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PubMed1991

[Materno-fetal dengue. Apropos of 5 cases observed during the epidemic in Tahiti (1989)].

During the dengue 3 epidemic which occurred in French Polynesia between September 1989 and March 1990, number of cases of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) were reported among children and infants. Of interest, five cases of neonatal infections were recorded and involved the transmission of the virus from mother to child as the end of the pregnancy. Detailed observations on these cases are presented in this paper. Fever in mother, when delivering or just a few days before, represents the circumstances of the diagnosis. Analysis of the clinical features shows that fever and vasomotor troubles (blotches) were the dominating traits of the disease in the newborns. Also, hepatomegaly was constantly observed. Concerning the biological results, thrombopenia (platelets count: 100,000/mm3) was reported for all cases. According to these data, all cases were classified into DHF cases. Laboratory confirmation was obtained by serological investigations (antidengue IgM immunocapture ELISA and Haemagglutination Inhibition Tests) and/or virus isolation in both mother and child. Thus, virus was recovered in two newborns while IgM were detected in all infants and in four mothers. Severity of the disease was variable. However, out of five cases one fulfills the WHO definition of Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSC). Moreover, the authors discuss about the difficulties encountered to classify the cases according to WHO criteria for the grade classification of DHF.

Dengue↗
PubMed1990

Assessment of anti-phenolic glycolipid-I IgM levels using an ELISA for detection of M. leprae infection in populations of the South Pacific Islands.

Anti-phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) IgM levels were determined in 96% of the general population of the Southern Marquesas and Maupiti, remote islands of French Polynesia, where the average annual detection rates of leprosy during the past 30 years have been 57.1 and 4.4 per 100,000, respectively. The seropositivity in these two areas was 4.3% and 4.2%, respectively. No significant difference (p greater than 0.05) was found between either these two figures or between the percentages of persons with high (greater than or equal to 0.500 OD) anti-PGL-I IgM levels (9.2% and 5.3%). In the two islands, the age distributions of anti-PGL-I IgM were very similar; the percentage of positive responders was higher in females than in males and higher in adolescents than in adults. These results suggest that the usefulness of the determination of anti-PGL-I IgM levels by ELISA, using the synthetic trisaccharide as antigen, for detecting Mycobacterium leprae infection in leprosy control programs is extremely doubtful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Leprosy in the French Polynesian archipelagoes from 1967 to 1987].

Between 1967 and 1987, 255 new cases of leprosy were detected in French Polynesia (FP) that means on average a 8.6% detection rate. Average detection rate calculated in 7 three-year periods did not vary significantly during the 21 years studied period of time. In two remote archipelagoes of FP average detection rate of leprosy is specially high: Gambier archipelago and Southern Marquesas archipelago with respectively a 54.7 and a 48.9% detection rate. To control leprosy, the network of treatment and active case-finding should be strengthened in archipelagoes and chemoprophylaxis programmes could be planned in places where the problem is especially important.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Value of a papain-treated homologous microfilarial antigen in the diagnosis of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica. Analysis of 237 cases].

An indirect immunofluorescence assay using papaïn treated microfilariae (IFI-WBp) has been performed to attempt diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. The authors have analysed 237 bed-rests of patients consulting for specific and non specific lymphangitis, chyluria, elephantiasis, hydrocele or just asymptomatic hypereosinophilia. Taking into account the clinical aspects, the parasitological and the serological results, they have shown the efficiency of IFI-WBp (titre greater than 80) to diagnose filariasis in French Polynesia where only one species of filaria is present (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica.)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[The last offensive of leprosy in the South Pacific Ocean: the epidemic on Rapa (1922-1950)].

The observations of leprosy outbreaks are exceptional and always situated in isolated countries. The authors give the example of Rapa, small island in French Polynesia, where an epidemic has occurred from 1922 to 1950. They made the study of the different parameters by retrospective methods and fieldwork. After an 11% incidence rate and an 68% prevalence rate, the outbreak seems today off. Now leprosy is endemosporadic.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Cancer incidence in the islands of the Pacific.

The South Pacific Commission Cancer Registry has been operational since 1977, and reasonably complete cancer incidence rates are available for New Caledonia, Fiji, Micronesia, the Cook Islands, and Niue. In addition, less complete reporting is available from American Samoa, Papua New Guinea, and French Polynesia. Cancers of the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, liver, and cervix are potentially preventable but prevalent in many Pacific island countries. Unusually low rates of many cancers were observed in Fiji, the most notable being lung and colon-rectum. Thyroid cancer rates are elevated in some but not all female populations. These and other variations in cancer by site are important areas for further research.

Demography↗
PubMed1985

Field studies on sugar substitutes.

Four field studies assessing the caries preventive value of partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol or a mixture of xylitol and sorbitol were recently conducted. The trials (in Thailand, Hungary and two in French Polynesia) had certain common features, i.e. protocols approved by the WHO; low intake of polyol(s); non-randomized young study populations, differing baseline caries prevalences between groups; and planned duration of 32-36 months. Analysis of the findings was facilitated through the use of rates to measure caries increments expressed as DMF teeth and surface counts in relation to the numbers of teeth at risk. Irrespective of baseline differences, all studies revealed, in comparison to known methods, that partial substitution of sucrose was associated with a preventive effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Combination ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine, a new effective tool for control of lymphatic filariasis.

In 1993, a three arm double-blind controlled trial was implemented in French Polynesia, to compare the tolerance and efficacy of single doses of the combination ivermectin (IVR) 400 micrograms.kg-1 plus diethylcarbamazine (DEC) 6mg.kg-1 vs IVR 400 micrograms.kg-1 or DEC 6 mg.kg-1 alone, for treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti carriers. Of the 57 treated male patients in whom microfilaremia (mf) densities ranged from 22 to 4,709 mf/ml, three groups of 19 were randomly selected, and allocated to one of the three treatments. Twelve months after treatment 37%, 16% and 16% of patients were mf negative in groups DEC, IVR and IVR plus DEC respectively. Mf percent return to pretreatment level was significantly lower in the group IVR + DEC (1.9%) than for DEC 6 (14.7%) or IVR 400 (11.6%). Antigenemia percent return to pretreatment level was lower in the groups IVR + DEC or DEC 6 than for IVR 400. The combination IVR + DEC proved to be the most effective on macrofilariae and microfilariae (antigenemia and mf negative patients). The combination will be a very powerful tool for control of lymphatic filariasis. An annual filariasis day could be the most cost-effective strategy for administration of the drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Spleen rupture in a patient with dengue fever.

A case of rupture of the spleen is described secondary to dengue 1 fever in an adult patient. This exceptional complication occurred during an outbreak of dengue in French Polynesia. After failure of conservative management, splenectomy was performed. Examination of the surgical specimen confirmed softening and enlargement organ with the formation of a subcapsular hematoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of ivermectin and benzyl benzoate for treatment of scabies.

A randomized investigator-blinded trial of oral ivermectin 100 micrograms/kg single dose vs. benzyl benzoate 10% application in the treatment of scabies, was conducted in 1992 in French Polynesia. In total, 44 patients aged 5-56 years were included in the study: 23 in the group ivermectin (IVER) and 21 in the group benzyl benzoate (BB). At day 30 after treatment, the cumulative recovery rates were 70% (16/23) in the group IVER, and 48% (10/21) in the group BB, 95% confidence intervals 51-87% and 29-70% respectively. The rates of recovery were greater in the group IVER at day 7, 14 and 30, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results show that oral ivermectin is a valuable alternative to benzyl benzoate local treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human diffusion of arthropod disease vectors throughout the world].

The present distribution of animals and plants throughout the world is the result of an evolutionary process involving tectonic, climatic and biotic factors. Humans, since their appearance, have contributed to the spreading of many species including disease vectors and pests. When humans left their native African home, they brought with them ectoparasites such as lice and acarids. During the neolithic era, humans were leading domesticated animals which carried their own parasites into new areas. Dwelling commensals, flea, bugs, triatomids, flies, and cockroaches followed human migrations. In the second millennium, sailboats transported mosquito species which were resistant and reproduced on board, including Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Ae. albopictus. Steamers further shortened the length of trips and allowed the transport of anophelines. The opening of the Tamatave-Port-Louis line was immediately followed by the transport of An. gambiae from Madagascar to Mauritius and Reunion, and epidemics of malaria occurred on the two islands which had been free of the disease. Also, An. gambiae was transported from Senegal to Brazil. Old tires destined for recycling carried Ae. albopictus to the USA, Brazil, and then Italy. The pandemic of the plague at the end of the nineteenth century was propagated from harbour to harbour by steamers carrying both infected rats and their fleas Xenopsylla cheopsis. Aircrafts have reduced the travel time so much that in less than two days an insect could reach every point of the world. As soon as the airports had been built on the islands of French Polynesia, they were all colonized by Ae. aegypti. The same phenomenon occurred with midges (Fig. 2). Also, the construction of the airport on a Galapagos Island coincided with the importation of the blackfly Simulium bipunctatum from the continent. In addition, infected malaria mosquitos imported from tropical countries reached Europe and contaminated airport employees and local inhabitants. Six cases of malaria were recorded during the summer of 1994 around the Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris, suggesting that the anophelines could have been imported from West and Central African countries which are served by this airport. The serious threat of vector importation is moderated by the vector's difficulty in adapting to new conditions. However any prediction is questionable.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Expanded programme on immunization (EPI) immunization schedules in the WHO Western Pacific Region, 1995.

There are 36 countries/areas in this Region; Mongolia was transferred to the Western Pacific Region in 1995. No data are available from the Cook Islands, Nauru, and New Caledonia (Tables 1-3). BCG is used in all but 6 countries/areas (American Samoa, Australia, Guam, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). Most countries/areas give BCG at birth; Japan gives it at 3 months, the Republic of Korea at 4 weeks, and Samoa at 5 years of age. Nine countries give 2 doses of BCG and 4 give 3 doses, up to 15 years of age. Mongolia gives 4 doses up to 18 years of age. Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine is used as a primary series of 3 doses in all countries/areas; 17 countries give 1 to 3 booster doses of DPT vaccine in the first year of life or later. Diphtheria-tetanus (DT) booster doses are given in Brunei Darussalam, Mongolia and New Zealand. Td is also given in New Zealand. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is used in a primary series of 3 doses simultaneously with DPT vaccine in all countries/areas. Eight countries/areas use an additional dose of OPV at birth (Cambodia, Fiji, Hong Kong, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tuvalu). A booster dose of OPV in the second year of life is used in 9 countries/areas and a booster dose of OPV is given to schoolchildren in 16 countries/areas. Measles vaccine is given in all countries/areas from 8-15 months of age usually in the form of monovalent measles vaccine, except in Macau. In 4 countries/areas, it is given in the form of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (Guam, Hong Kong, Palau and Singapore). The 2-dose policy is implemented in 4 countries/areas (American Samoa, New Zealand, Palau, and Samoa). In Australia and Palau, the second dose is given as MMR vaccine. The age at the second dose varies from 4 to 13 years of age. Rubella vaccine is given in 4 countries/areas to girls between 10 and 14 years of age (Fiji, French Polynesia, Japan and Macau). In Hong Kong, it is not specified if only girls receive rubella vaccine. In Australia and New Zealand, rubella vaccine is given to seronegative women immediately after delivery. Hepatitis B is used in all but 7 countries/areas (Cambodia, China, Guam, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Tokelau and Viet Nam). All countries which give hepatitis B vaccine use 3 primary doses in infancy, the first dose being given at birth in 23 countries/areas. In Australia and Japan, this vaccine is given to groups at risk. Tetanus toxoid (TT) is used for pregnant or nonpregnant women of childbearing age. It is used in 14 countries/areas, but in Australia and Palau the target group is schoolchildren. The schedules include 2-5 doses of TT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

HTLV-1, HIV-1, hepatitis B and hepatitis delta in the Pacific and South-East Asia: a serological survey.

Blood samples from 13 locations in the Pacific and South-East Asia were tested for evidence of infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV). No samples were positive for antibody to HIV-1. Antibodies to HTLV-1 were found in samples from five locations, the maximum prevalence being 19%, in Vanuatu. Serological markers of HBV infection were found in all locations, the maximal prevalence being 88%, in Majuro, Micronesia. Antibodies to HDV in HBsAg positive sera were found in six locations with a maximum prevalence of 81% in Kiribati.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age at menarche in Tahiti.

Data on age at menarche have been collected, using the status quo method, among 1246 Tahitian girls attending school. The median age, estimated by probits, is 12.75 SD 1.76. The girls of the rural districts have a higher median age (13.08 SD 1.97) than the girls of Papeete (12.61 SD 1.47). The results were compared with data collected among other girls of Maori or European ancestry in France, New Zealand and Easter Island.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[On some characteristics of Tahitian family groups. Standards, behavior, projection].

"[This is a] study of the evolution of the Tahitian family group through systematic analysis of a set of files of candidates for low cost housing. This first showed a set of frequently little-known standards: the normal nature of concubinage, relatively late marriage, the establishment of the family only considered as being effective with the third child, the generalization of adoption, etc. The trend towards nuclear families is then questioned. The nuclear family model is spreading rapidly and even appears to be consciously desired by many young couples. However, the extended family in various forms (with a tendency to favour matrilineal extensions) remains preponderant and conserves an essential social integration function in Tahitian society." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Adoption↗