology on animals dissections which he enlarges upon human anatomy by analogy, so it's very difficult to recognize the organs he describes, especially adenoeideis parastatai. His physiology of male sexual apparatus is based on the theory that semen comes from blood perfectly cooked in gonadics vessels and testicles. As usual, he tries to demonstrate Aristotle's principle on perfection of Nature's acts by experimentation, logic, imagination and sometimes insincerity.
The pseudo-Galenic De spermate, a theoretical treatise on reproduction that was probably translated into Latin in the early Salernitan period and remained influential throughout the Middle Ages, provides valuable information about medieval ideas concerning the male reproductive system. The emphasis is on reproductive physiology. The text describes semen as a fluid that is originally drawn from the four bodily humours, primarily blood, is turned into sperm by coction in specific veins and arteries, and passes through the man's body along spermatic vessels, first ascending to the head and from there desending through particular organs to the testicles, where it is finally made complete for emission. The text also contains a description of male reproductive anatomy, including the internal structure of the testicles. Male reproductive pathology is not explored in any detail in this theoretical account, but a few potential problems in reproductive funtioning are mentioned in the discussion of physiological processes.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We herein present our experience in diagnosing and treating 13 children with vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAM), with an emphasis on possible prognostic indicators, endovascular strategies, factors affecting treatment during the neonatal period, and long-term follow-up. With this review, we hope to identify those factors that have the most significant prognostic value in determining long-term outcomes in children with VGAM. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the radiology studies, hospital charts, and outpatient clinic chart notes (when applicable) of 13 children evaluated and treated for VGAM at a single tertiary care pediatric hospital. Clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and outcome were documented for each child. The present neurologic status and level of function of each patient was determined by review of the outpatient charts and direct contact with the clinicians who were conducting the follow-up. Outcome was graded on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (death) to 4 (normal), taking into account only neurologic and developmental characteristics. RESULTS: Eight of 13 patients presented as neonates with congestive heart failure. The other five patients ranged in age from 4 months to 13 years at the time of presentation. The five patients presenting outside of the neonatal period achieved normal or near-normal outcomes. Two of the eight patients presenting during the neonatal period achieved normal or near-normal outcomes, one experienced significant impairment, and the other five died. We were unable to identify significant differences in outcome on the basis of differences in treatment strategies. CONCLUSION: Our experience confirms that children with VGAM presenting during the neonatal period have a generally much worse prognosis than do those presenting later in childhood. Complicating factors in the management and treatment of these children are discussed in light of their impact on outcome.
A fluoroscopy fade technique in the embolization of a vein of Galen malformation in a 10-week-old infant is discussed herein. The availability of the fluoroscopy fade function eliminated the necessity of road mapping during the procedure and permitted minimal usage of contrast material and minimal radiation exposure for the patient. Techniques used during the embolization and the benefits of the fluoroscopy fade feature are also described.