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PubMed2006

Differences in oxygen uptake but equivalent energy expenditure between a brief bout of cycling and running.

BACKGROUND: We examined aerobic and anaerobic exercise energy expenditure and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between a 250 Watt, 1-minute bout of cycling and uphill treadmill running. METHODS: Fourteen active to well-trained subjects volunteered for the investigation (VO2 max: 57.0 +/- 12.9 ml x kg x min(-1) cycle; 59.3 +/- 13.7 ml x kg x min(-1) run; p = 0.44). Anaerobic energy expenditure was estimated from Deltablood lactate. Statistical analysis was completed using a paired t-test (mean +/- SD). RESULTS: Perceived exertion did not differ between exercise bouts (14.0 +/- 2.3 cycle; 13.2 +/- 2.1 run; p = 0.29). Exercise oxygen uptake was significantly greater for running (41.4 +/- 6.9 kJ) compared to cycling (31.7 +/- 7.7 kJ) (p = 0.0001). EPOC was not different between cycling and running (p = 0.21) so that exercise oxygen uptake + EPOC was greater for running (103.0 +/- 13.5 kJ) as compared to cycling (85.4 +/- 20.2 kJ; p = 0.008). Anaerobic energy expenditure was significantly greater for cycling (32.7 +/- 8.9 kJ) versus running (22.5 +/- 11.1 kJ) (p = 0.009). Aerobic + anaerobic exercise energy expenditure (cycle 64.3 +/- 12.2 kJ; run 63.9 +/- 10.1 kJ) (p = 0.90) and total energy expenditure (including EPOC; cycle 118.0 +/- 21.8 kJ; run 125.4 +/- 19.1 kJ; p = 0.36) were similar for cycling and running. CONCLUSION: Oxygen-only measures reveal discrepancy in energy expenditure between cycling and uphill running. Measurements of exercise oxygen uptake, Deltablood lactate and a modified EPOC promote the hypothesis of a similarity in exercise and total energy expenditure between 1-minute work-equivalent bouts of cycling and uphill running.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

The effect of severe head injury on whole body energy expenditure and its possible hormonal mediators in children.

This study examines the effects of severe head injury in children on whole body energy expenditure and the mediators that influence this. One hundred five serial measurements of whole body energy expenditure and plasma adrenaline, triiodothyronine, glucagon, cortisol, insulin, and growth hormone concentrations were made in 18 children aged 2-15 y receiving neurointensive care for severe head injury. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry by a modified Douglas bag technique, and hormones were measured by RIA or radioenzymatic assay. Energy expenditure varied markedly between and within children (mean 97% of predicted, range 60-137%) and was significantly lower in the four children with a poor outcome (p = 0.03). Within each child there were statistically significant positive relationships between energy expenditure and adrenaline (p < 0.0001), triiodothyronine (p < 0.0001), and glucagon (p < 0.0001). However, there was evidence that the effect of adrenaline on energy expenditure was attenuated. This may be due to the effects of the cerebral trauma itself on central nervous influences on energy expenditure, to interactions between hormones, or to a global impairment of O2 utilization by the body's tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The contribution of body composition, substrates, and hormones to the variability in energy expenditure and substrate utilization in premenopausal women.

Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and substrate use were measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chambers on a fixed physical program and related to body composition and plasma concentrations of various substrates and thermogenic hormones. Fifty premenopausal women with a wide range of body weight were examined in the follicular menstrual phase under weight stable conditions. Most of the variance in the sleeping energy expenditure (82%) was accounted for by two covariates, lean body mass (75%, P less than 0.0001), and fat mass (7%, P less than 0.0001). An additional 6% of the variance in sleeping energy expenditure was accounted for by plasma androstenedione concentration (4%, P = 0.0005) and by free T3 index (2%, P = 0.03). Thus physiological variation among individuals in plasma androstenedione concentration may result in a difference in energy expenditure of 908 kJ/day and the corresponding variation in free T3 index may result in a difference between individuals of 594 kJ/day. Fifty four percent of the variation in carbohydrate oxidation rates was accounted for by 24-h energy balance, and by plasma concentrations of insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, and estradiol. Waist circumference, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, and estradiol concentrations explained 49% of the variance in 24-h lipid oxidation. An obese subgroup of women (n = 27) had significantly higher 24-h energy expenditure, lipid, and carbohydrate oxidation rates than an age-matched normal weight group (n = 16), but the entire group difference in energy expenditure was explained by differences in body composition. We conclude that physiological variations in plasma androstenedione and T3 concentrations contribute to the interindividual variance in energy expenditure of women, and their role is not different in obese women. A positive energy balance and increased insulin action may be mediators of the higher carbohydrate oxidation in obesity, whereas an increased substrate availability seems to bring about the increased lipid oxidation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Improving energy expenditure estimation for physical activity.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to validate the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA) for estimation of energy expenditure during a variety of activities. An additional aim was to improve the accuracy of the estimation of energy expenditure of physical activity based on second-by-second information of type, onset, and duration of activity. METHODS: This study included two tests: a mask calorimetry test with 27 subjects [age = 33.7 +/- 13.8 (mean +/- SD) yr; BMI = 24.8 +/- 4.8 kg x m] and a respiratory chamber calorimetry test with 10 subjects (age = 32.9 +/- 12.4 yr; BMI = 26.1 +/- 5.6 kg x m). In the mask test, the subjects performed activities (sitting, standing, lying down, level treadmill walking, and running at different speeds) for 50-min durations. For the chamber test, subjects lived in the metabolic chamber for 23 h and performed three exercise sessions to compensate for the confined environment. RESULTS: The results showed significant correlations (P < 0.0001) between energy expenditure estimated by IDEEA and energy expenditure measured by the calorimeters with an accuracy >95%. After corrections for the decrease in sleeping metabolic rate, the estimation accuracy for the chamber test was increased by 1-96.2%, whereas the estimation accuracy for nighttime activity was significantly improved by 4-99%. CONCLUSION: IDEEA provides a suitable method for estimating the energy expenditure of physical activity. It provides both instantaneous and cumulative estimates of energy expenditure over a given period.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Quantitative assessment of daily physical activity levels in patients with chronic heart failure by measuring energy expenditure--effects of converting enzyme inhibitor therapy.

Although a major goal in the treatment of chronic heart failure is to improve daily physical activity levels, this has not been assessed quantitatively. An increased daily activity level may be reflected by an increase in daily energy expenditure. In the present study, measurements of energy expenditure with a commercially available ambulatory calorimeter were first validated using cardio-pulmonary exercise tests in 5 normal volunteers. The energy expenditure measured by the calorimeter correlated well with that estimated from oxygen uptake (r = 0.89). Subsequently, the daily energy expenditure was serially measured with the calorimeter during long-term administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril for 24 weeks in 8 patients with chronic heart failure. Changes in echocardiographic parameters and exercise capacity were also studied. Peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold assessed with symptom-limited maximal bicycle exercise were significantly increased 12 weeks or more after the initiation of treatment (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). Left ventricular fractional shortening substantially, but not significantly, increased during this period (P < 0.1). These results strongly suggest that an overall improvement in heart failure was achieved after long-term ramipril therapy. The energy expenditure during daily activities was also significantly increased after ramipril therapy for 24 weeks (P < 0.01). Thus, the daily energy expenditure increased with improvement of heart failure, probably reflecting an increase in daily activity levels. We conclude that calorimetric measurement of daily energy expenditure is a novel and simple technique for quantitative evaluation of the effect of therapy on daily physical activity levels in patients with chronic heart failure.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Energy expenditure of sedentary screen time compared with active screen time for children.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of activity-enhancing screen devices on children's energy expenditure compared with performing the same activities while seated. Our hypothesis was that energy expenditure would be significantly greater when children played activity-promoting video games, compared with sedentary video games. METHODS: Energy expenditure was measured for 25 children aged 8 to 12 years, 15 of whom were lean, while they were watching television seated, playing a traditional video game seated, watching television while walking on a treadmill at 1.5 miles per hour, and playing activity-promoting video games. RESULTS: Watching television and playing video games while seated increased energy expenditure by 20 +/- 13% and 22 +/- 12% above resting values, respectively. When subjects were walking on the treadmill and watching television, energy expenditure increased by 138 +/- 40% over resting values. For the activity-promoting video games, energy expenditure increased by 108 +/- 40% with the EyeToy (Sony Computer Entertainment) and by 172 +/- 68% with Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 2 (Konami Digital Entertainment). CONCLUSIONS: Energy expenditure more than doubles when sedentary screen time is converted to active screen time. Such interventions might be considered for obesity prevention and treatment.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The impact of exercise and diet restriction on daily energy expenditure.

In addition to the direct energy cost of physical activity, exercise may influence resting energy expenditure in 3 ways: (a) a prolonged increase in postexercise metabolic rate from an acute exercise challenge; (b) a chronic increase in resting metabolic rate associated with exercise training; and (c) a possible increase in energy expenditure during nonexercising time. It seems apparent that the greater the exercise perturbation, the greater the magnitude of the increase in postexercise metabolic rate. An exercise prescription for the general population that consists of exercise of low (less than 50% VO2max) or moderate intensity (50 to 75% VO2max) does not appear to produce a prolonged elevation of postexercise metabolic rate that would influence body-weight. Inconsistent results have been found with respect to the effects of exercise training and the trained state on resting metabolic rate. Whereas some investigators have found a higher resting metabolic rate in trained than untrained individuals and in individuals after an exercise training programme, other investigators have found no chronic exercise effect on resting metabolic rate. Differences in experimental design, genetic variation and alterations in energy balance may contribute to the discrepant findings among investigators. A relatively unexplored area concerns the influence of exercise training on energy expenditure during nonexercising time. It is presently unclear whether exercise training increases or decreases the energy expenditure associated with spontaneous or nonpurposeful physical activity which includes fidgeting, muscular activity, etc. The doubly labelled water technique represents a methodological advance in this area and permits the determination of total daily energy expenditure. Concomitant with the determination of the other components of daily energy expenditure (resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of a meal), it will now be possible to examine the adaptive changes in energy expenditure during nonexercising time. A plethora of studies have examined the combined effects of diet and exercise on body composition and resting metabolic rate. The hypothesis is that combining diet and exercise will accelerate fat loss, preserve fat-free weight and prevent or decelerate the decline in resting metabolic rate more effectively than with diet restriction alone. The optimal combination of diet and exercise, however, remains elusive. It appears that the combination of a large quantity of aerobic exercise with a very low calorie diet resulting in substantial loss of bodyweight may actually accelerate the decline in resting metabolic rate. These findings may cause us to re-examine the quantity of exercise and diet needed to achieve optimal fat loss and preservation of resting metabolic rate.

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMed1997

Daily energy expenditure is related to plasma leptin concentrations in older African-American women but not men.

Recent research suggests that leptin may control body weight by regulating energy expenditure and energy intake in mice. To explore the possible role of leptin in the regulation of energy expenditure in humans, we used doubly-labeled water methodology to determine whether fasting plasma leptin concentrations were related to total daily energy expenditure (TEE) and its components, resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), in free-living older African-American men (n = 21) and women (n = 25). Plasma leptin concentrations were higher in women than men, even after the adjustment for differences in fat mass (28 +/- 3 ng/ml for women vs. 17 +/- 3 ng/ml for men; P < 0.01). The logarithm of plasma leptin concentrations correlated with fat mass in both women (r = 0.80) and men (r = 0.78) (P < 0.0001). After statistical adjustment for sex differences in fat-free mass and fat mass, women had lower TEE (22%) and REE (15%) (P < 0.01) and a trend (P = 0.08) toward lower PAEE, compared with men. After controlling for the effects of fat-free mass on energy expenditure, plasma leptin concentrations were related to REE (r = 0.68, P < 0.001) and tended to be related to TEE (r = 0.37, P = 0.07) in African-American women but not men (r = 0.18 and -0.03, respectively). Plasma leptin concentrations were not related to PAEE in either men or women. These results suggest that leptin may contribute to the regulation of TEE in older African-American women through its effects on resting energy metabolism, but the role of leptin in the regulation of energy expenditure is less apparent in older African-American men.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: This study ascertained the odds of diagnosed depression in individuals with diabetes and the relation between depression and health care use and expenditures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: First, we compared data from 825 adults with diabetes with that from 20,688 adults without diabetes using the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Second, in patients with diabetes, we compared depressed and nondepressed individuals to identify differences in health care use and expenditures. Third, we adjusted use and expenditure estimates for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, and comorbidity with analysis of covariance. Finally, we used the Consumer Price Index to adjust expenditures for inflation and used SAS and SUDAAN software for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Individuals with diabetes were twice as likely as a comparable sample from the general U.S. population to have diagnosed depression (odds ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.5). Younger adults (<65 years), women, and unmarried individuals with diabetes were more likely to have depression. Patients with diabetes and depression had higher ambulatory care use (12 vs. 7, P < 0.0001) and filled more prescriptions (43 vs. 21, P < 0.0001) than their counterparts without depression. Finally, among individuals with diabetes, total health care expenditures for individuals with depression was 4.5 times higher than that for individuals without depression ($247,000,000 vs. $55,000,000, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The odds of depression are higher in individuals with diabetes than in those without diabetes. Depression in individuals with diabetes is associated with increased health care use and expenditures, even after adjusting for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, and comorbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Increased 24-h energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes have higher basal and 24-h energy expenditure compared with healthy control subjects before and after adjustment for body composition, spontaneous physical activity (SPA), sex, and age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from 31 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 61 nondiabetic control subjects were analyzed. The 24-h energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and sleeping energy expenditure (EEsleep) between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. were measured in whole-body respiratory chambers. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: No significant differences in unadjusted EEsleep, BMR, and 24-h energy expenditure were observed between the type 2 diabetic group and the control group. After adjustment for fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, SPA, sex, and age, EEsleep and BMR were, respectively, 7.7 and 6.9% higher in the type 2 diabetic group compared with the control group. This was equivalent to 144 +/- 40 kcal/day (P = 0.001) and 139 +/- 61 kcal/day (P = 0.026), respectively. Adjusted 24-h energy expenditure was 6.5% higher in the type 2 diabetic group compared with the nondiabetic control subjects (2,679 +/- 37 vs. 2,515 +/- 23 kcal/day, P = 0.002). In multiple regression analyses, FFM, fat mass, SPA, and diabetes status were all significant determinants of EEsleep and 24-h energy expenditure, explaining 83 and 81% of the variation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms reports in Pima Indians that basal and 24-h energy expenditure adjusted for body composition, SPA, sex, and age are higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with nondiabetic control subjects and may be even more pronounced in Caucasians.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Energy expenditure during an ultra-endurance cycling race.

BACKGROUND: The energy expenditure of cycling has been investigated in great detail, mainly during trials performed for relatively short periods of time and under well established conditions. The number of investigations performed on long-lasting races, however, is very limited, probably because of practical difficulties. The aim of the present work was an attempt to estimate the energy requirements of 5 amateur cyclists who participated in an ultra-endurance long-lasting road cycling race. METHODS: A generalized equation obtained from literature was applied to calculate the energy expenditure of 26 to 137 short fractions of the competition. RESULTS: The calculated time weighted net metabolic power output ranged from 6.4 W x kg-1 to 10.8 W x kg-1; the corresponding net energy expenditure per unit distance ranging from 73.1 kJ x km-1 to 110.5 kJ x km-1. The total energy expenditure of the competition (rest included) ranged from 44.2 to 186.4 MJ, depending on the total competition duration. For all subjects, the sum total of the overall energy expenditure increased as a power function of cumulated performance time (kJ = 4872 x t0.77). However, the daily energy expenditure decreases with increasing the duration of the competition. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that it is possible to estimate the energy expenditure of ultra-endurance cycling performances, provided that the mechanical power output can be described by well defined equations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of a program of moderate physical activity on mental stress-induced increase in energy expenditure in obese women.

BACKGROUND: Energy restriction and physical activity are major components of weight reduction programs. Energy restriction is known to affect the sympathetic nervous system activity and to reduce several components of energy expenditure, including the stimulation of energy expenditure elicited by mental stress. The effect of physical activity on this parameter remains unknown. METHODS: This study was designed to assess the effect of physical training on the stimulation of energy expenditure during mental stress. Seven obese women (age 33 +/- 3 years, BMI 34.9 +/- 1.4 kg/m(2)) were studied before and after a 6 week program of aquagym (2 sessions of 50 min/week). Energy expenditure was measured by means of indirect calorimetry under hyperinsulinemic conditions before and during a 30 min mental stress. O(2) max was measured before and after physical training by means of the test of Balke. RESULTS: O(2) max was 23.4 ml/kg/min before physical training, and increased to 26.1 ml/kg/min at the completion of the training program (p<0.05). Body weight, resting energy expenditure and insulin-mediated glucose disposal [oxidative and non oxidative] were not modified after training. Mental stress increased energy expenditure by 12.3% before physical training (p<0.002 vs resting conditions) and by 12.6% after physical training (p<0.003 vs resting conditions, NS vs before physical training). CONCLUSION: Physical training per se does not alter the stimulation of energy expenditure induced by mental stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between prescribing expenditure and quality in primary care: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: If all GPs target their prescribing appropriately, then a positive relationship may be expected between targeting quality indicators and associated prescribing expenditure. Little is known about this relationship. AIM: To explore the relationship between prescribing quality indicators and associated prescribing expenditures. DESIGN: Observational study of prescribing expenditure and quality indicators. SETTING: Seventy-one of the 121 practices in the Norfolk and Waveney area of East Anglia in England. METHOD: Data were collected on quality indicators for 2002-2003 in seven areas likely to produce the greatest number of lives saved over a period of 1 year. This was linked to routine data on associated pharmaceutical expenditure. RESULTS: There was considerable variation in quality in all areas apart from influenza immunisation. Significant correlations between prescribing quality and expenditure were found in only two of the seven areas. When quality scores were combined into a composite quality index weighted by health gain, a small positive association was found, but this association is lost if all indicators are weighted equally. CONCLUSIONS: There appeared to be no relationship between quality indicators and prescribing expenditure at the practice level for most of the therapeutic areas studied. This suggests the possibility that there may be scope for some GPs to target prescribing more appropriately towards high risk patients -- and thus save more lives -- without increasing prescribing expenditure.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1984

Resting energy expenditure in malnourished patients with and without cancer.

Resting energy expenditure was measured in a heterogeneous group of weight-losing cancer patients (n = 28) in comparison with noncancer patients with (n = 26) and without (n = 17) weight loss. Energy expenditure was measured in a ventilated hood after an overnight fast. The results are presented in relationship to the nutritional state of the patients. Cancer patients had elevated energy expenditure compared to noncancer patients when compared on several different bases. The slopes of the regressions between the degree of malnutrition and energy expenditure differed between cancer and noncancer patients. Depleted cancer patients had similar resting energy expenditure as predicted for healthy well-nourished individuals, but significantly higher compared with hospitalized malnourished noncancer patients. However, the differences in resting energy expenditure seemed to be less pronounced when very severely depleted cancer and noncancer patients were compared. The results indicate that a small but statistically significantly elevated energy expenditure occurs in a considerable number of cancer patients. It may, therefore, add to weight loss due to anorexia, but anorexia is considered to be quantitatively the more important factor of the two.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energy expenditure and obesity].

This analysis of the literature examines available data on energy expenditure in human obesity, with the purpose of evaluating whether deficient energy expenditure can contribute to excess body weight. The most significant informations are the following: 1) considerable inaccuracy in self-reports of energy intake has been documented with systematic underreporting in obese patients (up to 50%). This precludes the use of this source of information for the indirect evaluation of energy expenditure; 2) measurement of energy expenditure itself indicates that obesity is associated with an increased basal metabolic rate and elevated rates of 24-h energy expenditure in proportion to excess body weight; 3) a negative caloric balance induced by food restriction reduces energy expenditure but post-obese patients maintained at constant body weight have normal metabolic rates; 4) during experimental overfeeding, the energy cost of induced weight gain is not reduced in obese patients. Thus, contrary to many patient's belief, there are no scientific arguments in favour of the existence of a "metabolic" type of obesity in which excess body weight would result from a deficiency in energy expenditure rather than from an excessive caloric intake.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1994

Projecting future drug expenditures--1994.

The use of information on inflation, generic competition, market introduction of new drug entities, institution-specific drug-use patterns, and federal legislation to project drug expenditures is discussed. Inflation of pharmaceutical prices has been decreasing over the past few years. Increases in the producer price index for drugs and pharmaceuticals diminished from 6.9% in 1991 to 4.3% in the first half of 1993; the specter of government regulation may be one reason. Pharmacy group purchasing organizations (GPOs) predicted that in 1994 expenditures would increase an average of 2.1% for contracted drug items and 8.3% for noncontracted items. Expenditures for biotechnology drugs in January through July 1993 increased 16% over the same period in 1992; such agents are now hospital pharmacies' third most costly drug category, at 10% of total expenditures. Future price competition by generic drug products can be predicted from information on patent or market-exclusivity expiration. To predict the market release of new drug products, new-drug applications filed with FDA can be monitored. The most important component in projecting drug expenditures is a specific institution's pattern of use of high-cost drugs. Mechanisms that can be used to monitor changes in therapeutic strategies and drug-use protocols include drug cost indexes, assessment of drug-use patterns by outside companies, and computerized models for specific high-cost drugs. Drug expenditures can be affected by legislative changes such as the Medicaid rebate provisions of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Medicare outpatient drug benefit in the proposed American Health Security Act. The accuracy of projections of drug expenditures can be improved by examining inflation, generic competition, the introduction of new drug entities, institution-specific drug-use patterns, and legislative issues. Pharmacy managers need better methods for estimating institution-specific use of high-cost drugs.

Drug Approval↗
PubMed1996

Energy expenditure with indoor exercise machines.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rates of energy expenditure at given rating of perceived exertion (RPE) levels among 6 different indoor exercise machines. DESIGN: Repeated measures design. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy young-adult volunteers, including 8 men and 5 women. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects underwent a 4-week habituation period to become familiar with the RPE scale and exercise on an Airdyne, a cross-country skiing simulator, a cycle ergometer, a rowing ergometer, a stair stepper, and a treadmill. Following habituation, each subject completed an exercise test with each exercise machine. The exercise test comprised 3 stages of 5 minutes at self-selected work rates corresponding to RPE values of 11 (fairly light), 13 (somewhat hard), and 15 (hard). Oxygen consumption, from which the rate of energy expenditure was calculated, was measured during the last minute of each 5-minute exercise stage. Heart rate was measured during the last minute of each stage of the exercise test, and blood lactate levels were obtained immediately after each exercise stage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Rate of energy expenditure at specified RPE values. RESULTS: Rates of energy expenditure at a given RPE varied by 1093 kJ/h (261 kcal/h) for the exercise machines. The treadmill induced higher (P < .05) rates of energy expenditure for fixed RPE values than all other exercise machines. The cross-country skiing simulator, rowing ergometer, and stair stepper induced higher (P < .05) rates of energy expenditure than the Airdyne and cycle ergometer. Heart rate varied significantly (P < .01) among exercise machines, with the highest values associated with the treadmill and the stair stepper. Lactate concentration varied significantly (P = .004), with highest values associated with use of the stair stepper and the rowing ergometer. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of the study, the treadmill is the optimal indoor exercise machine for enhancing energy expenditure when perceived exertion is used to establish exercise intensity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements.

OBJECTIVES: To describe average levels of free-living energy expenditure in people from affluent societies and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex. DESIGN: Analysis of 574 measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE, assessed by the doubly-labelled water method); basal metabolic rate (BMR, directly measured or derived from similar directly measured proxy measures such as during sleep); activity energy expenditure (AEE, derived as TEE-BMR); and physical activity level (PAL, derived as TEE/BMR) from people aged 2-95 years. The dataset was extracted from 1614 published and unpublished measurements in 1156 subjects after exclusion of repeat estimates and subjects in special physiological or behavioural states (eg pregnancy, athletic or military training etc). RESULTS: A separate analysis of data from non-ambulant subjects, and from elite endurance athletes (all excluded from the main dataset) established the limits of human daily energy expenditure at around 1.2 x BMR and 4.5 x BMR. In the main analysis, the validity of PAL as an index of TEE adjusted for BMR was tested and confirmed. Regression equations were then derived to describe TEE, BMR, AEE and PAL in terms of body weight, height, age and sex. As anticipated, TEE, BMR and AEE were all positively related to weight and height, while age was a negative predictor, especially of activity. The influence of weight disappeared when TEE was expressed as PAL, but height and age remained as highly significant predictors. For all three components, females expended 11% less energy on average than males after adjustment for weight, height and age. Average levels of energy expenditure in different age and sex groups are tabulated. CONCLUSIONS: There now exists a large and robust database of energy expenditure measurements obtained by the doubly-labelled water method. Analysis of the data from affluent societies shows that, in general, levels of energy expenditure are similar to the recommendations for energy requirements adopted by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and UK Department of Health (1991). PAL values for active subjects tend to be higher than is currently assumed. The current analysis provides a substantial body of normal data against which other estimates can be compared.

Adolescent↗