Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “First Birth”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Assessing and interpreting birth spacing goals in Costa Rica.

A procedure for assessing birth spacing goals, an important component of fertility preferences, is proposed and applied to 1993 Costa Rican data. Based on a reverse or backward survival analysis, preferred birth intervals are estimated to range between 3.5 and 4.5 years (1.5 years for the interval union to first birth). These intervals are 2 or 3 years shorter than crude estimates from data on open or last closed intervals, which are upwardly biased by selection and left censoring effects. To achieve these spacing preferences, a cohort must spend about two-thirds of the time using contraception (one-third in the interval union to first birth). An inverse association between desired family size and desired birth interval is evident only in parity-specific analyses.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1994

The risk of repeating low birth weight and the role of prenatal care.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the influence of adequacy of prenatal care and other known risk factors on the risk of repeating low birth weight (LBW) (less than 2500 g). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of women having two births in Washington state during 1984-1990, as recorded using linked birth certificate records. Logistic regression was used to control for maternal age, marital status, smoking, miscarriage, inter-pregnancy interval, and prenatal care. RESULTS: Compared to the reference group of women with normal-weight first births (at least 2500 g), women with LBW first births, either preterm or small for gestational age (SGA), were significantly more likely to have an LBW second birth. The estimated relative risk of repeating LBW in general was 7.0 (95% confidence interval 4.8-10.1). Smoking during the second pregnancy was a significant effect modifier. The risk estimates were not significantly affected by any of the other variables entered into the models, including adequate prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Prior delivery of a preterm or SGA LBW infant was the strongest predictor of LBW delivery in a subsequent pregnancy. Adequate prenatal care during the second pregnancy did not provide statistically significant protection against the risk of repeat LBW. The tendency for women to have repeat LBW deliveries despite adequate prenatal care indicates a need for a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of preterm and SGA delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Projected impact of the trend toward delayed childbearing on breast cancer incidence in the Saarland/FRG.

The potential impact of the trend toward delayed childbearing or nulliparity on future breast cancer incidence is quantitatively assessed for the Saarland/FRG. Distribution of age at first birth is estimated from vital statistics for seven five-year birth cohorts from 1936-40 to 1966-70. Estimates of the relative risks associated with age at first birth or nulliparity are based on median results of 23 controlled epidemiologic studies conducted in Europe and North America. Compared to the birth cohorts around 1940, a steady increase in incidence up to about +15% is projected for the younger cohorts indicating a substantial public health impact. Using data of the population based cancer registry of the Saarland, the cumulative incidence of breast cancer up to age 50 is calculated as 1.52% for the 1936-40 birth cohort and is projected to rise to 1.75% in the 1966-70 cohort. Similar changes in fertility patterns have been observed in other parts of the FRG. Given the continuing rise in mortality from breast cancer in the FRG this stresses the need for more effective screening procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Pathways toward educational achievement among African American and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers: reexamining the role of social support from families.

Although a majority of adolescent mothers are graduating from high school, the processes that enhance the educational attainment of adolescent mothers are not well understood. With a sample of 93 African American and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers, we assessed the effects of material support from family (i.e., child care assistance from grandmother and residence with grandmother) and emotional support from family over and above pre- and postpregnancy risk factors (i.e., maternal age at first birth, delayed grade placement before pregnancy, ethnicity, depressive symptoms, stressful life events, and repeat pregnancy) during the first year postpartum on educational attainment at 6 years postpartum. Significant contributors to the explained variance in educational attainment included: delayed grade placement before pregnancy, maternal age at first birth, depressive symptoms, emotional support from family, and residence with grandmother. Unexpectedly, higher perceived emotional support from family and living with grandmother predicted lower educational attainment. Post hoc analysis of qualitative data suggested reasons for these latter findings and point to the need to reconceptualize and broaden the elements of social support that constitute protective factors for adolescent mothers.

Black People↗
PubMed1992

Breast cancer in Europe: the importance of factors operating at an early age.

Breast cancer incidence varies considerably among European countries, with highest rates found in western and northern and lowest rates in eastern and southern European countries. The objective of this ecological correlation study was to investigate to what extent variation in breast cancer incidence within Europe can be attributed to differences in the prevalence of the following risk factors: age at menarche, age at first birth, parity, body height and body weight. The results of the study showed that particularly age at first birth and body height correlated positively and significantly with breast cancer incidence. If in eastern and southern European countries changes take place with respect to reproductive behaviour and nutritional status in the same way as has happened in western and northern European countries, breast cancer incidence in the countries included in this study may increase by 11%. This means that, by the time the 0- to 10-year-old female population in the European countries being studied reaches the age of 64, the number of women with breast cancer may be 1,198,369, which is almost 135,000 higher than would be the case if breast cancer risk remained stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women of Beijing.

A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 497 Chinese women in Beijing with histologically confirmed breast cancer and by an equal number of age- and neighborhood-matched control women. High body weight (71 + kg) was a risk factor for breast cancer in women aged 50 + (RR = 1.90), but this effect did not quite reach statistical significance. Nulliparity and late age at first birth were associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer. In comparison to parous women who had their first child before age 20, those who delayed this event until after age 29 had an RR of 1.65. The comparable RR for nulliparous women was 3.72. Late age at menopause was a risk factor for breast cancer. The RR for menopause after age 50 compared to menopause before age 45 was 2.16. High parity and long duration of lactation were protective factors against breast cancer. These 2 factors were highly correlated with each other and also with age at first birth. The effect of each on breast cancer risk was somewhat reduced after adjustment for the other two. A personal history of benign breast disease (RR = 3.21) and a family history of breast cancer (RR = 2.17) were also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Delayed childbearing and the outcome of pregnancy.

Whether women who delay childbearing are at increased risk for adverse outcomes of pregnancy is of concern because of the growing proportion of first births to older women. We assessed the effect of advancing maternal age on the outcome of pregnancy in first births in a hospital-based cohort study of 3917 private patients who were 20 years of age or older with a singleton gestation. There was a slight elevation in the risk of having a low-birth-weight infant among women who were 35 years of age or older (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.9 to 1.9) as compared with the risk among women 20 to 29 years of age. However, there was no evidence that women between 30 and 34 or those 35 and older had an increased risk of having a preterm delivery or of having an infant who was small for gestational age, had a low Apgar score, or died in the perinatal period. In contrast, even after controlling for sociodemographic and medical risk factors, we found that women who were 35 or older were significantly more likely to have specific antepartum and intrapartum complications and those who were 30 or older were significantly more likely to have both cesarean sections and infants who were admitted to the newborn intensive care unit. This study suggests that although older primiparous women have higher rates of complications of pregnancy and delivery, their risk of a poor neonatal outcome is not appreciably increased.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The risk factors for breast cancer: a case-control study].

In western countries, female breast cancer is a major cause of death. Many risk factors for breast cancer have been identified, but the magnitude of the risks is clearly different between high and low risk areas. In this hospital-based case-control study we evaluated risk factors for female breast cancer in 158 women with breast cancer and 131 controls. Cases presented a later age at first birth and a lower median number of pregnancies. The risk of breast cancer increased with increasing age at first birth, particularly for women with lower parity. After controlling for other variables the risk significantly decreased with abortion history (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.7) and oral contraception (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9). Premenopausal and postmenopausal women presented different risk factors. Among premenopausal cases the risk was lower for parous women (OR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0-0.7) and higher for those with a positive family history (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.3-16). Compared to controls, postmenopausal cases only presented a significantly lower rate of abortions (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.4). The present study shows that these women can be regarded as belonging to an intermediate risk population.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Pregnancy outcome in nulliparous women 35 years and older.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pregnancy and delivery complications of first births in women 35 years and older with women 25-29 years old. METHODS: Maternal and newborn records for first births at three suburban hospitals from July 1, 1986 to June 30, 1990 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: The older women differed significantly in: 1) antepartum factors (type of insurance, marital status, prior pregnancy experience, weight gain, obesity, chronic and pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes [without insulin], asthma, leiomyomas; and third-trimester bleeding), 2) intrapartum factors (anesthesia for vaginal delivery, gestational age at delivery, preterm labor, spontaneous labor, oxytocin use, malpresentation, cesarean births, and postpartum hemorrhage), and 3) neonatal outcomes (gestational age, birth weight, preterm births, abnormal karyotypes, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, low birth weight, and small for gestational age infants). Logistic regression determined that risk factors significantly predicting perinatal mortality were leiomyomas (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-5.0), preterm birth (OR 4.9, 95% CI 3.1-7.7), and chorioamnionitis (OR 5.9, 95% CI 3.1-11.4), but not age. CONCLUSION: Nulliparous women 35 years and older had higher rates of antepartum, intrapartum, and newborn complications than nulliparas between the ages of 25-29 years, but not an increased perinatal mortality rate. Despite the increased risk of complications, maternal and perinatal outcomes were good.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Association of breast cancer risk with age at first and subsequent births: a study in the population of the Estonian Republic.

Information on reproductive history was obtained from 362 urban breast cancer patients attending the oncological dispensaries at Tallinn and Tartu, Estonian Republic, and from 694 urban women participating in gynecologic screening programs offered by the same centers. The 2 groups were compared by means of Mantel-Haenszel and logistic regression procedures to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios. Women whose first birth occurred before 20 years of age had a breast cancer risk less than one-third the risk of nulliparous women. Risk increased with increase in age at first birth (AFB) but remained below 1.0 (relative to nulliparae), even in the highest AFB categories. The fertility rate in Estonia during the period of this study was relatively low, which facilitated an evaluation of the effect of births subsequent to the first. After adjustment for AFB, it appeared that in this population subsequent births had a protective effect additional to that conferred by the first birth. Moreover, for women who had only 2 children, the age at the time of birth of the second child was a determinant of that effect. Compared to nulliparous women, the breast cancer odds ratio for uniparous women who had their child before age 25 was 0.62, and the ratio for duoparous women who had both their children under that age was 0.18. Neither lactation nor menarche was a risk factor for breast cancer in this pouplation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time.

CONTEXT: In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regression and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29. RESULTS: The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers complete 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage points between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. CONCLUSIONS: Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A case-control study of risk indicators among women with premenopausal and early postmenopausal breast cancer.

Among 714 premenopausal and 130 postmenopausal breast cancer cases matched with 8440 controls for age in years and menopausal status, risk indicators for breast cancer were similar, although most associations were stronger in the premenopausal women. Compared with nulliparous women, the relative risk (RR) for those with first birth before age 25 years was 0.7 (95% confidence limits [CL] from 0.5 to 0.9) among premenopausal women, and 0.7 (0.4-1.4) for postmenopausal women. In the premenopausal cases, a history of breast cancer in a sister gave a RR of 3.0 (2.1-4.1) and in a mother 1.9 (1.4-2.5), whereas for the postmenopausal women the RRs were 1.4 (0.6-3.1) and 1.3 (0.6-2.6), respectively. Fibrocystic breast disease was also a significant predictor of subsequent breast cancer in the premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In relation to women having a single birth, premenopausal women with six or more births had a risk of breast cancer of 0.6 (0.4-1.0), which was present even after adjustment for age at first birth.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Death of a husband or marital divorce related to risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women. A nested case-control study among Norwegian women born 1935-1954.

A topic of general interest is whether important life changes may play a role in the onset of cancer. The hypothesis of this study was that death of a husband or marital divorce, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The study included 4491 incident breast cancer cases and 44,910 controls, matched on age, in a population-based nested case-control study, among Norwegian women born between 1935 and 1954. The risk of breast cancer among widowed compared to married women showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-1.36], after adjusting for age at first birth and parity. For divorced women the analogous OR was 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.92), after adjusting for age at first birth, parity and place of residence. Thus, the results did not show any clear evidence that death of a husband or marital divorce was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Maternal pattern of reproduction and risk of breast cancer in daughters: results from the Utah Population Database.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have found that daughters born to older mothers have an elevated risk of breast cancer, and an endocrine hypothesis, among others, has been developed to explain these findings. Three recent studies have failed to find a consistent maternal age effect, indicating a need for further exploration of this issue. PURPOSE: We used Utah breast cancer records linked to genealogical records to investigate maternal and paternal age and other maternal reproductive factors in relationship to the daughter's risk of breast cancer. METHODS: The study group consisted of 2414 breast cancer case patients and 9138 individually matched control subjects. Breast cancer diagnoses were ascertained through the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. The case patients and control subjects were born between 1875 and the end of 1947, and the mean age at diagnosis of the case patients was 65.9 years. RESULTS: No consistent effect for maternal or paternal age was found, except possibly among women who were firstborn children (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42 for a 10-year differential in maternal age; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-2.00). Further examination of the data indicated that mothers of case patients experienced long intervals between marriage and their first birth but not between subsequent births, and they went on to have fewer children. For each year of delay between the mother's marriage and first birth, the odds of breast cancer in the daughter increased 1.05-fold (95% CI = 1.01-1.10). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of a consistent maternal age effect with regard to breast cancer risk in the daughter, but we did find evidence that the mothers of women who go on to get breast cancer have a reproductive pattern that could suggest some form of underlying infertility. IMPLICATIONS: These findings widen the epidemiologic support for the fetal antigen hypothesis, which is an immunogenetic explanation for the relationships between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk. That hypothesis provides strategies for the identification of breast cancer genes and the eventual development of a breast cancer vaccine.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Risk factors for female breast cancer. A hospital-based case-control study in Madras, India.

Five hundred and thirty-one histologically confirmed breast carcinoma cases examined from 1983 to 1986 inclusive at the Cancer Institute (WIA), Madras, India, were matched for age, socioeconomic class and menopausal status with an equal number of controls. Cancer patients without diseases in breast, gynaecological organs or endocrine glands were used as controls. Risk factors for breast cancer were analyzed separately in the premenopausal and the postmenopausal groups. In neither group was there significant association between age at menarche and breast cancer risk. Single women had higher risk than married women. Nulliparity was found to be a risk factor in premenopausal women only. The relative risk increased with age at marriage and age at first birth. A three-fold risk was noted in both pre- and postmenopausal groups when the interval between age at first birth and menarche was more than 12 years and also in women who attained menopause between the age of 44-49.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Oral contraceptive use, reproductive factors, and colorectal cancer risk: findings from Wisconsin.

We investigated the association of oral contraceptive (OC) use and reproductive factors with colorectal cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study. Cases were women ages 20 to 74 years, living in Wisconsin, with a new diagnosis of colon (n = 1,122) or rectal (n = 366) cancer. Control participants were randomly selected from population lists of similarly aged female Wisconsin residents (n = 4,297). Risk factor information was collected through structured telephone interviews. Compared with never users, OC users had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.89 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.75-1.06] for colorectal cancer. OC use associations did not differ significantly between colon and rectal cancer sites; however, when compared with never users, recent OC users (<14 years) seemed at reduced risk of rectal cancer (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-1.00). Women with age at first birth older than the median (23 years) had 0.83 times the risk of colon cancer compared with women with age at first birth below the median (95% CI, 0.70-0.98). We observed an inverse trend between increasing parity and rectal cancer risk (P = 0.05). Compared with nulliparous women, women with five or more births had 0.66 times the risk of rectal cancer (95% CI, 0.43-1.02). Compared with postmenopausal women, premenopausal women were at reduced risk (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.97) of colorectal cancer. No significant associations were observed between colorectal cancer risk and age at menarche or age at menopause. These findings suggest differential roles of reproductive factors in colon and rectal cancer etiology.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Reproduction in high altitude Aymara: physiological stress and fertility planning?

Reproductive characteristics at high altitude are described based on the reproductive histories of 720 Aymara women, collected in 1998 and 1999 in a group of twelve peasant communities at a mean altitude of 4000 m in the Bolivian Altiplano. The reproductive pattern is shaped by a late onset of childbearing, associated with a rather short reproductive span and large birth intervals. Environmental conditions could explain the particularly late age at menarche of rural girls compared with their urban counterparts, whereas the age at first birth is likely to be under cultural control. The short reproductive span appears to result from a large mean interval between last birth and menopause, which is essentially determined by cultural decisions. The birth intervals, which are longer than in many traditional societies, could be the result of a slower restoration of postpartum fecundability induced by the hard way of life inherent in the Altiplano (including poor sanitary and nutritional conditions and high workload), perhaps aggravated by hypoxia. However, a secular trend in fertility is perceptible, towards earlier menarche, earlier age at first birth, increasing reproductive span and a slight increase in live births and surviving offspring, which is probably the result of a slow improvement in living conditions. The existence of birth control on the one hand, and a total fertility rate averaging six live births among the couples who do not practise contraception on the other, are other arguments against the hypothesis of a low natural fecundity in these Aymara groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pregnancy and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based study in Sweden.

Epidemiological findings indicate that hormonal influences may play a role in the etiology of renal cell cancer (RCC). The possible effect of childbearing remains enigmatic; while some investigators have reported a positive association between number of births and renal cell cancer risk, others have not. A case-control study, nested within a nation-wide Fertility Register covering Swedish women born 1925 and later, was undertaken to explore possible associations between parity and age at first birth and the risk of renal cell cancer. Among these women a total of 1465 cases of RCC were identified in the Swedish Cancer Register between 1958 and 1992 and information on the number of live childbirths and age at each birth was obtained by linkage to the Fertility Database. For each case, five age-matched controls were randomly selected from the same register. Compared to nulliparous women, ever-parous women were at a 40% increased risk of RCC (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.42; 95% CI 1.19-1.69). The corresponding OR for women of high parity (five or more live births) was 1.91 (95% CI 1.40-2.62). After controlling for age at first birth among parous women, each additional birth was associated with a 15% increase in risk (OR=1.15; 95% CI 1.08-1.22). The observed positive association between parity and renal cell cancer risk is unlikely to be fully explained by uncontrolled confounding, but warrants further evaluation in large studies, with allowance for body mass index.

Adult↗