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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin, a novel inhibitor of glycoprotein processing, and its effect on fowl plague virus maturation.

The glucose analogue N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin was found to be a specific inhibitor of the trimming of the outermost glucose residue of the N-linked precursor-oligosaccharide Glc3Man9GlcNAc2, and therefore of oligosaccharide processing, in fowl plague virus-infected chicken-embryo cells. The fowl plague virus glycoproteins in N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin-treated cells contain oligosaccharides of the composition Glc3ManxGlcNAc2 (x = 7, 8, and 9). Inhibition of trimming of the outermost glucose residues does not prevent release of infectious virus with oligosaccharides of the composition Glc3Man7(GlcNAc)2. On the other hand inhibition of the trimming of the innermost glucose residue does inhibit release of infectious virus (Datema, R., Romero, P. A., Legler , G., and Schwarz, R. T. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6787-6791 (1982) ).

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed1992

Central monoaminergic changes induced by morphine in hypoalgesic and hyperalgesic strains of domestic fowl.

The present research examined morphine dose-response effects on both the formalin test and on CNS monoamine (MA) levels and the metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in hypoalgesic (76) and hyperalgesic (SN) strains of domestic fowl. Morphine produced a significant hypoalgesic response in the 76 strain at 15-45 mg/kg and a significant hyperalgesic response in the SN strain at 5-10 mg/kg. In subsequent experiments, analyses of whole brain (minus tectum), brainstem, and spinal cord MA, DOPAC, and 5-HIAA via high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) were performed following morphine administration in both the 76 and SN strains. Morphine produced a significant elevation of brain dopamine (DA) and a significant elevation of brain, brainstem, and spinal cord serotonin (5-HT) in both the 76 and SN strains. Morphine elevated brain norepinephrine (NE) in the 76 strain. However, morphine failed to affect brain NE in the SN strain. This distinct morphine effect on brain NE differentiates strain-dependent hypoalgesia and hyperalgesia in domestic fowl.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Morphine hyperalgesic effects on developmental changes in thermal nociception and respiration in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

Domestic fowl tested at 3, 5, and 7 days posthatch jumped from a heated grid more rapidly than animals tested at 14 days posthatch. Morphine (2.5 mg/kg) decreased jump latency in 14-day-old chicks but did not significantly affect jump latency in younger chicks. Respiration was lower in 3-day-old chicks than in the older groups but morphine depressed respiration at each age. In a second experiment morphine significantly decreased jump response latency in 5-day-old chicks when thermal stimulus intensity was lowered and morphine dose increased (5 mg/kg). Posttest respiration rate was depressed by morphine. Morphine hyperalgesia and respiratory depression were reversed by naloxone (5 mg/kg). However, naloxone alone increased jump response latency. Young domestic fowl are more sensitive and/or reactive to a noxious thermal stimulus and are less sensitive to morphine than 14-day-old chicks but morphine hyperalgesia was evident in both 5- and 14-day-old chicks. These hyperalgesic chicks may be tolerant at birth to morphine hypoalgesic effects on nociception.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system of the domestic fowl.

In order to resolve some existing uncertainties regarding the identity of the sympathetic catecholamine neurotransmitter in birds, we have measured endogenous noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (AD) and dopamine (DA) in various peripheral tissues and in the paravertebral sympathetic chain of the domestic fowl. In all visceral tissues examined - atrium, spleen, mesenteric artery, gizzard, intestine, rectal caecum and kidney--NA concentrations were much higher than those of AD or DA. The ratios of NA:AD:DA were approximately 100:10:1 for all tissues except spleen, in which DA represented about 10% of the total catecholamines. In the paravertebral chain, the ratio of NA:DA was about 4:1, with no consistent segmental differences. Ganglionic AD was generally less than 1% of the total catecholamine, but isolated ganglia sometimes contained quite large amounts of AD. This AD was probably in chromaffin cells. The results obtained indicate that, contrary to some previous reports, NA constitutes the predominant sympathetic neurotransmitter in the fowl, and neurons in which AD is a transmitter are rare or absent. Although the relatively large amounts of DA present in the ganglia could be due to presence of dopaminergic neurons, no evidence for peripheral projections of such neurons was obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The vesicle content of catecholamine-containing axons in the rectum of the domestic fowl: effect of permanganate and chromaffin fixations.

The ultrastructural appearance of catecholamine-containing (CA) axon profiles in the rectum of the domestic fowl was compared following fixation using the chromaffin reaction or potassium permanganate. As described previously, after chromaffin fixation CA-axons in the perivascular plexuses contained many small granular vesicles (SGV) and variable numbers of large granular vesicles (LGV), whereas those in the non-vascular sites contained few small vesicles and were characterised by the presence of elongated LGV. Following fixation in potassium permanganate, CA-axons in both the non-vascular and vascular sites contained many SGV. The SGV were accompanied by variable numbers of large round vesicles which were often devoid of a core. Large vesicles comprised 16 and 26%, respectively, of total vesicles in the vascular and non-vascular axon profiles. The total number of vesicles per CA-axon profile in both the vascular and non-vascular site was not dependent on fixation procedure. It is concluded that the vesicle content of CA-axon profiles in the rectum of the domestic fowl is dependent on the fixative employed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG antibodies to serotype-specific and group-specific antigens of fowl adenovirus serotypes 2, 3 and 4.

A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed which can detect serotype and group-specific antibodies (IgG) to fowl adenovirus serotypes 2, 3 and 4. The chickens produced principally type-specific antibodies after a single oral inoculation of virus which enabled that strain to be identified by the ELISA. However, inoculation of an heterologous serotype, although inducing strain-specific antibodies to itself, also induced high levels of antibody to the group-specific antigens. This masked the serotype-specific antibodies in the ELISA to the first serotype. The ELISA, which has similar sensitivity to the serum neutralisation test, could be used as a rapid, easily performed test to identify fowl adenovirus-specific antibodies.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1987

Comparative studies of elemental composition on ejaculated fowl, bull, rat, dog and boar spermatozoa by electron probe X-ray microanalysis.

1. Comparative analyses of the concentrations of bulk and trace elements on the head, midpiece and tail regions of the ejaculated fowl, bull, rat, dog and boar spermatozoa were performed using X-ray microanalysis with scanning electron microscopy. 2. Although the pattern of distribution of elements on the surface of the three different subcellular regions was, in general, similar among all the species, there were substantial shifts in absolute concentrations. 3. Concentration of magnesium on the dog spermatozoa was significantly higher (about 2 times) than those of the other species. 4. Zinc, copper, iron and manganese concentrations were higher on fowl spermatozoa compared with those of the other species studied. 5. The Na-to-K ratios on the midpiece ranged from 1.46 (rat) to 2.26 (dog).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Sodium and potassium concentrations in the intestinal fluids of the fowl, Gallus domesticus.

1. Na and K concentrations in the luminal fluids on the jejunum, ileum and colon were measured in domestic fowl on diets containing different amounts of Na and K. 2. Physiological adjustments of the Na and K content of these fluids were observed to occur in all three intestinal segments. 3. Regulation of gastrointestinal losses of Na and K appears to be initiated in the anterior regions of the intestines of the domestic fowl and is maintained or amplified as the ingesta moves posteriorly.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Activation of dynein adenosine triphosphatase and flagellar motility of demembranated spermatozoa by monovalent salts at 40 degrees C in the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus.

1. At 40 degrees C, around the normal avian body temperature, demembranated fowl spermatozoa with no addition of monovalent chlorides were immotile. 2. Demembranated spermatozoa become motile at 40 degrees C when 0.1-0.5 M concentrations of NH4Cl, NaCl and KCl were added to the reactivation medium, with maximum motility occurring at 0.2-0.3 M in all cases. 3. The addition of NH4Cl, NaCl and KCl also stimulated the ATPase activity of crude dynein extract. In contrast, LiCl did not appreciably affect motility and ATPase activity. 4. These results showed that the flagellar dynein ATPase activity of fowl spermatozoa could be stimulated by the addition of certain monovalent chlorides, except LiCl, and demembranated spermatozoa might be motile at 40 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Plasma zinc as an index of vitellogenin production and reproductive status in the domestic fowl.

1. A technique is described for the accurate determination of circulating vitellogenin concentrations by measurement of plasma zinc concentrations before and after selective precipitation of lipoproteins in the domestic fowl. 2. Vitellogenin zinc concentrations exhibit a high degree of correlation with those of another major egg yolk precursor, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in immature female birds, during developing and maximum egg production in mature birds and following cessation of egg laying. 3. Mature female patterns of plasma vitellogenin and VLDL were induced by injection of oestradiol 17 beta (5 mg/kg body weight per day for 3 days) into adult cockerels. 4. It is suggested that measurement of plasma zinc provides a simple and accurate technique for the estimation of vitellogenin production and reproductive status in the domestic fowl and that this may be applied to other oviparous vertebrates.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Parasitic infections of the grey-breasted helmet guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) in Nigeria.

The major helminth parasites found in wild, semi-wild and golden Sovereign stock guinea fowl were Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, Capillaria caudinflata, Raillietina tetragona and R. echinobothrida, while Eimeria species was the most important gastro-intestinal protozoan parasite. The incidence of the latter was higher in the semi-wild stock than in the wild stock. Necropsy of dead guinea-fowl indicated that A. galli, H. gallinarum and Eimeria species were indeed responsible for their deaths, especially in the young birds. Parasites found in blood smears were Leucocytozoon sp., Plasmodium sp. and Aegyptianella pullorum. The only tick found, Argas persicus, was on a few semi-wild stock, while lice of genus Damalinia were found only on wild birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in the spermatozoa of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus and turkey, Meleagris gallopavo.

1. Electrophoresis of extracts of turkey spermatozoa for lactate dehydrogenase activity revealed the usual five tissue LDHs (LDH-1 to LDH-5). 2. The presence of LDH-X (the spermatozoan-specific isozyme) was not obvious. 3. Only one band was present on electrophoresis of fowl spermatozoan extracts and it coincided with LDH-1 (heart type). 4. Kinetic investigations, the use of inhibitors and the heat-stability test confirmed that the fowl spermatozoan LDH was probably LDH-1 and not LDH-X.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Uptake and incorporation of 14C-labelled carbohydrates in the tissues of the reproductive system of the female fowl.

The in vivo incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]GlcN, [14C]GalN, [14C]Glc and [14C]Gal, for different time intervals between 1 and 240 hr into whole tissues, acetone extracted tissues and MPS-P of the different parts of the reproductive system of the female fowl was studied. The incorporation of radioactivity was much more extensive when [14C]GlcN was injected than when [14C]GalN was injected. The incorporation of radioactivity was much more extensive when [14C]HexN was injected than when the corresponding [14C]Hex was injected. This difference of incorporation was greater in the MPS-P than in the fresh or acetone extracted tissues. A comparison was undertaken in the extent that radioactivity was incorporated among the different parts of the reproductive system of the fowl when [14C]HexN and 14C[Hex] were administered.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Behavioural effects of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The behavioural effects of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) were studied in chicks and adult fowls. Repeated administration of IDPN (75 mg/kg) for 5 days induced behavioural changes in chicks and adult fowls characterized by excitation, choreiform head and neck movements and circling (ECC-syndrome). Both acute and chronic administration of IDPN induced EEG desynchronization, EMG activation and enhancement of photic-evoked response (PER) in the hyperstriatum and pontine reticular formation while a decrease in PER was observed in the optic tectum. d-Amphetamine (2.5-5 mg/kg), apomorphine (0.1-0.25 mg/kg), piribedil (2.5-5 mg/kg), atropine (2.5-5 mg/kg), hyoscine (2.5-5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated the circling and choreiform head and neck movements. These activities were antagonized by pimozide (1 mg/kg), physostigmine (0.5 mg/kg) and quipazine (2.5-5 mg/kg). The results suggest that dopaminergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in IDPN-induced behavioural effects in chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Episodic growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): alpha adrenergic regulation.

In animals the secretion of GH is characterized by a series of spontaneous peaks. The situation in avian species, however, is unknown. The present study examines this in the domestic fowl. Blood samples were obtained via a remote catheter at 5-min intervals from young male chickens. An episodic pattern of GH secretion was observed having an interpulse interval (frequency) of approximately 1 h. Episodic GH secretion was altered by peripheral administration of drugs which influence adrenergic function. Spontaneous GH peaks were not observed following the administration of (1) bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl-thiocarbonyl) disulfide (FLA63) or diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) (which blocks norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) synthesis by inhibiting dopamine-beta-hydroxylase), (2) phenoxybenzamine (an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist) and (3) clonidine (an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist). Neither alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which blocks dopamine (DA), NE and E synthesis, nor yohimbine, a predominantly alpha 2-antagonist could completely suppress episodic GH secretion. These data support a role for NE/E, acting via alpha adrenergic receptors, in the control of epidosic GH secretion in the domestic fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Central versus peripheral opioid regulation of ingestive behavior in the domestic fowl.

1. Three experiments were conducted to determine whether opioid regulation of ingestive behavior in the domestic fowl is mediated at sites within the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral tissues. 2. Food and water intake were significantly decreased by the intramuscular (im) injection of naloxone hydrochloride (NHCl) and naloxone methobromide, which have a high and low ability, respectively, to cross the blood-brain barrier. 3. Water, but not food, intake was significantly decreased by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NHCl. However, water intake was not affected by the im injection of doses which were effective when given ICV. 4. These results suggest that in the domestic fowl there is a peripheral component to opioid regulation of food intake, while opioid regulation of water intake seems to be mediated at peripheral sites and within the CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genomic-scale analysis of Pasteurella multocida gene expression during growth within liver tissue of chickens with fowl cholera.

We have recently reported the gene expression profile of Pasteurella multocida during growth in the blood of chickens with fowl cholera. Here we report the gene expression profile of P. multocida during growth in the livers of similarly infected chickens. We compared expression profiles of bacteria harvested from the livers of infected chickens with late-stage fowl cholera with those of bacteria grown in rich medium. Independent analysis of bacterial expression profiles from three individual chickens indicated that 93 P. multocida genes were always differentially expressed during growth in liver tissue. Of these 93 genes, 49 were upregulated and 44 downregulated in the host. Many of the upregulated genes were involved in energy production and conversion (9/49) and carbohydrate transport and metabolism (8/49), and a number of these have been shown to be induced under anaerobic conditions in other species. The downregulated genes were generally of unknown or poorly characterised functions (14/44). Comparison of the differentially regulated gene sets identified for growth in liver with those identified previously for growth in blood allowed the identification of a core set of 13 upregulated and 16 downregulated genes that were differentially regulated in at least five of the six infections studied.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a protocol for determining the effectiveness of pretreatment with local analgesics for reducing experimentally induced articular pain in domestic fowl.

An experimental paradigm based on the microcrystalline sodium urate-induced arthritis model was developed for determining the effectiveness and optimum dose of drugs with potential local analgesic properties for the diagnosis and alleviation of musculoskeletal pain in birds. The optimum intra-articular injection of sodium urate was 6 mg in 0.2 ml diluent in 12-week-old male domestic fowl of 1.5 kg live weight. The response criteria were changes in behavioural profiles over 60 minutes commencing one hour after intra-articular injection. The testing system was used to determine the optimum rate of intra-articular application of the local anaesthetic bupivacaine hydrochloride. The behavioural profile of treated birds was restored to that of the controls at a minimal injection of 3 mg in 0.3 ml saline. It was concluded that the optimum intra-articular dose of bupivacaine for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in the domestic fowl was 3 mg bupivacaine in 0.3 ml saline.

Anesthetics, Local↗