More "goggle headache": supraorbital neuralgia.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Eye Protective Devices”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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Infection-control guidelines for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Lack of efficacy of light reduction in preventing retinopathy of prematurity. Light Reduction in Retinopathy of Prematurity (LIGHT-ROP) Cooperative Group.
BACKGROUND: Hospital-nursery lighting has been suggested as a factor in causing retinopathy of prematurity. Despite ongoing debate, a causal relation has not been established. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of the effects of light reduction on 409 premature infants with birth weights of less than 1251 g and gestational ages of less than 31 weeks. Two hundred five infants were exposed to reduced light, and 204 to typical nursery lighting. The amount of light reaching the infants' eyes was reduced within 24 hours after birth by placing goggles on the infants that reduced visible-light exposure by 97 percent and ultraviolet-light exposure by 100 percent. The babies wore the goggles until 31 weeks' postconceptional age or 4 weeks after birth, whichever was longer. Once the goggles were removed, ophthalmologists masked to the treatment assignments assessed the infants for retinopathy of prematurity at least biweekly for up to 13 weeks. RESULTS: There were 188 infants in the group that wore goggles and 173 in the control group who survived and were available for follow-up. The mean birth weights were 906 g in the goggles group and 914 g in the control group; the mean gestational ages were 27.4 weeks and 27.2 weeks, respectively. The mean ambient-light level adjacent to the infants' faces was 399 lux for the goggles group and 447 lux for the control group. Retinopathy of prematurity was diagnosed in 102 infants (54 percent) in the goggles group and 100 (58 percent) in the control group (relative risk, 0.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.1; P=0.50). CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in ambient-light exposure does not alter the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity.
Eye Protective Devices↗
Preventing blindness in premature infants.
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Eye Protective Devices↗
Influences on compliance with standard precautions among operating room nurses.
BACKGROUND: Occupational exposures of health care workers occur because of inconsistent compliance with standard precautions. The purpose of this study was to develop national estimates of compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room nurses (specifically, scrub nurses) in Australia and to assess variables that influence compliance. METHODS: A descriptive correlation design was used to investigate relationships between variables and compliance, using a theoretical framework, the Health Belief Model, to give meaning to the variables. Data collection was done through mail-out surveys to members of the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses. RESULTS: This article reports the results of compliance with the following 2 specific self-protective behaviors: double-gloving and wearing adequate eye protection. Mean compliance rates were 55.6% with always double-gloving during surgical procedures and 92% with always wearing adequate eye protection. In addition, the variable that had the most influence on compliance was the perception of barriers to compliance, specifically, that adhering to standard precautions interfered with duties. CONCLUSION: These results have implications for the development of multifaceted perioperative infection control programs, including strategies for prevention, education, and policy development, to improve practices aimed at reducing occupational exposures among this high-risk group.
Adult↗
Compliance with federal and state legislation by indoor tanning facilities in San Diego.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence rates of both skin cancers and indoor tanning among the US population are high and have increased substantially in recent years. Low compliance by indoor tanning facilities with safety regulations may place consumers at greater risk of skin and ocular damage. OBJECTIVE: This study quantified the level of compliance by indoor tanning facilities with selected federal and state regulations and recommendations. METHODS: Tanning facilities (N = 54) in San Diego County, California, were visited by a confederate posing as a prospective customer. Compliance with 13 regulations/recommendations were assessed by either direct query or observation of the presence/absence of signs and warning labels. Operators' responses to 5 risk-based questions also were noted. RESULTS: No facility complied with all 13 regulations/recommendations. Compliance with 3 protective eyewear regulations was high (89%-100%). In contrast, compliance with maximum tanning frequency recommendations (approximately 6%) and parental consent regulations (approximately 43%) was disturbingly low. CONCLUSION: The investigators recommend instituting mandatory, comprehensive training for operators, as well as systematic compliance monitoring with enforcement of penalties for noncompliance.
Beauty Culture↗
Reduced lighting does not improve medical outcomes in very low birth weight infants.
OBJECTIVE: To objectively assess the effect of light reduction as an isolated environmental intervention on neonatal morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized multicenter trial. Neonates < 1251 g birth weight and < 31 weeks gestational age were randomly assigned to receive goggles or to a control group. Goggles that reduced visible light by 97% were placed within 24 hours of birth and remained in use until 31 weeks postmenstrual age or for a minimum of 4 weeks. RESULTS: Four hundred nine infants were enrolled, and outcome data are reported for 359 surviving infants. There were no significant differences between the groups in weight gain, duration of oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or hospital stay either in the unadjusted analyses or in the analyses adjusted for birth weight, gestational age, race, sex, and inborn (born in study hospital) status. There was no difference between the groups in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized trial of continuous light reduction in the first few weeks of life for very low birth weight infants showed no effect on medical outcomes.
Child Development↗
Shedding light on the very low birth weight infant.
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Eye Protective Devices↗
The perception of depth contours with yellow goggles.
The ability of subjects to discriminate the depth of depressions in the snow was conducted at a cross-country ski area. The percentage of correct judgments on an overcast day was significantly greater with yellow goggles than with luminance-matched neutral goggles. This experiment, suggested by the chromatic-achromatic theory of color vision, indicates why yellow goggles are popular despite many previous unsuccessful attempts to prove their effectiveness.
Color Perception↗
The perception of depth contours with yellow goggles--an alternative explanation.
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Color↗
Snowhole blues: comments on Kinney and Corth.
Empirical observations are reported on illuminance and visibility in overcast snowscapes. Reasons for the improved visibility achieved with yellow goggles are discussed.
Color Perception↗
The effect of knowledge of object distance on accommodation during instrument viewing.
We present data in which instrument accommodation was measured while knowledge of object distance was varied. The accommodative feedback loop was 'semiopen'--an intermediate state between the closed-loop and open-loop conditions of previous experiments. The semiopen-loop situation mimicked the degraded-image conditions which are frequently encountered during instrument viewing. The results show that for some subjects knowledge of object distance is a more powerful cue for instrument accommodation than is the optical distance of the object; however, for the majority of subjects this is not the case. We also found that subjects whose accommodation is influenced by knowledge of object distance tend to have a more proximal dark focus than those whose accommodation is independent of knowledge of object distance. We propose that the Mandelbaum effect, in which involuntary accommodation occurs when a transparency is superimposed between the observer and the object of regard, could account for the accommodative behavior of all subjects. However, the Mandelbaum effect would have to be interpreted more broadly than before. In the broader interpretation, the transparency could be cognitive (ie known distance) rather than physical.
Accommodation, Ocular↗
Predictors of sunburn in North Queensland recreational boat users.
ISSUE ADDRESSED: Identify personal and situationalfactors predicting sunburn in north Queensland recreational boat users over summer. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey with prospective 24-hour follow-up for sunburn, conducted in Townsville, north Queensland, during the summer of 2003. Ninety-three out of 100 boat users returning after a day trip agreed to participate. All were followed up, with three later excluded from analysis due to prior sunburn (n=90, response rate 93%). RESULTS: Overall, 48% of participants experienced sunburn as a result of their boat trip; 57% of these developed sunburn on the face and 43% on both the V of the neck and the legs. Factors found to increase the occurrence of sunburn were longer time on the water between 10 am-2 pm, not wearing a wide-brimmed hat, not working outdoors, and going boating less than once per month. CONCLUSIONS: The survey shows unacceptably high levels of sunburn in north Queensland boat users. Sunburn appears related to not using optimal sun protection between 10 am and 2 pm. Boat users in the tropics need to wear a brimmed hat to better protect the face, a collared long-sleeved shirt buttoned up at the throat to protect the V of the neck and arms, long pants, and rely less on sunscreen and on darker skin types that are perceived to sunburn less readily.
Adult↗
Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of squash venue operators relating to use of protective eyewear.
Sports venues are in a position to potentially influence the safety practices of their patrons. This study examined the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of venue operators that could influence the use of protective eyewear by squash players. A 50% random sample of all private and public squash venues affiliated with the Victorian Squash Federation in metropolitan Melbourne was selected. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 15 squash venue operators during August 2001. Interviews were transcribed and content and thematic analyses were performed. The content of the interviews covered five topics: (1) overall injury risk perception, (2) eye injury occurrence, (3) knowledge, behaviors, attitudes and beliefs associated with protective eyewear, (4) compulsory protective eyewear and (5) availability of protective eyewear at venues. Venue operators were mainly concerned with the severe nature of eye injuries, rather than the relatively low incidence of these injuries. Some venue operators believed that players should wear any eyewear, rather than none at all, and believed that more players should use protective eyewear. Generally, they did not believe that players with higher levels of experience and expertise needed to wear protective eyewear when playing. Only six venues had at least one type of eyewear available for players to hire or borrow or to purchase. Operators expressed a desire to be informed about correct protective eyewear. Appropriate protective eyewear is not readily available at squash venues. Better-informed venue operators may be more likely to provide suitable protective eyewear.
Australia↗
Knowledge of sunlight effects on the eyes and protective behaviors in adolescents.
The knowledge of the effects of sunlight on the eyes and protective behaviors were studied in an adolescent population. A group of 652 systematically sampled students aged between 13 and 17 years was surveyed with a standardized questionnaire in Brisbane, Australia in October-November, 1995. Survey data on the knowledge of sunlight effects on the eyes, ultraviolet light, eye and body protection as well as risk factors for ultraviolet (UV) exposure were relatively ranked and totalled to give overall scores. Of the 652 subjects, 330 (51%) were female. Most subjects (568 or 88%) were aged between 15 and 16 years. Overall, this group of subjects demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge with respect to UV, sunlight and the eyes. The knowledge of the effects of sunlight and body protection was higher than the knowledge of the effects of sunlight and eye protection. Almost three-quarters (462 or 71%) of the subjects owned a pair of sunglasses. The mean age at which subjects started to wear sunglasses was 10.4 years. However, most subjects (528 or 81%) only wore sunglasses occasionally or not at all. The reported frequency of wearing sunglasses was significantly related to personal, family and peer attitudes to such use, but not to media advertizing. Assessment of adolescent knowledge is important in the formulation of health promotion strategies designed to prevent excessive UV exposure at this young age.
Adolescent↗
Military laser weapons: current controversies.
Military laser weapons systems are becoming indispensable in most modern armies. These lasers have undergone many stages of development, and have outpaced research on eye protection measures, which continue to have inherent limitations. Eye injuries caused by military lasers are increasingly reported, leading to speculation that these would become an important cause of blinding in modern conflicts. As part of the effort to ban inhumane weapons, international laws have been passed to restrict the proliferation of such blinding weapons. However, there are controversies concerning the interpretation, implementation and effectiveness of these laws. The ophthalmic community can play a greater role in highlighting ocular morbidity from military lasers, and in preventing their further proliferation.
Eye Injuries↗
Suspended onion particles and potential corneal injury in onion harvesters.
The authors suspected that suspended onion particles contributed to corneal ulcers in onion harvesters in southern Taiwan. In the present study, the authors used manikins to study suspended onion particles in fields in an effort to simulate typical conditions experienced by onion harvesters. An animal eye-exposure simulation study was also performed by the authors, who impacted suspended soil grains or onion particles onto the corneas of guinea pigs via aerosol generated from the Palas dispersion nozzle. The average size of 25.9 pm for suspended particles collected during the digging of onions was the largest one of those for various harvesting activities. Some onion skin flakes were found in samples obtained from gathering and packing activities; the typical flake size was approximately 3.5 x 2.5 mm2. The results of the animal study indicated that the size of soil grains has a demonstrable effect on the severity of corneal injury (p = .009). With respect to onion skin flakes, wind velocity was also associated significantly with the occurrence of corneal injury (p = .0004). A wind velocity threshold of 7 m/sec is recommended for the maintenance of safety, and if the wind speed exceeds this threshold level, workers should not engage in harvesting activities. Furthermore, use of appropriately designed goggles is necessary for the protection of onion harvesters who work in high-wind conditions.
Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗