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PubMed2006

The contamination levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples in Uluabat Lake, Turkey.

The Uluabat Lake is a reservoir of 125 km2 surface area, in the boundaries of Bursa province, Turkey. The results showed that Uluabat Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite the existence of bans over a long time. Considerable amounts of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, p.p'-DDT, p.p'-DDE, alpha-, beta- and gamma-BHC, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan I and II) were detected in water and sediment samples during one-year study in this lake. Samples of water and sediment were collected in different regions, (6 sampling point) of the lake between February 2002 and November 2002. The mean levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments were determined. According to results, it was found that various environs in Uluabat Lake were contaminated by 11 different organochlorine pesticides. Residue analyses showed that higher organochlorine pesticides and their residues were generally more accumulated in the sediment samples.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and surface water of northern Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains.

This study reports the concentration levels and distribution pattern of the organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in the soil and surface water samples collected from the northern Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. A total of 31 soil and 23 surface water samples were collected from the study region in Unnao district covering an area of 2150 km(2) and analyzed for aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, HCH isomers, DDT isomers/metabolites, endosulfan isomers (alpha and beta), endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor and its metabolites, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane and methoxychlor. In both the soil and surface water samples beta- and delta-isomers of HCH were detected most frequently, whereas, methoxychlor was the least detected pesticide. The results showed contamination of soil and surface water of the region with several persistent organic pesticides. The total OCPs level ranged from 0.36-104.50 ng g(-1) and 2.63-3.72 microg L(-1) in soil and surface water samples, respectively.

Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated↗
PubMed1989

Lindane effect upon the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor/effector system in rat enterocytes.

Isolated rat enterocytes exposed to the insecticide lindane (the gamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, HCCH) showed an important decrease in the efficiency of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) upon the stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation. The effect of lindane was time- and dose-dependent, optimal conditions being reached after 5 min incubation of cells at 25 degrees C with 0.5 mM of this organochlorine compound. Lindane action exhibited an important degree of specificity since the isomer alpha-HCCH and endrin reproduced the same inhibitory pattern but beta-HCCH and dieldrin were inactive. The inhibition of VIP-induced cyclic AMP accumulation could not be explained by a lindane-dependent reduction in the binding of VIP to its specific receptors. Among various possibilities, the results suggest the modification of membrane fluidity by lindane and/or the activation of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C by this compound leading to phosphorylation of Gs/adenylate cyclase.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Interference by DDT and cyclodiene types of insecticides with chloroplast-associated reactions.

The effects of DDT, some of its analogs, and selected cyclodiene insecticides on isolated spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) thylakoids were identified, characterized, and compared to responses induced by selected herbicides. Except for endrin, the insecticides inhibited light-induced electron transport, altered chlorophyll fluorescence transients, and competitively displaced [14C]atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], a known photosystem II inhibitor, from the membranes. The insecticides appeared to act at, or near B, the secondary electron acceptor of photo-system II. Binding of DDT and dieldrin was estimated at 900 and 2200 molecules, respectively, per photosynthetic unit (490 chlorophyll molecules). The insecticides also inhibited valinomycin-induced swelling of the thylakoid membrane. Whereas inhibition of electron transport can be attributed to interaction by the insecticides with a proteinaceous component of the thylakoid membrane, interference with the action of valinomycin may involve interaction with lipoidal constituents of the membrane.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1977

Gas chromatographic determination of microamounts of carbaryl and 1-naphthol in natural water as sources of water supplies.

A method for the clean-up and quantitative determination of Carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, in natural waters is described. After extraction of a water sample with methylene chloride, the two compounds were separated from possible organochlorine pollutants such as Endrin, gamma-BHC, p,p'-DDT, pentachlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyl, and their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives obtained. Determination by electron-capture gas chromatography at the 2.5-10 ppb level, using 11 of water samples, was carried out.

Carbaryl↗
PubMed1988

Selective, on-column extraction of organochlorine pesticide residues from milk.

A rapid procedure has been developed that allows a single-step, selective extraction of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues from milk on solid-matrix disposable columns by means of acetonitrile-saturated light petroleum. Recovery experiments were carried out on homogenized milk (3.6% fat content) spiked with an ethanolic solution of nine OCPs, viz., HCB, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT, at levels ranging from 0.002 mg/kg for alpha-HCH to 0.008 mg/kg for p,p'-DDT. Average recoveries of four replicates were 77% for HCB and almost quantitative (94-113%) for the other pesticides, with relative standard deviations from 2.9 to 7.3%. Coextracted fatty material amounted to about 5 mg/ml of milk before the clean-up. The described procedure also showed a satisfactory performance with milk powder. The extraction procedure requires about 60 min. The main advantages are that emulsions do not occur, several samples can be run in parallel by a single operator, reusable glassware is not needed and simple operations are required.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Polychlorocycloalkane insecticide-induced convulsions in mice in relation to disruption of the GABA-regulated chloride ionophore.

The toxicity to mice of intraperitoneally-administered polychlorocycloalkane (PCCA) insecticides is generally correlated with their potency as in vitro inhibitors of the brain specific [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate [( 35S]TBPS) binding site with correction for metabolic activation and detoxification. These findings from our earlier studies are extended here to in vivo investigations relating convulsant action to inhibition of the TBPS binding site in poisoned mice. Radioligand binding assays involved brain P2 membranes washed three times with 1 mM EDTA to remove endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or other modulator(s) which otherwise serves as a noncompetitive inhibitor of [35S]TBPS binding at the GABA-regulated chloride ionophore. Examination of lindane, technical toxaphene, toxaphene toxicant A, and 10 polychlorocyclodiene insecticides revealed 62 +/- 4% binding site inhibition 30 min after their LD50 doses with 32 +/- 3% inhibition at one-half and 6 +/- 3% inhibition at one-quarter of their LD50 doses. This correlation between binding site inhibition and convulsant action is also evident in dose- and time-dependency studies with endosulfan sulfate. The brain P2 membranes of treated mice contain the parent compound with each of the PCCAs plus activation products of some of the cyclodienes, i.e. endosulfan sulfate from alpha- and beta-endosulfan and 12-ketoendrin from isodrin and endrin. The finding that the brains of treated mice contain sufficient PCCA or its activation products to achieve a magnitude of [35S]TBPS binding site inhibition correlated with the severity of the poisoning signs supports the hypothesis that the acute toxicity of PCCA insecticides to mammals is due to disruption of the GABA-regulated chloride ionophore.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Bacterial mutagenicity investigation of epoxides: drugs, drug metabolites, steroids and pesticides.

Although it has been observed that many epoxides are ultimate mutagens, surprisingly little is known about epoxides to which man may be extensively exposed, e.g., physiological compounds, drugs, drug metabolites and pesticides. We have now investigated 35 such and related epoxides for mutagenicity, using reversion of his- Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 as biological end-point. None of the tested steroids (12 compounds), vitamin K epoxides (3 compounds) and pesticides (dieldrin, endrin, HEOM (1,2,3,4,9,9-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8, 8a-octahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene), heptachlor epoxide) showed any mutagenic activity. Negative results were also obtained with the antibiotics oleandomycin, anti-capsin and asperlin, the cardiotonic drug resibufogenin, the widely used parasympatholytic drugs butylscopolamine and scopolamine, the sedatives valtratum, didovaltratum and acevaltratum, the tranquilizer oxanamide as well as with the drug metabolites carbamazepine 10,11-oxide and diethylstilbestrol alpha,beta-oxide. Three barbiturate epoxides, formed by metabolism of allobarbital, alphenal and secobarbital, caused weak but reproducible mutagenic effects at high concentrations. The cytostatic agent ethoglucide was the only drug having substantial mutagenic activity. Its mutagenic potency was similar to those of the control epoxides styrene 7,8-oxide, p-bromostyrene 7,8-oxide and m-bromostyrene 7,8-oxide, but much lower than those of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, benzo[e]pyrene 4,5-oxide and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide. Some epoxides were also tested in other Salmonella typhimurium strains or in the presence of rat-liver S9 mix. Positive results were only obtained with compounds that had already been detected as mutagens in the direct test with strain TA100.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cyclodiene insecticides inhibit GABAA receptor-regulated chloride transport.

The function of GABAA receptors in rat brain was assayed by GABA stimulation of 36Cl-influx into membrane microsacs. The evidence that the measured flux resulted from GABAA receptor activation was supported by the higher potency of muscimol than of GABA in inducing 36Cl-influx with Hill coefficients of 1.71 and 1.87, respectively, suggesting that two agonist molecules were binding to each receptor. Also, the GABA-induced 36Cl-influx was inhibited by the convulsants picrotoxinin and t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS), and the competitive inhibitor (+)-bicuculline was more potent than (-)-bicuculline in inhibiting this 36Cl-influx. Furthermore, preincubation of the membranes with pentobarbital or diazepam increased the GABAA receptor's affinity for GABA as judged by the increased 36Cl-influx induced by the same GABA concentration without increasing maximal 36Cl-influx. The GABAA receptor was desensitized as shown by the dose-dependent reduction in GABA-induced 36Cl-influx that resulted from preincubation of the membranes with GABA. Seven cyclodienes inhibited the GABA-induced 36Cl-influx, with endosulfan I and endrin being more potent than their less toxic isomers endosulfan II and dieldrin, and the epoxides of heptachlor and aldrin (i.e., dieldrin) were more potent than their less toxic parent compounds. There was good correlation (r = 0.9) between inhibition of [35S]TBPS binding to rat brain membranes by these cyclodienes and their inhibition of GABA-induced 36Cl-influx.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Action of polychlorocycloalkane insecticides on binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to Torpedo electric organ membranes and stereospecificity of the binding site.

Binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) to Torpedo electric organ membranes was characterized. A dose- and pH-dependent binding (100.8 pmol/mg protein) was detected with a single affinity (Kd of 0.9 microM) in the presence of 150 mM KCl at pH 6.8. Other anions such as Br- and I- also increased binding affinity, but to a lower degree than Cl-, which increased the affinity by two- to threefold. In presence of 150 mM KCl, [35S]TBPS binding was inhibited noncompetitively by Zn2+ and by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) (IC50 of 9 microM). The gamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) was much more potent in inhibiting this [35S]TBPS binding and the inhibition was competitive (Ki = 40 nM). Like binding of [35S]TBPS to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, its binding to Torpedo membranes was inhibited by pentobarbital, mephobarbital, and hexobarbital (IC50 of 85, 225, and 300 microM), respectively), but not by phenobarbital. Binding was not inhibited by diazepam, GABA, bicuculline, or avermectin B1a, ligands that bind to the GABAA receptor. [35S]TBPS binding was inhibited by BHC isomers with the following decreasing order of potency alpha = gamma greater than sigma greater than beta, and by cyclodiene insecticides. Endrin was more potent than dieldrin, but endosulfan I and II had similar effects. The data suggest that the binding site for polychlorocycloalkane insecticides on this protein is much less stereoselective than that of the Cl- channel of the GABAA receptor. Also, even though this Torpedo protein has higher affinity for insecticides, such as gamma-BHC, than does the GABAA receptor, it is the latter whose specificity correlates best with polychlorocycloalkane toxicity. Nevertheless, because of its high affinity for gamma-BHC such a protein in muscles or brain may be an important target for the action of this insecticide.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed1996

Organochlorine compounds in blubber, liver and brain in neonatal grey seal pups.

The present study focuses on the distribution and accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds in different tissues and organs of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups. Thus, levels of drins (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin), chlordanes (heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, oxychlordane, transnonachlor), DDTs (p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT) and 22 PCB congeners were determined in samples of brain, fat, and liver of 0-10 days old grey seal pups from the species' main breeding site in Norway. Whereas 10 different compounds were detected in the blubber, 8 compounds were detected in the liver. The concentrations of the two major classes of OCs (PCBs and DDTs) in liver were both about 75% of that in blubber. In cerebral tissue, only two PCB congeners were detected, and sigma PCB was only about 1% of that measured in the blubber. The distribution pattern of PCB-congeners in liver and brain differed significantly from that in blood and blubber tissue, indicating that the physico-chemical properties of the individual congeners and the lipid composition of the tissue are decisive for the tissue-specific pattern of congener distribution. A significant increase of the sigma DDT/sigma PCB-ratio as a function of blubber thickness indicates that DDT compounds are more readily accumulated in older pups.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Behaviour of persistent organochlorine micropollutants during primary sedimentation of waste water.

The removal of polychlorinated biphenyls and the organochlorine insecticides gamma-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin during primary sedimentation of raw sewage has been studied using a pilot plant facility. A matrix of sixteen experiments was performed, where the pilot plant was operated at four different hydraulic loadings with four different influent suspended solids loadings. Significant removals of micropollutants into the primary sludge were observed, although no particular relationship with the removal of suspended solids was evident. It is concluded that a proportion of the organic microcontaminants present in raw sewage were associated with non-settleable solids and were also in the dissolved form. The significance of the behaviour of organochlorine micropollutants in waste water treatment processes and the hydrological cycle are discussed in the context of water re-use operations.

Insecticides↗
PubMed1996

Organochlorine pesticide residues in bovine milk from Leon (Spain).

Residue levels of the organochlorine pesticides (alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, o,p'-TDE, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) were determined in raw bovine milk and compared with the maximum levels allowed by the European Union (EU) in these foods. The highest incidence percentage of the ten insecticides measured was for lindane, followed by alpha-HCH and aldrin. Moreover, the highest mean residue level was for alpha-HCH. None of the samples analyzed exceeded the maximum levels allowed by the EU.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of physiological changes in carp, Cyprinus carpio, induced by several pollutants at sublethal concentrations. I. The dependency on exposure time.

Carp were exposed to 10 different pollutants at sublethal concentrations for 6, 24, or 72 hr. Blood, liver, and white muscle samples were taken after the exposure time together with samples of control handled fish. Serum concentrations of glucose, cortisol protein, and cholesterol were determined. Similarly, the liver and muscle glycogen contents were measured. The effects of the following pollutants were examined: aldrin (100 micrograms/liter), atrazine (100 micrograms/liter), DDT (50 micrograms/liter), dieldrin (20 micrograms/liter), endrin (2 micrograms/liter), hexachlorbenzene (100 micrograms/liter), lindane (100 micrograms/liter), methanol (1 ml/liter), 4-N-phenol (100 micrograms/liter), toluene (100 microliters/liter). The rises in serum glucose and cortisol were the most frequent changes occurring after exposure to the pollutants. A decline in plasma protein and cholesterol content was also often observed. Liver glycogen concentration increased first in most cases and was reduced after longer exposure. Muscle glycogen was affected differently, sometimes reduced by exposure to the pollutants. The experimental design allows for the gradual increase in toxicity of the pollutants used regarding the applied concentrations. Furthermore, the aim of the paper is to evaluate the tests for proof of toxicity of those chemicals. The determination of serum glucose and cortisol levels can be proposed as mostly useful. The clearest changes in all parameters were found after treatment with 100 micrograms/liter atrazine and 50 micrograms/liter DDT. When serum glucose and cortisol concentrations were quickly elevated, signs for exhaustion could be seen after 72 hr of exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A survey of organochlorine pesticide residues in cheese samples from three Mexican regions.

Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in cheese samples from three Mexican regions. All samples were found to be contaminated by these residues: p,p'-DDE was present in 100% of the samples. Other pesticides found with high frequencies were HCB, three of the BHC isomers, as well as heptachlor and its epoxide. Also found, although less frequently, were residues of p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin. Samples from the region known as Comarca Lagunera had the highest number of pesticides per sample. The highest concentrations of residues were found in cheese samples from the Soconusco and the Comarca Lagunera regions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Accumulation of organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants.

Cormorant eggs and lipid samples from juvenile Cormorants were analyzed for 14 organochlorine contaminants. Low concentrations (geometric mean < 0.05 microg/g) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), lindane, oxy-chlordane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, mirex, DDD and DDT in eggs primarily reflected the wintering-ground origin of organochlorine contaminants. Overall geometric mean concentrations of DDE and PCBs in Cormorant eggs were 3.90 and 2.22 microg/g egg respectively, and would not affect reproduction or eggshell thickness. Eggshells averaged 0.44 mm in thickness and no correlation (r2 = 0.17) with log-transformed DDE residues in Cormorant eggs was evident. Only DDE and PCBs were detected in lipid samples from 5- to 8-week-old Cormorants (geometric mean approximately 1.0 microg/g lipid for each compound). The PCB: DDE ratios in Cormorant lipid from some individual colonies were 2-3.5 times greater than the ratio in eggs from the same colony, suggesting an accumulation of PCBs related to local diet. Juvenile Cormorants might serve as regional indicators of chemical residue contamination in Alberta, and provide a temporal perspective on changes in contaminant burdens in aquatic ecosystems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Effect of dietary antioxidants on dieldrin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

An increasing number of reports suggest that oxidative stress plays a role in the toxicity of various xenobiotics, including organochlorine pesticides and drugs such as phenobarbital. Antioxidants appear to be protective against the damage induced by an acute dose of endrin, supporting the theory of a role for reactive oxygen in the toxicity of this class of compounds. The current study examined the effects of the dietary administration of vitamin C (400 mg/kg diet) or vitamin E (200 mg DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg diet) on hepatotoxicity induced by subchronic (7 or 28 days) feeding of dieldrin (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg diet) to male B6C3F1 mice. Hepatoxicity induced by feeding of dieldrin for 28 days was evidenced by liver enlargement, hypertrophy of centrolobular hepatocytes, induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, and increased DNA synthesis in hepatocytes, particularly in centrolobular hepatocytes. Neither vitamin inhibited the dose-dependent increase in liver/body weight ratios, hypertrophy of centrolobular hepatocytes, or induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase. Vitamin E, however, inhibited hepatic DNA synthesis at all dietary intakes of dieldrin, while vitamin C was inhibitory at 1 and 3, but stimulatory at 10 mg dieldrin per kg diet. The major changes in DNA labeling occurred in the centrolobular zones, but were not consistently inhibited by vitamins C or E. The ability of antioxidant vitamins to inhibit dieldrin-induced hepatic DNA synthesis suggests oxidative stress is involved in the toxicity of this compound; however, the inability of these vitamins to prevent all hepatotoxic changes indicates other factors are also involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Binding of insecticides to serum proteins in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).

Incubation of various organochlorine insecticides with mosquitofish serum leads to their association with, primarily, the vitellogenin/lipoprotein and albumin fractions. A significant variation in the quantity of each insecticide bound in the particular fractions was observed. Binding appeared to increase with compounds of increasing polarity, suggestive of protein binding. Preincubation of serum with endrin or aldrin significantly reduced the quantity of [3H]DDT subsequently bound while the reverse was not observed. Although the reason for the apparent quantitative decrease in binding is unknown, the reduction in binding of a particular xenobiotic, due to the presence of a second, has serious toxicological implications.

Animals↗