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PubMed2006

Facial expression recognition using kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA).

In this correspondence, we address the facial expression recognition problem using kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA). Following the method proposed by Lyons et al. and Zhang et al., we manually locate 34 landmark points from each facial image and then convert these geometric points into a labeled graph (LG) vector using the Gabor wavelet transformation method to represent the facial features. On the other hand, for each training facial image, the semantic ratings describing the basic expressions are combined into a six-dimensional semantic expression vector. Learning the correlation between the LG vector and the semantic expression vector is performed by KCCA. According to this correlation, we estimate the associated semantic expression vector of a given test image and then perform the expression classification according to this estimated semantic expression vector. Moreover, we also propose an improved KCCA algorithm to tackle the singularity problem of the Gram matrix. The experimental results on the Japanese female facial expression database and the Ekman's "Pictures of Facial Affect" database illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Perception of emotional facial expressions at different intensities in early-symptomatic Huntington's disease.

BACKGROUND: While there is abundant evidence that patients with Huntington's disease (HD) have an impairment in the recognition of the emotional facial expression of disgust, previous studies have only examined emotion perception using full-blown facial expressions. OBJECTIVE: The current study examines the perception of facial emotional expressions in HD at different levels of intensity to investigate whether more subtle deficits can be detected, possible also in other emotions. METHOD: We compared early symptomatic HD patients with healthy matched controls on emotion perception, presenting short video clips of a neutral face changing into one of the six basic emotions (happiness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust and sadness) with increasing intensity. Overall face perception ability as well as depressive symptoms were taken into account. RESULTS: A specific impairment in recognizing the emotions disgust and anger was found, which was present even at low emotion intensities. CONCLUSION: These results extend previous findings and support the use of more sensitive emotion perception paradigms, which enable the detection of subtle neurobehavioral deficits even in the pre- and early symptomatic stages of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A closer look at preschoolers' freely produced labels for facial expressions.

Children's performance on free labeling of prototypical facial expressions of basic emotions is modest and improves only gradually. In 3 data sets (N = 80, ages 4 or 5 years; N = 160, ages 2 to 5 years; N = 80, ages 3 to 4 years), errors remained even when method factors (poor stimuli, unavailability of an appropriate label, or the difficulty of a production task) were controlled. Children's use of emotion labels increased with age in a systematic order: Happy, angry, and sad emerged early and in that order, were more accessible, and were applied broadly (overgeneralized) but systematically. Scared, surprised, and disgusted emerged later and often in that order, were less accessible, and were applied narrowly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anomia for facial expressions: evidence for a category specific visual-verbal disconnection syndrome.

We describe a patient with a selective impairment in naming and pointing to emotional facial expressions following damage to the right temporal lobe. His language functions were otherwise intact, and he performed well on a variety of perceptual and associative emotional facial tasks. We propose that his inability to match facial expressions with their names was induced by a disconnection between visual semantic and verbal semantic representations for facial emotions.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detecting deception in facial expressions of pain: accuracy and training.

Clinicians tend to assign greater weight to nonverbal expression than to patient self-report when judging the location and severity of pain. However, patients can be successful at dissimulating facial expressions of pain, as posed expressions resemble genuine expressions in the frequency and intensity of pain-related facial actions. The present research examined individual differences in the ability to discriminate genuine and deceptive facial pain displays and whether different models of training in cues to deception would improve detection skills. Judges (60 male, 60 female) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups: 1) control; 2) corrective feedback; 3) deception training; and 4) deception training plus feedback. Judges were shown 4 videotaped facial expressions for each chronic pain patient: neutral expressions, genuine pain instigated by physiotherapy range of motion assessment, masked pain, and faked pain. For each condition, the participants rated pain intensity and unpleasantness, decided which category each of the 4 video clips represented, and described cues they used to arrive at decisions. There were significant individual differences in accuracy, with females more accurate than males, but accuracy was unrelated to past pain experience, empathy, or the number or type of facial cues used. Immediate corrective feedback led to significant improvements in participants' detection accuracy, whereas there was no support for the use of an information-based training program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Intact recognition of facial expression, gender, and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity.

We conducted a series of experiments to assess the ability to recognize the meaning of facial expressions, gender, and age in four patients with severe impairments of the recognition of facial identity. In three patients the recognition of face identity could be dissociated from that of facial expression, age, and gender. In one, all forms of face recognition were impaired. Thus, a given lesion may preclude one type of recognition but not another. We conclude that (1) the cognitive demands posed by different forms of recognition are met at different processing levels, and (2) different levels depend on different neural substrates.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[The relationship between the categorical perception of facial expressions and semantic distances].

It has been argued whether the facial expression is recognized categorically or dimensionally. We investigated this issue using three sets of morphed photographic facial images (happiness to anger, surprise, and sadness). Our interest is whether the experimental data of categorical perception can be explained by the dimensional point of view. Experiment 1 examined the facial stimuli generated by FACS. In Experiment 2, subjects were asked to discriminate some pairs of faces and to categorize the emotion shown one at a time. The discrimination accuracy between categories was better than that within each category. In Experiment 3, subjects were asked to rate those stimuli following the semantic differential technique. Then we examined the relationship between the discrimination accuracy obtained in Experiment 2 and the semantic distances obtained in Experiment 3, defined by Euclidean distances between pairs of stimuli in the factor space that was constituted two factors interpreted as "pleasantness" and "activities". Discrimination accuracy within each category increased as a function of the semantic distances, whereas discrimination accuracy between categories remained high irrespective of the different semantic distances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Amygdala responses to fearful and happy facial expressions under conditions of binocular suppression.

The human amygdala plays a crucial role in processing affective information conveyed by sensory stimuli. Facial expressions of fear and anger, which both signal potential threat to an observer, result in significant increases in amygdala activity, even when the faces are unattended or presented briefly and masked. It has been suggested that afferent signals from the retina travel to the amygdala via separate cortical and subcortical pathways, with the subcortical pathway underlying unconscious processing. Here we exploited the phenomenon of binocular rivalry to induce complete suppression of affective face stimuli presented to one eye. Twelve participants viewed brief, rivalrous visual displays in which a fearful, happy, or neutral face was presented to one eye while a house was presented simultaneously to the other. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study activation in the amygdala and extrastriate visual areas for consciously perceived versus suppressed face and house stimuli. Activation within the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri increased significantly for perceived versus suppressed faces and houses, respectively. Amygdala activation increased bilaterally in response to fearful versus neutral faces, regardless of whether the face was perceived consciously or suppressed because of binocular rivalry. Amygdala activity also increased significantly for happy versus neutral faces, but only when the face was suppressed. This activation pattern suggests that the amygdala has a limited capacity to differentiate between specific facial expressions when it must rely on information received via a subcortical route. We suggest that this limited capacity reflects a tradeoff between specificity and speed of processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Facial expression and experience of emotions in psychodynamic interviews with patients suffering from a pain disorder. Indicators of disorders in self- and relationship regulation in the involuntaryfacial expression of emotions.

In clinical practice, it is often difficult to establish a positive relationship with patients suffering from psychogenic pain disorder. The present study addresses this maladaptive relationship pattern that is characterized by a mixture of disappointment and rejection. Facial expressions of emotions of 21 female patients in psychodynamic interviews were analyzed and compared to a control group of 11 healthy subjects. The assumption of a maladaptive relationship pattern is supported by an increase in negative facial expressions, especially contempt, on the side of the patients and the interviewer. These negative emotions indicate a disorder of self- and relationship regulation and are negatively correlated with the level of structural personality organization (as measured by the operationalized psychodynamic diagnostic). They also correlate with the emotional experience of shame and fear and are negatively correlated with the experience of joy. The results demonstrate how maladaptive relationship patterns are implemented at the level of involuntary emotional behavior. They can help to understand and improve the emotional quality of therapeutic relationships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

African American children's ability to identify emotion in facial expressions and tones of voice of European Americans.

This study examined whether African American children's ability to identify emotion in the facial expressions and tones of voice of European American stimuli was comparable to their European American peers and related to personality, social competence, and achievement. The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA ; Nowicki & Duke, 1994) was administered to 84 African American children. It was found that they performed less accurately on adult and child tones of voice and adult facial expressions. Further, girls' ability to read emotion in tones of voice was related to better social competence and achievement, whereas boys' ability to identify emotion in adult tones of voice was related to teacher-rated social competence. Results suggest that more research is needed with ethnic groups to clarify the impact of nonverbal processing skills on social and achievement outcomes.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions.

This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle reactivity when exposed to facial expressions. The study also examined whether the sex of the stimulus faces differentially influences the response patterns to facial stimuli. Thus, the sex was manipulated in a 2 x 2 factorial design by exposing males and females to slides of angry and happy faces displayed by both sexes. Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions. The subjects were also required to rate the stimuli on different dimensions. The results showed that angry faces evoked increased corrugator activity whereas happy faces evoked increased zygomatic activity. As predicted, these effects were more pronounced for females, particularly for the response to happy faces. Interestingly, there were no facial EMG effects for gender of stimulus. It was further found that males and females perceived the stimuli similarly. The results are consistent with previous findings indicating that females are more facially reactive than are males.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Judgments of genuine, suppressed, and faked facial expressions of pain.

The process of discriminating among genuine, suppressed, and faked expressions of pain was examined. Untrained judges estimated the severity of pain being experienced when viewing videotaped facial expressions of chronic pain patients undergoing a painful diagnostic test or dissimulating reactions. Verbal feedback as to whether pain was experienced also was provided, so as to be either consistent or inconsistent with the facial expression. Judges were able to distinguish genuine pain faces from baseline expressions but, relative to genuine pain faces, attributed more pain to faked faces and less pain to suppressed ones. Advance warning of deception did not improve discrimination but led to a more conservative or nonempathic judging style. Verbal feedback increased or decreased judgments, as appropriate, but facial information consistently was assigned greater weight. An augmenting model of the judgment process that attaches considerable importance to the context in which information is provided was supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Fifty children and adolescents were tested for their ability to recognize the 6 basic facial expressions of emotion depicted in Ekman and Friesen's normed photographs. Subjects were presented with sets of 6 photographs of faces, each portraying a different basic emotion, and stories portraying those emotions were read to them. After each story, the subject was asked to point to the photograph in the set that depicted the emotion described. Overall, the children correctly identified the emotions on 74% of the presentations. The highest level of accuracy in recognition was for happiness, followed by sadness, with fear being the emotional expression that was mistaken most often. When compared to studies of children in the general population, children with ADHD have deficits in their ability to accurately recognize facial expressions of emotion. These findings have important implications for the remediation of social skill deficits commonly seen in children with ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Relation of facial expressions and activities: a study of attensity differences in events.

The role of experience in the perception of visual events was examined in a study of facial communications. It was hypothesized that the facial expressions manifested by actors as they performed various tasks would be specific to those tasks or reflective of the activities being performed. Consequently, the facial expressions themselves would provide information regarding the task performed, and this information would be more salient for viewers who were familiar with the tasks. Experienced viewers were the best perceivers, but the type of task performed significantly affected viewer's accuracy. A unitization measure recorded by viewers helped to pinpoint some of the reasons for the differential accuracy rates, while also speaking to the hypothesized differences in attensity which distinguished experienced from inexperienced viewers.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Interpersonal deficits meet cognitive biases: memory for facial expressions in depressed and anxious men and women.

Memory biases for negatively vs. positively valenced linguistic information in depression are well documented. However, no study so far has examined the relationship between depression and memory for facial expressions. We examined memory for neutral, happy, sad, and angry facial expressions in individuals suffering from comorbid depression and anxiety (COMs, N=23) or from anxiety disorders (ANXs, N=20) and in normal controls (NACs, N=23). Two main hypotheses were examined. First, we expected COMs, but not NACs, to exhibit an enhanced memory for sad and angry vs. happy expressions (negativity hypothesis). Second, we postulated that this bias would be specific to depression (disorder-specificity hypothesis). Data supported both these hypotheses. Specifically, COMs exhibited enhanced recognition of angry compared to happy expressions; in contrast, ANXs and NACs did not exhibit such enhancement. We also found that men showed a significantly better memory for angry vs. sad expressions, whereas women did not exhibit such a difference. The implications of these findings for the interpersonal processes involved in the maintenance of depression and anxiety are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Darwin, deception, and facial expression.

Darwin did not focus on deception. Only a few sentences in his book mentioned the issue. One of them raised the very interesting question of whether it is difficult to voluntarily inhibit the emotional expressions that are most difficult to voluntarily fabricate. Another suggestion was that it would be possible to unmask a fabricated expression by the absence of the difficult-to-voluntarily-generate facial actions. Still another was that during emotion body movements could be more easily suppressed than facial expression. Research relevant to each of Darwin's suggestions is reviewed, as is other research on deception that Darwin did not foresee.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Emotional facial expressions capture attention.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the emotional significance of stimuli can influence spatial attention. BACKGROUND: Motivational and emotional factors may affect attention toward stimuli. However, this has never been examined in brain-damaged patients who present with unilateral inattention due to left spatial neglect. METHODS: The authors studied three patients with chronic left neglect and visual extinction after right parietal stroke. Shapes or faces with neutral, happy, or angry expressions were briefly presented in the right, left, or both visual fields. On unilateral trials, the patients detected all stimuli equally on both sides. On bilateral trials, they extinguished faces in the contralesional field much less often than shapes, and faces with happy or angry facial expressions much less than faces with a neutral expression. CONCLUSION: Facial features and emotional expressions can be analyzed despite lying on the unattended side, and may influence the spatial distribution of attention. These findings support the view that attention is controlled by neural mechanisms involving not only frontoparietal areas but also limbic components in cingulate cortex and amygdala, which may interact with ventral visual areas in the temporal lobe to detect affective value and prioritize attention to salient stimuli.

Aged↗