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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

What happens to the triangular fibrocartilage complex during pronation and supination of the forearm? Analysis of its morphology and diagnostic assessment with MR arthrography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dynamic morphologic changes of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) during pronation and supination of the forearm using high-resolution MR arthrography in cadavers and to evaluate the impact of these changes on the diagnostic assessment of the normal and abnormal TFCC. DESIGN AND SPECIMENS: High-resolution MR arthrography of 10 wrists of cadaveric specimens was obtained in maximum pronation, in the neutral position, and in maximum supination of the forearm. The structures of the TFCC were evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists and correlated with anatomic sections. The position of the forearm that allowed the best visualization of normal structures and lesions of the TFCC was determined. RESULTS: The shape and extent of the articular disc as well as the radial portions of the radioulnar ligaments did not change with pronation and supination. The articular disc was horizontal in the neutral position and tilted more distally to align with the proximal carpal row in pronation and supination. The fibers of the ulnar part of the radioulnar ligaments (ulnar attachment of the articular disc) revealed the most significant changes: their orientation was coronal in the neutral position and sagittal in positions of pronation and supination. The ulnomeniscal homologue was largest in the neutral position and was reduced in size during pronation and supination. The extensor carpi ulnaris tendon was centered in its groove in the neutral position and pronation. In supination this tendon revealed subluxation from this groove. The dorsal capsule of the distal radioulnar joint was taut in pronation, and the palmar capsule was taut in supination. The preferred forearm position for analysis of most of the structures of the TFCC was the neutral position, followed by the pronated position. The neutral position was rated best for the detection of ulnar and radial detachments of the TFCC, followed by the pronated position, except for two central perforations of the TFCC which were best seen with supination. CONCLUSION: The articular disc and the surrounding radial portions of the radioulnar ligaments form a rigid, unified complex with the radius without change in their shape in positions of pronation and supination of the forearm, while the ulnar attachment of the TFCC shows important dynamic changes. The neutral forearm position is the best position to analyze both the normal and the abnormal TFCC.

Arthrography↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of oral MK 421 and propranolol in mild to moderate essential hypertension and their effects on arterial and venous vessels of the forearm.

The efficacy of MK 421 and propranolol was compared in 48 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Each patient was randomly assigned to receive 1 of the drugs for 12 weeks. Additionally, a subgroup of 28 patients underwent studies of forearm arterial and venous circulation by means of pulsed Doppler and mercury-in-silastic plethysmography. Both drugs reduced supine and standing blood pressure (BP) (p less than 0.001). Propranolol reduced heart rate (p less than 0.001), while MK 421 did not change it. Brachial artery diameter, blood velocity and flow increased after MK 421 (p less than 0.001), but were not changed after propranolol therapy. Forearm vascular resistance decreased after MK 421 (p less than 0.001) and after propranolol (p less than 0.05). Forearm venous tone was unaffected on MK 421, but increased after propranolol (p less than 0.01). Thus, in moderate hypertension, 3 months of treatment with MK 421 or propranolol similarly decrease BP, but affect the forearm circulation differently: MK 421 dilates both the brachial artery and the arterioles of the forearm, but does not affect the venous vessels, and propranolol causes little arterial change but increases the forearm venous tone.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Exercise-induced vasodilation in forearm circulation of normal subjects and patients with congestive heart failure: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to investigate the role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of forearm blood flow during exercise in normal subjects and patients with congestive heart failure. BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in response to muscarinic stimulation is impaired in the peripheral circulation of patients with congestive heart failure. Whether nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation during exercise is also impaired in patients with congestive heart failure is unknown. METHODS: Forearm blood flows (ml/min per 100 ml) were determined during rhythmic hand grip exercise at 15%, 30% and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction by venous occlusion plethysmography before and after regional inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with administration of L-NG-monomethylarginine (L-NMMA) in the brachial artery of 17 patients with congestive heart failure (mean age 49 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.22) and 10 age-matched normal subjects. RESULTS: Before administration of L-NMMA in the brachial artery, forearm blood flows in patients with congestive heart failure during rhythmic hand grip exercise at 15%, 30% and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction were slightly but not significantly lower than that of normal subjects ([mean +/- SE] 6.8 +/- 1.0, 8.5 +/- 1.0 and 12.9 +/- 1.7 ml/min per 100 ml, respectively, in patients with congestive heart failure vs. 6.6 +/- 1.2, 11.6 +/- 1.9 and 16.2 +/- 1.9 ml/min per 100 ml, respectively, in normal subjects, p = NS). After administration of L-NMMA in the brachial artery, forearm blood flows in normal subjects significantly decreased by 10% to 21% during hand grip exercise but did not change during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Regional inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with administration of L-NMMA in the brachial artery significantly decreased forearm blood flows during rhythmic hand grip exercise in normal subjects but not in patients with congestive heart failure. These findings suggest that nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation during submaximal exercise is impaired in the forearm circulation of patients with congestive heart failure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The posterior interosseous artery in the distal part of the forearm. Is the term "recurrent branch of the anterior interosseous artery" justified?

In 1993 Angrigiani raised the question as to whether the distal part of the posterior interosseous artery (AIP) is a recurrent branch of the anterior interosseous artery (AIA) and forms a "choke"--anastomosis with the AIP in the middle of the forearm. A dissection study was conducted on 66 upper extremities to evaluate the diameters of the dorsal branch of the anterior interosseous artery, the anastomotic branch, the diameter of the posterior interosseous artery at the point of origin of the septocutaneous perforators in the middle of the forearm and the diameter of the posterior interosseous artery at the point of emergence in the dorsal compartment. We further tried to identify different forms and types of the "distal" anastomosis and the connections to the dorsal carpal arch and the ulnar artery. A distal anastomosis between the AIA and AIP was found in 65 of the 66 upper extremities. Three different types of anastomosis could be identified. The smallest diameter was found at the middle of the forearm (mean diameter AIA 1.28 mm; anastomotic branch 0.6 mm; AIP at the middle of the forearm 0.39 mm; AIP prox. 1.35 mm). A branch through the fifth extensor compartment was present in all of our specimens (mean diameter 0.54 mm). A branch through the forth extensor compartment could be found in 16 specimens. Based on our findings and the embryological development, we conclude that the AIP is only present in the proximal half of the forearm. In the distal part, the dorsal branch of the anterior interosseous artery forms a vascular arcade, which gives off branches to the dorsal carpal arch, the ulnar head and the ulnar artery. This arcade anastomoses with the posterior interosseous artery in the middle of the forearm by means of a choke anastomosis. We also conclude that the term "recurrent branch of the anterior interosseous artery" for the distal part of posterior interosseous artery is correct.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Internal arteriovenous fistula within a radial forearm flap--a novel technique to increase femorodistal bypass graft flow to the diabetic foot and flap covering ischaemic tissue loss.

BACKGROUND: The fascio-cutaneous radial forearm flap is especially suitable to rebuild the contour of the foot, but because of low natural low flow this flap lacks the beneficial effect of large muscle flaps on bypass graft flow. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel technique of flap coverage combined to vascular bypass: an internal av-fistula was created within a radial forearm flap. METHODS: Nine critically ischaemic limbs were treated with a modified radial forearm flap in the Department of Plastic and Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital 1998-2003. All the patients were candidates for a major amputation unless this combined operation was attempted. A two-team approach was used: the vascular surgeon performed the distal bypass and the radial forearm flap was raised by the plastic surgeon. In eight cases a femorodistal bypass was performed and in the ninth the vein graft supplied the flap directly. The internal fistula within the flap was created between the distal end of the radial artery and either the cephalic vein or the concomitant vein of the radial artery. Flow was measured during surgery. RESULTS: Vein graft flow increased significantly after the radial forearm flap anastomosis (76 vs 44 ml/min, p=0.016). The flow of both the bypass graft and the flap artery were higher with the av-fistula patent (p=0.016 and p=0.004). Graft patency was 89% at 2 years. Infection was a major cause of amputation, 1- and 2-year limb salvages being 67 and 53%. CONCLUSION: In a group of diabetic patients increased flow in a vascular bypass graft was achieved by an internal av-fistula within a radial forearm flap. This method is useful in selected cases with poor run off and large ischaemic lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of distal radioulnar joint subluxation on restricted forearm rotation after distal radius fracture.

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of subluxation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) on restricted forearm rotation after distal radius fracture. METHODS: Twenty-two cases of healed unilateral distal radial fracture with restricted forearm rotation were included in the study. The subluxation of the DRUJ was evaluated using helical computed tomography scan at neutral, maximum pronation, and maximum supination and presented as the percent displacement of the ulnar head in both the injured and uninjured sides. The radiographic parameters of palmar tilt, radial inclination, dorsal shift, radial shift, and ulnar variance were measured on plain x-ray films and the rotational deformity of the distal radius was evaluated from the computed tomography scan. The differences of each radiographic parameter from the uninjured side were calculated. The relationships between the restricted forearm rotation and the percent displacement of the ulnar head and each of the radiographic parameters were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: When forearm pronation was restricted the ulnar head was located palmarly at neutral, maximum supination, and maximum pronation with severe dorsal tilt of the distal radius. When supination was restricted the ulnar head was located dorsally at maximum supination with severe ulnar-positive variance. CONCLUSIONS: The subluxation of the DRUJ was related to restricted forearm rotation. The radiographic parameters of palmar tilt and ulnar variance showed an adverse influence on the position of the ulnar head at the DRUJ, which might lead to restricted forearm rotation after distal radial fracture.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Biomechanic comparison of 3 tendon transfers for supination of the forearm.

PURPOSE: Flexion-pronation of the hand and the forearm is a common deformity when the upper extremity is affected by cerebral palsy. Solutions used to improve the pronation deformity and increase supination include transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor carpi radialis brevis, pronator teres rerouting, and brachioradialis rerouting. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanic efficacy of these 3 tendon transfers in simulated supination in cadaveric forearms. METHODS: Ten fresh-frozen adult cadaveric above-elbow upper extremities were used. In each specimen the 3 tendon transfers were performed sequentially in random order and were loaded in increments of 4 N (1 lb) to a maximum of 36 N (8 lb). Measurements were recorded from the starting point of 90 degrees of pronation. Statistical analysis of the data included the Student t test with the Bonferoni correction. RESULTS: For all transfers, supination increased in a nonlinear manner as the load was increased in a nonlinear manner. For the flexor carpi ulnaris transfer, the forearm reached its neutral position at a load of 9 N (2 lb). The forearm continued to rotate to up to 84 degrees of supination with 36 N (8 lb) of load. With the brachioradialis transfer, the forearm reached its neutral position at 13 N (3 lb) of load and continued to rotate to up to 33 degrees of supination with 36 N of load. With the pronator teres transfer, the forearm never reached the neutral position. Under a maximum load of 36 N, only 55 degrees of rotation from full pronation was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor carpi radialis brevis proved to be the most effective transfer for producing supination in cadavers. The brachioradialis transfer was second best. The pronator teres rerouting was the least effective transfer in effecting simulated supination in this experiment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparative evaluation of local and international reference databases for forearm densitometry: different impacts on diagnostic decisions.

Reference databases play a key role in the management of osteoporosis. The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the diagnostic consequences of using either an international or a local reference database in peripheral densitometry. For this purpose, standard curves for bone mineral density (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the distal and proximal forearm) were generated for healthy Hungarian men and women. In total, 303 healthy volunteers of both sexes (age range: 20-94 yr) were recruited from four osteoporosis centers. Subjects with medical conditions or taking medication affecting the bone metabolism were excluded. Bone densitometry was performed with pDEXA (Norland-Stratec, Fort Atkinson, WI) devices in each center after cross-calibration of the machines. The precision error of the forearm measurement was also determined (<1% in vitro, and 1.2-2.5% in vivo). In females, the peak forearm density was detected in the 30-39-yr group. The density decreased by 8% per 5 yr in early postmenopausal females, and by 10% per 10 yr in late postmenopausal females. In males, the highest bone mineral density was found in the 30-39-yr group for the distal forearm, but 1 decade later for the proximal site. Subsequently, a 5% decrease in density occurred per 10 yr, except in the 8th decade, in which a 20% decrease was demonstrated. One thousand four hundred thirty-four patients with suspected osteoporosis were classified according to the forearm density T-scores using both the new Hungarian reference database and the international database provided by the manufacturer. Comparison of the results measured at the distal forearm with the two different databases led to similar outcomes. However, at the proximal site, one fifth of the female patients were reclassified from the low-density group to the normal group using the domestic normative database. An opposite difference was observed for the males: use of the Hungarian reference data resulted in 40% more men being categorized in the low-density group than when the international normal database was applied. Our results suggest that not only geographic differences, but also the reference database used, can influence the prevalence of the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Further data are currently being collected to increase the statistical power of the study.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women augments reactive hyperemia in the forearm by reducing angiotensin converting enzyme activity.

The precise mechanism of the vasoprotective effect of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is not fully understood. The present study sought to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the vasodilator response of the forearm vessels induced by estrogen administration to postmenopausal women. Subjects were divided into two groups. One group received conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg daily) orally for 3 months (n=26), while the other received no treatment (control group, n=10). Forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. The concentrations of nitrite/nitrate (metabolites of NO), ACE activity, and lipid parameters were measured. Basal forearm blood flow, body weight, blood pressure, and heart rate were similar at baseline in both groups. After 3 months of estrogen administration, the maximal forearm blood flow response during reactive hyperemia and the serum level of nitrite/nitrate each showed a significant increase over baseline values: from 23.6+/-2.0 to 36.5+/-3.1 ml/min per 100 ml tissue (P<0.01), and from 24.8+/-2.3 to 38.6+/-3.6 micromol/l (P<0.01), respectively. Plasma levels of ACE activity were significantly reduced from baseline after 3 months of estrogen treatment (from 12.2+/-0.6 to 10.9+/-0.6 IU/l, P<0.01). No changes were seen in controls. The change in forearm blood flow after sublingual nitroglycerin was similar at baseline versus after 3 months of estrogen administration. The increase in the serum level of nitrite/nitrate after 3 months of estrogen therapy showed a significant inverse correlation (r=0.52, P<0.01) with the reduction in the plasma level of ACE activity. There was no significant correlation between the increase in serum nitrite/nitrate and any change in serum lipids, blood pressure, or other parameters. The administration of oral estrogen to postmenopausal women for 3 months increased the NO-mediated forearm endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. This was likely due, at least in part, to ACE inhibition. The latter may be one mechanism by which ERT provides its well-known cardiovascular benefit.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1999

Sarcomere length varies with wrist ulnar deviation but not forearm pronation in the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) sarcomere length was measured in seven patients using intraoperative laser diffraction. Sarcomere length was measured with the forearm in one of four positions: wrist in neutral with regard to radial-ulnar deviation and forearm in neutral rotation, wrist in ulnar deviation and forearm in neutral rotation, wrist in neutral and forearm in pronation, and wrist in ulnar deviation and forearm in pronation. Two-way ANOVA comparing sarcomere length between the four positions revealed a significant effect of ulnar deviation (p < 0.05), no significant effect of pronation (p > 0.7) and no significant interaction (p > 0.9). These results demonstrate that the axes of forearm rotation and wrist radial-ulnar deviation act independently, at least with regard to the ECRB and have implications regarding the etiology of tennis elbow.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Differences in estimates of forearm protein synthesis between leucine and phenylalanine tracers following unbalanced amino acid infusion.

We compared the leucine (Leu) and phenylalanine (Phe) tracer-determined response of forearm protein synthesis (PS) before and after stimulation of protein anabolism by intravenous infusion of Leu-enriched, Phe-deficient amino acids and insulin (increased to approximately 100 microU/mL) with the euglycemic clamp. Six healthy subjects received primed-constant infusions of L-[ring-2H5]-Phe and L-[1-(14)C]-Leu, and steady-state forearm Phe and Leu kinetics were determined. Following the combined infusion, the arterial Leu concentration increased approximately 70% (P < .001), whereas Phe decreased about 15% (P < .01). Forearm PS and net balance (NB) increased (P < .05 or less v basal) using both amino acid tracers. However, the relative increments observed with the Leu tracer were more than 75% larger (P < .05 or less) than those observed with the Phe tracer, even when the data were corrected for the standard relative abundance of these two amino acids in forearm protein(s). Thus, the calculated changes of forearm PS and NB in response to an unbalanced amino acid infusion with hyperinsulinemia were affected by the plasma level of leucine and phenylalanine, whose tracers were used to estimate forearm protein turnover. Since these two essential amino acids share the same transport system, a competition at this level cannot be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Elbow load during pushup at various forearm rotations.

OBJECTIVE: Elbow joint loading was evaluated during pushup exercises at various forearm rotations. DESIGN: Subjects were asked to perform pushup in various forearm rotations: neutral, 90 degrees internal rotation, and 90 degrees external rotation. BACKGROUND: Training with pushup exercise is good for the muscles and joints of the upper extremities. However, excessive shear forces on the elbow might lead to injuries to either normal trainees or to handicapped people, especially for those who rely on elbow prosthesis. METHODS: The kinematics and kinetics of the elbow joint were investigated under various forearm rotations. RESULTS: The loading biomechanics of the elbow joint differed with various forearm rotations. It was noted that greater posterior and varus forces of the elbow are encountered with internal rotation of the hand position and, consequently, full forearm pronation. CONCLUSIONS: Pushup with hands in internally rotated position should be prevented so as to avoid excessive shear forces or moments. RELEVANCE: Knowledge of elbow kinematics and kinetics may be helpful in preventing injuries by reducing the elbow shear force with changes of forearm rotation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effects of distal radius fracture malalignment on forearm rotation: a cadaveric study.

Seven fresh cadaveric specimens were used to determine the loss of forearm rotation with varying distal radius fracture malalignment patterns. Uniplanar malunion patterns consisting of dorsal tilt, radioulnar translation, or radial shortening were simulated by creating an osteotomy at the distal end of the radius, orienting the distal fragment position using an external fixator, and maintaining the position with wedges and a T-plate. Rotation of the forearm was produced by fixing the elbow in a flexed position and applying a constant torque to the forearm using deadweights. Forearm rotation was measured with a protractor. Dorsal tilt to 30 degrees and radial translation to 10 mm led to no significant restriction in forearm pronation or supination ranges of motion. A 5-mm ulnar translation deformity resulted in a mean 23% loss of pronation range of motion. Radial shortening of 10 mm reduced forearm pronation by 47% and supination by 29%.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Vein transposition in the forearm for autogenous hemodialysis access.

PURPOSE: We describe a technique of superficial venous transposition in the forearm used for the formation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access. These modifications of the single-incision radiocephalic fistula are designed to increase options for arteriovenous fistulas by using veins and arteries that are suitable for use but are not in immediate proximity. METHODS: Arteries and veins suitable for a primary arteriovenous fistula were identified and mapped using duplex ultrasound in 89 patients. Separate incisions were used in the majority of cases, and the selected forearm vein was mobilized, angiodilated, and transposed into a subcutaneous tunnel on the volar aspect of the forearm. Before initiation of hemodialysis, duplex ultrasound scanning was performed, and the location that was most suitable for cannulation was identified. Repeat scans were performed at 3-month intervals for analysis of patency. RESULTS: Superficial venous transpositions were performed using a single incision in 13 instances in which the vein was in immediate proximity to the radial artery (type A). Dorsal-to-volar forearm transposition (type B) was performed in 30 veins with anastomoses to the radial (n = 26), ulnar (n = 2), or brachial (n = 2) arteries. Volar-to-volar forearm transposition (type C) was performed in the remaining 46 veins, with anastomoses to the radial (n = 42), ulnar (n = 2), or brachial arteries (n = 2). Successful hemodialysis was accomplished in 81 of 89 patients (91%). The primary cumulative patency rate was 84% at 1 year and 69% at 2 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of superficial venous transposition for the formation of autogenous hemoaccess was associated with ease of cannulation by dialysis personnel, high maturation rates, reduced early failure rates, and enhanced patency rates. We recommended the use of these technical modifications to increase the use of autogenous fistulas in the forearm.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of short-term forearm exercise training on resistance vessel endothelial function in normal subjects and patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in animals. This study was designed to determine whether forearm exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in control subjects and patients with heart failure, a disease associated with abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used strain gauge plethysmography to assess the effects of short-term forearm exercise training on resistance vessel function in 11 control subjects and 7 patients with New York Heart Association class II and III heart failure. Subjects performed 30 minutes of handgrip exercise four times a week for 4-6 weeks. In the control subjects, exercise training increased forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial acetylcholine (20 microg/min) from 6.9 +/- 3.1 to 12.2 +/- 3.0 mL/min/100 mL and peak reactive hyperemic FBF responses from 38.1 +/- 5.6 to 47.4 +/- 5.6 (P < .05). Basal FBF and responses to nitroprusside, L-N-monomethyl arginine and acute forearm exercise were not significantly changed. In the patients with heart failure, chronic forearm exercise did not significantly change any of the above-measured parameters. CONCLUSION: Forearm exercise training improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and peak hyperemic FBF in control subjects but not in patients with heart failure. These data suggest that resistance vessel abnormalities may not be as readily modifiable by exercise training in patients with heart failure compared with control subjects.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2002

Secondary osteoporosis and the risk of distal forearm fractures in men and women.

Secondary osteoporosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hip and spine fractures, but relatively little is known about the potential impact of secondary osteoporosis and fall-related disorders on the risk of distal forearm fractures. To address this issue, we conducted a population-based, nested case-control study comparing 496 Rochester, Minnesota, residents with an initial distal forearm fracture to an equal number of age- and gender-matched controls. Potential risk factors were assessed by review of each subject's complete (inpatient and outpatient) medical records in the community (median duration >30 years) and analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Although history of diabetes mellitus in women (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.75) and long-term anticonvulsant use in both genders (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.26-10) were independently associated with fracture risk in a multivariate analysis, the conditions linked with secondary osteoporosis had, in aggregate, no statistically significant association with distal forearm fractures. Fall-related conditions altogether were associated with a borderline increase in risk (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.98-1.91) and might have accounted for 19% of forearm fracture occurrence in the community. Among women (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.20-6.19), but not men, a history of prior osteoporotic fracture was also associated with an increase in distal forearm fractures. These factors do not appear to account for the discrepancy in forearm fracture incidence in women when compared with men.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Movement patterns of the upper extremity and trunk before and after corrective surgery of impaired forearm rotation in patients with cerebral palsy.

The effect of surgical correction of impaired forearm rotation on associated body movement patterns was studied prospectively by comparison of preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional video analysis of the upper extremity and trunk in eight male and two female patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP; mean age 16y 2mo [SD 4y 11mo]; range 11-27y). A customized parameter, 'extrinsic forearm rotation', was used to quantify associated movements supplementing forearm rotation. After surgical correction of the pronation deformity, active forearm supination during a functional reaching task had improved by a mean of 37 degrees in combination with significantly decreased extrinsic forearm rotation by a mean of 13 degrees . In addition, an average loss of 16 degrees of active pronation in combination with increased extrinsic forearm rotation (mean 8 degrees ) was observed. On the basis of these results we conclude that successful surgical correction of a pronation deformity in patients with CP directly affects related movement patterns of the upper extremity and trunk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Chronic effects of pindolol on the arterioles, large arteries, and veins of the forearm in mild to moderate essential hypertension.

The effects of pindolol were studied on the large arteries, arterioles, and veins of the forearm in 13 patients with essential hypertension after 12 weeks of dosing. The methods used were pulsed Doppler velocimetry of the brachial artery and strain gauge mercury-in-silicone rubber plethysmography of the forearm. Compared with placebo baseline values, chronic pindolol significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.001), pulse pressure (P less than 0.001), and pulse rate (P less than 0.05). A significant increase was observed in brachial artery diameter (P less than 0.01), brachial artery blood flow and velocity (P less than 0.001), and forearm arterial flow (P less than 0.001). Forearm vascular resistance and venous tone were decreased (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively), whereas forearm arterial compliance was increased (P less than 0.001). These results demonstrate a dilatory effect on large and small peripheral arteries and on veins of pindolol after chronic dosing, which leads to improvement in the conduction and buffering arterial function of the forearm.

Adult↗