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PubMed1967

Friend Leukemogenic Virus-neutralizing Antibody from Mouse Ascitic Fluid.

Ascitic fluid antibody produced in C57/B1 mice immunized with Friend leukemogenic virus exhibited potent neutralizing activity. In vitro neutralization tests revealed that a mean neutralization index of 3.0 was achieved, and it was shown by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation that this antibody resembled the 7S type. A mean yield of 6.7 ml of fluid per mouse per weekly paracentesis was obtained over an 8-week period. The ascitic fluid antibody to Friend virus was also active in vivo. Mice given antibody 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after infection with Friend virus did not develop the splenomegaly characteristic of Friend disease.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of the FRIENDS programme: a cognitive behaviour therapy intervention to promote emotional resilience.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of the FRIENDS programme. METHODS: Uncontrolled before and after assessment of the FRIENDS programme, a 10 session cognitive behaviour therapy programme. A total of 213 children aged 9-10 years from six primary schools were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, Culture Free Self-Esteem Questionnaire, qualitative assessment of acceptability. RESULTS: End of programme data from 197 children (92.5% of eligible sample) showed significantly lower rates of anxiety (t = 2.95, df = 384) and significantly improved levels of self-esteem (t = 3.13, df = 386). Significant improvements were obtained in over half of those children with the most severe emotional problems. A total of 190 children (89.2%) completed a qualitative assessment of acceptability: 154 (81%) thought it was fun, 147 (77.4%) would recommend it to a friend; 137 (72.8%) thought they had learned new skills, and 78 (41.1%) had helped someone else with their new skills. CONCLUSIONS: The FRIENDS programme appears to be an efficacious and acceptable way to promote emotional resilience (reduced anxiety and increased self-esteem) in primary school aged children, consistent with previous studies in Australia. Further controlled studies are needed to assess natural history of anxiety and self-esteem and whether benefits are maintained over time.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Baby-Friendly: snappy slogan or standard of care?

Breastfeeding offers significant protection against illness for the infant and numerous health benefits for the mother, including a decreased risk of breast cancer. In 1991, UNICEF and WHO launched the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative with the aim of increasing rates of breastfeeding. "Baby-Friendly" is a designation a maternity site can receive by demonstrating to external assessors compliance with the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. The Ten Steps are a series of best practice standards describing a pattern of care where commonly found practices harmful to breastfeeding are replaced with evidence based practices proven to increase breastfeeding outcome. Currently, approximately 19,250 hospitals worldwide have achieved Baby-Friendly status, less than 500 of which are found in industrialised nations. The Baby-Friendly initiative has increased breastfeeding rates, reduced complications, and improved mothers' health care experiences.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2004

Toxoplasma gondii infection in animal-friendly pig production systems.

PURPOSE: Consumption of undercooked pork meat products has been considered a major risk factor for contracting toxoplasmosis in humans. Indoor farming and improved hygiene have drastically reduced Toxoplasma infections in pigs over the past decades. Whether introduction of animal-friendly production systems will lead to a reemergence of Toxoplasma infections in pigs is not yet known. Investigating this possibility was the purpose of this study. METHODS: Blood was obtained from pigs raised for slaughter and tested for Toxoplasma antibodies by using latex agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence testing, with confirmation by immunoblotting. RESULTS: None of the slaughter pigs (n = 621) from conventional farms (n = 30) were positive, whereas 38 (2.9%) of 1295 animals from animal-friendly systems tested positive (n = 33 farms; 13 [39%] farms positive). CONCLUSIONS: The following conclusions may be derived from this study: Conventionally (indoors) raised pigs are free from Toxoplasma infection, and (2) animal-friendly production systems may lead to a reemergence of Toxoplasma infections, although many of these farms remain Toxoplasma free. Slaughterhouse monitoring of pigs from animal-friendly production systems combined with on-farm prevention strategies should be applied to ensure safety for consumers of the meat products obtained from these animals.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Posttraumatic stress among young children after the death of a friend or acquaintance in a terrorist bombing.

The effects of traumatic loss on children who reported a friend or acquaintance killed in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of a federal office building were examined. Twenty-seven children who lost a friend or acquaintance and 27 demographically matched controls were assessed eight to ten months after the bombing. All but three of the children continued to experience posttraumatic stress symptoms. Those who lost a friend watched significantly more bombing-related television coverage than those without losses. Those who lost a friend had significantly more posttraumatic stress symptoms at the time of the assessment than those who lost an acquaintance. Parents and those working with children should be alert to the impact of loss even when it involves nonrelatives.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1987

A psychoeducational workshop for depressed patients, family, and friends: description and evaluation.

Since 1982 depressed patients enrolled in a treatment study at the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic and their family and friends have participated in a day-long psychoeducational workshop conducted by the clinic's staff. The workshop is designed to help family and friends become useful, long-term resources for patients with recurrent depression and to enlist their assistance in the treatment study. During the morning session, the group discusses the symptomatology, theory, etiology, and treatment of depression, and staff describe the treatment study. In the afternoon, patients and their families and friends meet separately, the patients to discuss methods of coping with depression and interacting with significant others, and the families to discuss the impact of the patient's depression on their lives and to share common problems. More than 83 percent of family and friends who evaluated the workshop considered it moderately or extremely helpful. The results of the evaluation are summarized.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Alkahest NuclearBLAST : a user-friendly BLAST management and analysis system.

BACKGROUND: Sequencing of EST and BAC end datasets is no longer limited to large research groups. Drops in per-base pricing have made high throughput sequencing accessible to individual investigators. However, there are few options available which provide a free and user-friendly solution to the BLAST result storage and data mining needs of biologists. RESULTS: Here we describe NuclearBLAST, a batch BLAST analysis, storage and management system designed for the biologist. It is a wrapper for NCBI BLAST which provides a user-friendly web interface which includes a request wizard and the ability to view and mine the results. All BLAST results are stored in a MySQL database which allows for more advanced data-mining through supplied command-line utilities or direct database access. NuclearBLAST can be installed on a single machine or clustered amongst a number of machines to improve analysis throughput. NuclearBLAST provides a platform which eases data-mining of multiple BLAST results. With the supplied scripts, the program can export data into a spreadsheet-friendly format, automatically assign Gene Ontology terms to sequences and provide bi-directional best hits between two datasets. Users with SQL experience can use the database to ask even more complex questions and extract any subset of data they require. CONCLUSION: This tool provides a user-friendly interface for requesting, viewing and mining of BLAST results which makes the management and data-mining of large sets of BLAST analyses tractable to biologists.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Relationship quality moderates the effect of social support given by close friends on cardiovascular reactivity in women.

We examined the role of the type of support provided, gender of support provider, and relationship quality in predicting how social support might influence cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress in women. A group of 88 women received either emotional, instrumental, or no support from a close female or male friend while performing a series of speech tasks. Results suggest that the effectiveness of social support for women depended primarily on the quality of the friendship (i.e., purely positive, or ambivalent). More specifically, women who interacted with a female, ambivalent friend had the largest changes in diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and pre-ejection period compared to the other conditions. Furthermore, receiving emotional support from a purely positive friend was related to lower increases in cardiac output (CO) compared to a no-support condition. In contrast, receiving emotional support from an ambivalent friend was related to larger increases in CO and only small changes in TPR when compared to individuals in the no-support condition. These data are discussed in light of the psychosocial processes underlying social support effects in women, and the importance of a more comprehensive view of how close relationships influence cardiovascular function.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Role of Ca2+ in preserving viability of Friend erythroleukaemic cells after ultramicroinjection.

Ca2+ facilitated the fusion by Sendai virus of Friend erythroleukaemic cells and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells but not that of hepatoma tissue culture cells. In the absence of Ca2+ Sendai virus caused the complete depletion of ATP and abolished protein synthesis in Friend erythro-leukaemic cells fused with each other. Addition of high concentrations of Ca2+ (10-20 mM) partially protected the cells from ATP depletion. After a further incubation of cells in complete medium plus 0.2 mM adenine, ATP levels and protein synthesis were restored to 60-85% of those of the untreated control. The protective effect of Ca2+ was used to improve the ultramicroinjection method which involves the fusion of human erythrocyte ghosts with cells. When human erythrocyte ghosts containing high K+ were fused with Friend erythroleukaemic cells in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+ ATP levels and protein synthesis after recovery were about 60-85% of the control. Friend erythroleukaemic cells subjected to ultramicroinjection under these conditions had a cloning efficiency of 75-95% of that of the untreated controls. In these experiments 70-100% of the cells had fused with ghosts. Induction of haemoglobin synthesis by dimethylsulphoxide was unimpaired in cells subjected to ultramicroinjection under the same conditions.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Among friends? An examination of friendship and the self-serving bias.

Do friends bound each other's self-enhancement tendencies? Do friends display the self-serving bias (SSB; i.e. taking individual credit for success but blaming a partner for failure)? Dyads consisting of either friends or strangers engaged in an interdependent-outcomes creativity test, received bogus success or failure feedback at the dyadic level, and made responsibility attributions for the joint test performance. Strangers displayed the SSB. Friends, in contrast, refrained from the SSB: they shared responsibility for both successful and unsuccessful test outcomes. Friendship does place boundaries on self-enhancement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Smoking status of parents, siblings and friends: predictors of regular smoking? Findings from a longitudinal twin-family study.

The relationship between regular smoking behavior and the smoking behavior of parents, siblings and friends was investigated using data from the Netherlands Twin Register. Cross-sectional analyses of data of 3906 twins showed significant associations between smoking behavior of the participant and smoking behavior of co-twin, additional brothers, parents of the same sex as the participant and friends. Those variables, together with age, explained 47% of the variance in smoking behavior. Longitudinal analyses of data from 2397 twins, who, in 1993, reported never to have smoked (regularly), showed that uptake of regular smoking two years later was predicted by having a smoking co-twin, smoking same-sex siblings, smoking mother and smoking friends. Males are, in contrast to females, at a later age still vulnerable to taking up regular smoking. The variables explained 21% of the variance. Sport participation, alcohol use, boredom susceptibility and neuroticism significantly added to the predictive value of this model. Including those additional factors increased the explained variance to 30%, and subsequently adding experimental smoking behavior further increased the explained variance to almost 50%. In summary, having smoking family members and friends, as well as lifestyle and personality factors are important predictors for the uptake of regular smoking. However, the experimental smoking behavior of the participant is equally important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Lactational mastitis and Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil].

This study aimed to evaluate whether follow-up of breastfeeding mothers at maternity hospitals classified as "Baby-Friendly Hospitals" in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, was a protective factor against mastitis. This was a cross-sectional study in which 2,543 mothers of infants (< 1 year of age) were selected by simple stratification and interviewed by 104 college students at immunization services. Measures of association (odds ratio, 95%CI) and statistical significance were calculated by the chi-square test and respective p values. Multivariate analysis was performed using the logistic regression model. Women who delivered in "Baby-Friendly Hospitals" had a lower prevalence of lactational mastitis (3.6% vs. 5.3%; OR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.46-1.01). Additionally, delivery in Baby-Friendly Hospitals (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.48-1.06), absence of nipple fissure (OR = 0.27; 95%CI: 0.19-0.40), and no maternal outdoor work (OR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.94) were also associated with a decreased prevalence of lactational mastitis. Prevalence of lactational mastitis was observed to be lower in women delivering in "Baby-Friendly Hospitals" with breastfeeding counseling programs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emotional closeness and physical distance between friends: implications for elderly women living in age-segregated and age-integrated settings.

The author discusses the need for a better theoretical understanding of friendship in order for its role in the lives of elderly people to be understood. The applicability to friendship of Simmel's approach to the study of social relationships is outlined. From this perspective, types of friendship are determined by the physical distance separating friends and the emotional closeness bringing them together. The data consist of seventy in-depth interviews of senior, unmarried women in a middle-class community bordering on Chicago. Qualitative data are reported to support quantitative analyses. There were positive relationships between emotional closeness and physical distance, duration and emotional closeness, and frequency of interaction and proximity. The author describes the implications for elderly women of the tendency for their close, old friends to be physically separated from them and their neighbors to be casual friends, but constant companions. The author discusses the effects of the age-density of residential context and life history on the types of friends the women had.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Interventions by students in friends' alcohol, tobacco, and drug use.

This article investigates self-reported interventions by students in the alcohol, tobacco, illicit drug use, and drinking-driving of their friends. The data came from a study of 1184 students in Ontario schools in grades 7, 9, 11, and 13. We found that about a third of students intervened in friends' illegal drug use and drinking-driving but about half intervened about smoking. Students who intervened were more likely to be older and spend fewer nights at home. They were less likely to use cannabis, but had more friends using cannabis and illegal drugs. Also, they had more exposure to drug education and were more disapproving of drug use. Drug education may give students the knowledge and confidence to intervene in friends' drug use.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of gender and physical distance with an old friend on same-sex friendship].

This study examined the differences between interpersonal relationship of same-sex old friends (OF) and that of new friends (NF). It also investigated the effects of physical distance with an old friend and gender on the friendship. Respondents were 208 undergraduates, 86 men and 122 women, who chose one of most intimate person each from same-sex friends they had made before and after they entered a university, and answered questions to describe their relationship. Results showed that relationship satisfaction and tired feeling were higher for OF than NF. Spending time together and talking over telephone were more frequent for NF than OF, but for each occasion together or over telephone, OF spent longer time than NF. OF expected more self-disclosure between them than NF. Gender differences in friendship expectation were similar to previous findings (Wada, 1993, 1996). Furthermore, gender and physical distance both influenced the frequencies of OF spending time together and over telephone. These findings are discussed in terms of gender differences in friendship.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of the "baby friendly" program on the number of neonatal infections at the maternity ward in Senta].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper was to assess how the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative affects occurrence, structure and outcome of neonatal infections at our department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all newborn infants born in 1995, when all the babies were at the neonatal ward and all the babies born in 1998, who were with their mothers. Newborn infants with low-birth-weight or shortened gestation were excluded. The assumption was that faster onset of lactation and thus breast-feeding decrease incidence of infections, but that there is an increased risk due to hygienic habits of mothers, especially those with no qualifications and difficult living conditions. The paper assesses the percentage of infections occurrence. RESULTS: Occurrence of infection was established clinically, whereas general signs of infection, as well as local signs of infection were confirmed by laboratory and bacteriological findings. Antibiotic therapy was applied. In great number of infections Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. In 1998 a certain increase of low-birth-weight and low gestation newborn infants was registered. In mature babies included into the Baby Friendly Program, number of infections has not changed, but the treatment was a little shorter. Infections were much more frequent in low-birth-weight and low gestation newborn infants. On the average the treatment in such cases was a little longer, but not only due to infection. DISCUSSION: Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative has not significantly affected the incidence of intrahospital infections in newborn infants. On the average the treatment in mature newborn infants was shorter, probably due to better lactation and transfer of immunoglobulins from mother to child. CONCLUSION: If Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative means adequate epidemiological supervision of mothers, this program does not significantly affect the risk from intrahospital infections.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2000

Do birds of a feather flock together? The variable bases for African American, Asian American, and European American adolescents' selection of similar friends.

Variability in adolescent-friend similarity is documented in a diverse sample of African American, Asian American, and European American adolescents. Similarity was greatest for substance use, modest for academic orientations, and low for ethnic identity. Compared with Asian American and European American adolescents, African American adolescents chose friends who were less similar with respect to academic orientation or substance use but more similar with respect to ethnic identity. For all three ethnic groups, personal endorsement of the dimension in question and selection of cross-ethnic-group friends heightened similarity. Similarity was a relative rather than an absolute selection criterion: Adolescents did not choose friends with identical orientations. These findings call for a comprehensive theory of friendship selection sensitive to diversity in adolescents' experiences. Implications for peer influence and self-development are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Immunological and organizational heterogeneity of histone H2a variants within chromatin of cells at different stages of Friend leukemia.

We have used antibodies directed against two histone H2a variants, H2a.1 and H2a.2, to probe chromatin structure in Friend erythroleukemia cells. Each molecule has at least one unique antigenic determinant, as well as determinants shared by both variants. Some Friend leukemia cell types contained H2a molecules which showed altered immunologic reactivity with the two antisera. The accessibility of the H2a variants in chromatin to anti-H2a antibody was different as measured by the use of whole chromatin as an immunoabsorbent and by binding of antibody to nucleosomes in a solid phase radioimmunoassay. While anti-H2a.1 IgG bound to chromatin, anti-H2a.2 IgG did not. Moreover, anti-H2a.1 IgG binding to chromatin from different Friend cell types reflected, in general, the relative amounts of H2a.1 in total chromatin. The different reactivity of the two antisera with chromatin was also observed with isolated nucleosomes: anti-H2a.1 IgG bound but anti-H2a.2 did not. Furthermore, the binding of anti-H2a.1 Ig with subfractions of nucleosomes varied; H1-depleted, high mobility group-enriched nucleosomes reacted better than H1-containing, high mobility group-depleted nucleosomes. These findings demonstrated a heterogeneity in the organization of H2a variants in chromatin within nucleosomal subfractions of chromatin and among chromatin of different Friend leukemia cell types. Moreover, most of the antigenic determinants common to both H2a variants were shown to be buried within the nucleosome core; only H2a.1-unique determinants were accessible to an anti-H2a.1 IgG molecule.

Animals↗