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PubMed1996

Determination of fluoride release from light-cured glass-ionomers and a fluoridated composite resin from the viewpoint of curing time.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fluoride releasing pattern of several visible light-curing glass-ionomers and one fluoride-containing filling material, from the viewpoint of curing time. Standardized blocks of Time Line (Caulk-USA), XR-Ionomer (Kerr-USA), Vitrebond (3M-USA) and Heliomolar-Ro (Vivadent-Lichtenstein) were light cured for 20, 40 and 60 s, and then stored in deionized distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24, 48, 72 h and 7 days. The water was changed every day and measurements of the fluoride released from the materials were made daily. The results were compared statistically with the results obtained from Ketac-Bond (Espe-Germany) prepared in the same manner. The levels were highest for the first 24 h; in the following days they decreased rapidly. The fluoride-releasing patterns of all these materials were similar to each other. The fluoride release was the highest from XR-Ionomer, and the lowest from Heliomolar-RO. For Time Line glass-ionomer, the fluoride release from 20 s cured blocks was significantly higher than the fluoride release from 40 and 60 s cured blocks at the end of 1 week. It was observed that the fluoride release from Ketac-Bond was significantly lower than XR-Ionomer and Vitre-Bond and higher than Time Line and Heliomolar-Ro.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1998

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes and opinions on fluorides and fluoridation between Australia and Japan.

This paper reports on two studies exploring similarities and contrasts in knowledge, attitudes and opinions on fluorides and fluoridation of two culturally different population groups. The first study compares the attitudes and opinions of parents of primary (elementary) schoolchildren in Melbourne, Australia, and Yokohama, Japan, and the second study compares the attitudes and opinions of dentists drawn from the same geographic areas. A self-administered questionnaire collected data on 517 parents and 629 dentists. The questionnaires were of similar design and content for both parents and dentists. They included a series of knowledge and attitudinal statements on preventive dentistry and use of fluorides. Attitudinal responses were measured on a 5-point agree-disagree Likert scale. Data were analyzed using both bivariate and multivariate techniques. Australian parents appeared better informed on the benefits of water fluoridation and held more favorable opinions on fluorides and fluoridation than their Japanese counterparts. Similarly, Australian dentists held more positive attitudes toward the use of fluorides and fluoridation than their Japanese peers. Cultural norms and experiences appear to shape parental attitudes, whereas the focus of dental education and dental practice on restorative treatments in Japan appears to be a substantial influence on the attitudes and opinions held by Japanese dentists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Fluoride concentrations of the surface enamel of children living in an optimally fluoridated community.

The present study was undertaken in a community, where the tap water has been optimally fluoridated since 1959 (1.0-1.2 ppm). The material consisted of 92 children and adolescents including 30 sibling-couples. The mean age of the participants was 11.8 +/- 2.45 (SD) yr. 56 children had consumed fluoridated water all their life, the others only a part of the developmental period of their permanent dentition. Enamel biopsies were taken from 212 permanent teeth and 33 primary teeth by etching the tooth surface for 6 or 30 s. The etch depth was calculated from the mean of dissolved enamel calcium and phosporus. The fluoride concentration in the outermost enamel was almost similar in the teeth of the lifelong residents and the rest of the children. Towards the deeper layers the amount of fluoride decreases depending on its availability during the development of the enamel. There was no striking similarity neither in the fluoride concentration nor in the amount of dissolved enamel between the siblings when compared with the other children. The posteruptive incorporation of fluoride takes place only on the outermost surface of the enamel. The results suggest that in subsurface layers the fluoride exposure during tooth formation is the dominating determinant of enamel fluoride concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Magnesium-fluoride interrelationships in man. I. Effect of fluoride on magnesium metabolism.

Metabolic balances of fluoride and magnesium were determined in man in control studies and during fluoride supplementation. The studies were carried out during three intake levels of calcium (200, 1,400, and 2,200 mg/day) and during two intake levels of phosphorus (800 mg and 1,400 mg/day). The intake of about 10 mg fluoride per day, given as NaF, resulted in a two- to threefold increase of the urinary and fecal fluoride excretion. However, during the high fluoride intake, the urinary magnesium remained about the same, the fecal magnesium increased slightly, and the magnesium balances did not differ significantly. This was the case whether fluoride was given during a low or high calcium intake in the absence or presence of added phosphorus. Similar results were obtained with large doses of fluoride (40-45 mg/day) given to patients with osteoporosis. The studies have shown that supplemental fluoride ranging from 10 to 45 mg/day did not affect the magnesium balance during calcium intakes that ranged from 200 to 2,200 mg/day and during phosphorus intakes that ranged from 800 to 1,400 mg/day.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1993

Fluoride mouthrinses and fluoride varnishes.

The cariostatic efficacy of rinsing with a 0.05-0.2% neutral sodium fluoride solution has been clearly demonstrated, especially in supervised school-based programmes in moderate and high caries risk children. The cost-benefit effect, however, is questionable in populations with low caries prevalence, and fluoride rinsing programmes are gradually being replaced by more individual fluoride therapy comprising combinations of fluoride toothpastes, tablets, or varnishes. Fluoride varnishes were developed as individual alternatives to conventional topical fluoride application and are today gaining acceptance for clinical application. Two varnishes, Duraphat containing 5% wt NaF and Fluor Protector with 0.9% wt fluor silane, are available commercially. The clinical effects seem to depend mainly on application frequency, especially in high caries risk groups. The cost-benefit effect is high, but can be increased by delegating application to auxiliary personnel in conjunction with regular dental visits. Toxicologically both fluoride mouthrinses and fluoride varnishes are safe if used as directed.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Caries incidence in relation to salivary mutans streptococci and fluoride varnish applications in preschool children from low- and optimal-fluoride areas.

Caries incidence during a 2-year period was studied in 4- to 5-year-old children from three areas with contrasting levels of natural fluoride (F) in the drinking water and different regimens of topical fluoride varnish applications; group A (n = 448) was from an area with a low level of F (0.1 ppm) and semi-annual applications of fluoride varnish; group B (n = 374) was from a low F area (0.1 ppm) and no fluoride varnish treatments; group C (n = 206) was from an area with optimal F (1.2 ppm) and fluoride varnish treatments. All children were clinically assessed at baseline and after 2 years according to WHO criteria. The number of salivary mutans streptococci was estimated and scored at baseline and after 2 years with the Strip mutans method. The varnish containing 0.1% F was applied every 6 months on all accessible tooth surfaces after cleaning with a pumice paste. Basic preventive care was given to all children and restorative treatment on individual indications. Higher levels (p < 0.05) of salivary mutans streptococci were found in the low-fluoride areas compared to the optimal fluoride area at baseline and after 2 years. The caries incidence (mean dft +/- SD) in the different groups was A: 0.65 +/- 1.40; B: 1.09 +/- 1.85; C: 0.53 +/- 1.09. The difference between group B and groups A and C was statistically significant (p < 0.05). A positive relationship (p < 0.05-0.001) between salivary mutans streptococci scores at baseline and caries incidence was found in all three groups. This study confirms the close association between salivary mutans streptococci and caries incidence in preschool children and suggests a caries-reducing effect of topical applications of the fluoride silane varnish.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Fluoride release from glass ionomer activated with fluoride solutions.

The mechanism of the fluoride release from glass-ionomer cements (GICs) is not yet completely understood, due to the complexity of these systems. The objective of the present study was to investigate the fluoride and alkali metal ion release from a relatively simple GIC formulation with fluoride- and alkali metal-free glass and activated with a NaF or KF solution. The set formulations were eluted during 168 days in water at 37 degrees C. The cumulative fluoride release was the result of an initial high release that ceased after some time and a prolonged but slow release, both of which increased with increasing fluoride concentrations in the activating solution, independently of the type of alkali metal. Maturation prior to elution decreased the fluoride and slowed the alkali metal release. The release of these ions was not (completely) correlated. The results suggest that the release process is due not only to a loss of relatively loosely bound fluoride in the cement matrix, but also to the release of fluoride which becomes strongly bound during the setting reaction and induces a long-term release.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhanced fluoride uptake in enamel with a fluoride-impregnated prophylactic cup.

A series of in vitro studies have been performed to study the release of tin and fluoride from an experimental prophylactic cup and the influence of this release on the fluoride content of enamel. It has been found that the release of fluoride from the prophy cup during a simulated prophylaxis results in a significant increase in the fluoride content of the treated enamel. It has also been observed that in those instances in which the fluoride-containing paste has a pH of less than about 3.8 this effect is partially additive to the increase in the fluoride content of enamel associated with the use of fluoride-containing prophylactic pastes. Collectively, these findings suggest that this prophylactic cup merits further investigation as a practical means of increasing the value of the prophylaxis phase of a multiple-fluoride treatment program for the partial control of dental caries.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Distribution and retention of salivary fluoride from a sodium fluoride tablet following various intra-oral dissolution methods.

The distribution and retention of salivary fluoride were investigated according to the following intra-oral dissolution methods of a sodium fluoride tablet: active chewing/swishing, active sucking/swishing, and passive dissolution in the maxillary and mandibular labial vestibule. The results suggested that the oral cavity was somewhat compartmentalized, in that homogeneous distribution of a dissolved fluoride tablet did not occur throughout the mouth, but rather each site sampled was influenced by various rates of clearance and retention. Tablet chewing may have an advantage over tablet sucking in terms of salivary fluoride retention, and there was a tendency for fluoride to be preferentially retained in the maxillary labial vestibule following swishing. The passive tablet dissolution methods resulted in a less homogeneous distribution of fluoride. Although the fluoride retention values for passive dissolution were impressively superior to either active dissolution method, the alarmingly high salivary fluoride concentrations (4000 ppm F) recorded at the passive dissolution sites should discourage its use until the potential cytotoxicity of this approach is thoroughly investigated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Fluoride accumulation in bone and the effect on their physical properties in guinea pigs given different levels of fluoridated water.

Guinea pigs were exposed to fluoridated water (2-20 ppm) for a period ranging from 15 to 42 weeks. The fluoride content of the bones increased in proportion to the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the period of exposure. The rate constant of accumulation of fluoride in guinea pig bones was estimated to be 2.5 X 10(-2) week-1, with a half-life of plateau formation in the order of 28 weeks. This indicated that maximum accumulation of fluoride during a continuous exposure, or a computed complete elimination of fluoride after exposure, will take approximately four years. Although fluoridated water improved the weight gain of guinea pigs, no effect on physical properties of bones was observed. No other toxic effects of fluoride under these conditions were noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Optimal fluoridation--The concept and its application to municipal water fluoridation.

Optimal fluoridation has been defined as that fluoride exposure which confers maximal cariostasis with minimal toxicity and its values have been previously determined to be 0.5 to 1 mg per day for infants and 1 to 1.5 mg per day for an average child. Total fluoride ingestion and urine excretion were studied in Marin County, California, children in 1973 before municipal water fluoridation. Results showed fluoride exposure to be higher than anticipated and fulfilled previously accepted criteria for optimal fluoridation. Present and future water fluoridation plans need to be reevaluated in light of total environmental fluoride exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salivary fluoride concentrations in children with various systemic fluoride exposures.

Parotid ductal saliva fluoride concentrations were determined as an indication of baseline plasma fluoride levels in three groups of children. Group I had been exposed to drinking water containing less than 0.1 ppm F and had not received fluoride supplements. Group II had consumed optimally fluoridated water (1 ppm) since infancy. Group III had consumed water with less than 0.1 ppm F but had received a daily fluoride supplement for at least two years. The mean salivary fluoride concentrations in Groups II and III were significantly higher than Group I, but were not significantly different from each other. The findings suggest that peak plasma fluoride concentrations achieved following a daily fluoride supplement dose are higher than previously thought.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Fluoride intake in a community with low fluoride concentration in drinking water].

The fluoride content of representative samples of the drinking water and diet of the inhabitants of Tshikundamalema (Republic of Venda, southern Africa) was determined according to the potentiometric method of fluoride analysis. The mean daily intake of fluoride of the inhabitants was compared with the recommended daily intake of fluoride, as advocated by the Mayo Clinic (USA). Despite the low fluoride ion concentration ([F-]) of the drinking water (less than 0.05 mg/l), there exists an optimum to above optimum (3,54-5,32 mg F-) daily intake of fluoride for the adults in Tshikundamalema. The main source of fluoride intake was from beer and green leafy vegetables. The intake of fluoride for the children in Tshikundamalema is sub-optimal (0.598 mg F-/day).

Diet↗
PubMed1979

[Fluoride concentration of drinking water and fluoride content of the enamel in deciduous teeth].

The fluoride concentrations in the superficial enamel of deciduous teeth of children from areas with fluoridized drinking water (Basel, up to 1.00 ppm F-) and from a fluoride-deficient area (Hamburg, approx. 0.14 ppm F-) were measured and compared. The results of this investigation show that, if optimal accounts of fluoride are available, the fluoride content in the enamel of deciduous teeth is twice as high as that in teeth of children from areas without fluoridation. The relationship between the reduction of caries due to fluoridized drinking water and the significant increase in fluoride concentration in the enamel was demonstrated.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Variations in the fluoride levels of drinking water in South Africa. Implications for fluoride supplementation.

The range of fluoride levels in the drinking-water of cities and villages in South Africa was determined during the transition from a very dry (1983) to a wet (1984/85) period. The combination fluoride ion selective electrode was employed for the determination of the fluoride concentration. It was found that fluoride levels in drinking-water changed for 93% of the cities and villages studied during the period 1983-1985. Furthermore, it became clear that when the water volume of the supplying source increased, the fluoride level decreased significantly (P less than 0.01). Boreholes showed significantly higher fluoride levels (P less than 0.01) than rivers or dams. The impact of the variation in drinking-water fluoride concentrations on supplementary fluoride dosage is discussed and recommendations made.

Fluoridation↗
PubMed1994

Effect of drinking water fluoridation on hearing of patients with otosclerosis in a low fluoride area: a follow-up study.

Fluorine content in bone samples taken from the middle ears of otosclerotic patients was determined. Otosclerotic stapes footplate was found to have a significantly higher content of fluorine than skeletal bone from the meatus. Fluorine contents in footplate and meatal wall samples of otosclerotic patients drinking fluoridated water were slightly higher than those of patients drinking low-fluoride water. In the clinical part of the study, hearing levels of 280 patients with otosclerosis living in an area with low-fluoride water were assessed. In 344 operated ears, the preoperative and long-term postoperative air conduction and bone conduction thresholds of patients drinking fluoridated water did not differ significantly from those of patients drinking low-fluoride water. After a mean follow-up period of 9.6 years, air conduction thresholds of non-operated ears in patients drinking fluoride-poor water were found to be significantly worse than those of patients drinking fluoridated tap water, likewise there were significant differences in bone conduction thresholds at 2 and 4 kHz. Thus, fluoridation of drinking water has a beneficial effect on non-operated otosclerotic ears but has no significant effect on hearing levels of operated ears.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent and confirm the cause of an August 1993 outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning in a small Mississippi community, thought to result from excess fluoride in the public water supply. METHODS: State health department investigators interviewed patrons of a restaurant where the outbreak first became manifest and obtained blood and urine samples for measurement of fluoride levels. State health department staff conducted a random sample telephone survey of community households. Public health environmentalists obtained water and ice samples from the restaurant and tap water samples from a household close to one of the town's water treatment plant for analysis. Health department investigators and town water department officials inspected the fluoridation system at the town's main water treatment plant. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 62 restaurant patrons reported acute gastrointestinal illness over a 24-hour period. Twenty of 61 households that used the community water supply reported one or more residents with acute gastrointestinal illness over a four-day period, compared with 3 of 13 households that did not use the community water supply. Restaurant water and ice samples contained more than 40 milligrams of fluoride per liter (mg/L), more than 20 times the recommended limit, and a tap water sample from a house located near the main treatment plant contained 200 mg/l of fluoride. An investigation determined that a faulty feed pump at one of the town's two treatment plants had allowed saturated fluoride solution to siphon from the saturator tank into the ground reservoir and that a large bolus of this overfluoridated water had been pumped accidentally into the town system. CONCLUSIONS: Correct installation and regular inspection and maintenance of fluoridation systems are needed to prevent such incidents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Effect of topical fluoride treatments on fluoride distribution during in vitro caries-like lesion formation.

Tooth sections were treated in vitro for 4 min with APF, SnF2, or received no treatment. Each treatment group then received washes of KOH, (24 h), an inorganic solution (24 h), or DDH2O (2 min) and were placed into dialyzed 15% w/v gel (pH 4.3) containing 0.15 mM hydroxyapatite, but no fluoride (less than 0.02 ppm F). Adjacent nontreated sound enamel acted as the control. Lesion microdissection, after 2 weeks exposure to the acidified gel, revealed an inverse relationship between lesion body fluoride concentration and lesion depth. The lesion depth was smallest, and the lesion body fluoride concentration was greatest in both fluoride-treated groups after a 2-min DDH2O wash, a 24-hour inorganic wash, and a 24-hour KOH wash, respectively. These data support the theory that the progress of carious lesions is related to the fluoride concentration in the lesion and that the fluoride concentration in the lesion is related to the acquired fluoride concentration in sound enamel.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗