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PubMed1993

Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: II. Inbreeding.

The prevalence of consanguineous marriages was studied in 940 families belonging to four different socio-economic groups in and around Lahore, Pakistan. The births occurring in these families from September 1984 to March 1987 were also investigated for birth defects. The overall prevalence of consanguineous marriages was 46%. The first cousin marriages were most common (67%), followed by the marriages between second cousins, 19%. The prevalence of consanguineous marriages was clearly associated with the socio-economic status of the study groups; 50% of the marriages was related in the periurban slum, 49% in the village, 44% in the urban slum and 31% in the upper middle class. The birth defects were also more prevalent in the poorer areas, being highest in the periurban slum (17.7%) followed by the urban slum (15.6%) and then the village (14.8%) and lowest in the upper middle class (12.3%). Although, the frequency of both consanguinity and birth defects were related with the socio-economic levels of the study groups, there was no association between inbreeding and birth defects. Perhaps, deleterious recessive genes for birth defects have been "bred out", because of continuous inbreeding over generations in this population. There was a significant predilection of major birth defects in boys without clear sex linkage. The conclusion is that the rate of consanguineous marriages was high, especially in the poorer areas, but the relationship between consanguineous marriages and birth defects was little or none. However, other child health indicators may be affected by consanguineous marriages.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Dealing with premature employee turnover.

Premature nurse turnover was a topic of critical concern to nursing managers through the early 1980s. For the past few years, there has been less discussion of such turnover and what had previously been an acute shortage of nurses. A recent Wall Street Journal article suggests why this lack of overt interest in nurse turnover may have arisen: "Economic downturns, paradoxically, often act as apparent cures for existing problems. In the midst of the past recession, for example, few companies [substitute hospitals] paid much attention to a management problem that was pervasive during the prerecession growth period: professional turnover." While the earlier nursing shortage may never reappear as critically as before, it is increasingly clear that understanding the causes of premature nurse turnover is essential if hospitals are to be able to retain their most valued nurse staff members. Thus, there remains a strong interest in the attitudinal precursors of such turnover and how they might help nursing managers avert dysfunctional nurse turnover.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

Prenatal diagnosis and screening.

We have limited the scope of this article to those disorders that have already been successfully diagnosed or excluded in utero. We currently have the potential to diagnose a number of others for which the opportunity has not yet arisen. If a biochemical, morphologic, chromosomal, or DNA alteration is known for a specific condition and is likely to be expressed in one of the fetal tissues or secretions, attempt at prenatal diagnosis is reasonable. Our ability to detect the inherited disorders of the skin in utero will continue to improve both in the number of specific disorders successfully diagnosed or excluded and in the increasingly earlier stages of pregnancy at which the disorder can be detected. Advances in instrumentation will, it is hoped, decrease the risk of the invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis, and improvement in noninvasive methods, such as maternal serum screening, may eliminate the need for invasive procedures altogether. Detection of useful DNA polymorphisms linked to genes for specific genodermatoses and development of specific gene probes will improve the accuracy of diagnosis and reduce the need for specific fetal tissues. The entire genome of an individual is present in each cell, even though a specific gene product may not be expressed in that cell. Thus, DNA restriction endonuclease studies can be performed on amniotic fluid cells, chorionic villi, fetal cells in maternal circulation, and fetal tissues with equal facility. The usefulness of prenatal diagnosis will always be limited by the ability to detect pregnancies at risk. If carrier detection is unavailable, the only way to identify couples at risk for offspring with an autosomal recessive condition is by the birth of an affected child. For autosomal dominant and X-linked recessive and dominant conditions, new mutations will continue to occur. As mentioned previously, screening of all pregnancies for all defects is not possible now and is unlikely ever to be feasible, either economically or technically. The reliability of prenatal diagnosis will continue to depend upon accurate diagnosis in the index case and upon the availability of a specific and sensitive test (or tests), with no overlap in values between heterozygotes and homozygotes for autosomal recessive conditions or between normal and affected fetuses with autosomal dominant and X-linked recessive disorders. Correct interpretation of test results is subject to experience, recognition of artifact, and variation in the expression of a given disorder in utero.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1977

Sex-limited and sex-modified genetic defects in swine--cryptorchidism.

Review of published data suggests that cryptorchidism in Chester Whites and Yorkshires is caused by completely penetrant, recessive genes at two autosomal loci; in Lacombes, multifactorial modes of inheritance are more plausible. Different genetic systems control presence of the trait vs. number of sides affected; left testes are retained more often in almost all samples. Contrary to previous claims prenatal viability of homozygous males and females is normal. Genes causing cryptorchidism are unlikely to affect many other malformations in either sex, but pleiotropy is suggested to extend to economic traits such as conformation in females.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A new diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pericardial effusion: transbronchial needle aspiration.

Pericardiocentesis was introduced during the 19th century, and reached its current level of development with the introduction of two-dimensional echocardiography. Although there is general agreement that complications are rare with skilled operators, a diagnostic and therapeutic problem often occurs when there is a posterior pericardial effusion, as it is not easy to quantify by echocardiography, and difficult to drain through a percutaneous access; therefore, it is usually treated surgically. We describe a new approach to pericardial effusion by a transbronchial access through the left lower lobe bronchus (which allows both diagnosis and evacuation of abundant amounts of fluid), or through the distal trachea (for diagnostic purpose only, in the presence of pericardial effusions filling the aortic recess of the pericardium). The technique is rather easy for operators skilled in transbronchial needle aspiration, and is safe, economical, and well tolerated.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors related to periodontal disease in a rural population.

To estimate the prevalence and related aspects of periodontitis in a rural area of the State of Bahia, Brazil, this cross-sectional study was carried out in the village of Matinha dos Pretos, Feira de Santana County, Bahia, among 172 subjects ranging from 20 to 60 years of age. During household visits, a full-mouth periodontal exam was performed on each subject, who also answered a questionnaire about socio-demographic, economic and health-related issues. The factors assessed were plaque index, bleeding on probing index, probing depth, gingival recession or hyperplasia measurements. Clinical attachment loss was also calculated. The multivariate logistic regression method was used to evaluate the relative contribution of these factors to the periodontitis condition. The prevalence of periodontitis was 24.4%. The following factors were all positively associated with the presence of periodontitis: being male (OR = 1.58; 1.00 - 2.53), being 30 years of age or older (OR = 2.80; 1.00 - 7.39), living in a house where there was more than one person per room (OR = 1.53; 0.96 - 2.45), being a cigarette or pipe smoker or ex-smoker (OR = 1.49; 0.92 - 2.39), having a plaque index of over 65% (OR = 2.97; 2.72 - 7.39) and more than four missing teeth (OR = 1.51; 0.82 - 2.78). The authors concluded that socioeconomic and biological factors, especially poor oral hygiene and older age, are positively associated with periodontitis in the rural population of a small village in the county of Feira de Santana, State of Bahia, Brazil.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Isozyme monitoring of genetic variation in Lycopersicon.

Linkages with isozymic loci facilitate the investigation of certain classes of genetic variation. Due to the mapping of 20 isozymic loci on nine of the 12 chromosomes of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), much progress has been made in these applications, particularly in the analysis of interspecific hybrids. Isozymes can expedite the selective elimination of inferior wild parent germ plasm in backcross transfer of desired genes to the cultivated parent. Allelic isozyme constitution also aids in identification of lines, particularly in evaluating the purity of F1 hybrid cultivars. Advantages that isozymes impart to such investigations are: (1) unequivocal classification of phenotypes, (2) detection of heterozygotes, (3) lack of epistasis between isozyme loci, (4) lack of effect of allelic isozymes per se on morphology or physiology, (5) prolific source of monogenic markers, and (6) phenotyping at early developmental stages. Each of these attributes can be exploited to great advantage, but collectively they constitute a formidable argument for monitoring genetic variation by means of isozymes. Linkages between isozyme loci and qualitative loci can be exploited as in the monitoring of Mi (gene for root-knot nematode resistance derived from L peruvianum) by the very tightly linked Aps-1(1); in similar fashion, Prx-2(1) serves as a useful marker for ms-10 (male sterility). Asp-1 monitoring in the former is more reliable than testing for nematode resistance per se; codominance of Prx-2 alleles of the latter solves problems incurred by the recessiveness of ms-10; in both instances phenotypes can be ascertained at earlier growth stages for isozymes than for economic traits. In the first backcross of the interspecific hybrid L esculentum x Solanum pennellii to the former, the segregation of four quantitative traits was monitored by allelic isozymes at 12 loci, situated on at least eight chromosomes, covering approximately 60% of the known tomato genome. At least five quantitative trait loci (QTL) were found to determine each of the four traits. Each parent contributes alleles with positive as well as negative effects, the greatest balance for stigma exsertion, the trait also exhibiting the greatest extent of transgressive segregation. Three pairs of linked isozymic loci permitted a crude form of three-point mapping of the associated QTL. interactions between QTL linked with pairs of isozymic genes were tested in all possible combinations; 18 of the 274 comparisons showed significant interactions, indicating epistasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

Macroeconomic conditions and alcohol-impaired driving.

Several distinct bodies of literature indicate that economic factors influence alcohol consumption and driving behavior, including: econometric studies of effects of income and price on drinking, studies of booming and depressed communities, studies of the effects of recession on mental health and studies of the effects of the business cycle on driving patterns. The core research questions of this study were: (1) Does the state of the economy affect the rate of fatal motor vehicle crashes involving drinking drivers? and (2) Is the relationship between the state of the economy and motor vehicle fatalities mediated by effects of economic conditions on amount of alcohol consumed and amount of driving? Data were collected on multiple indicators of economic conditions, alcohol consumption, vehicle miles traveled and rates per population of fatal crashes in the United States on a monthly basis from 1976 through 1985. Nonlinear time-series modeling methods were used to estimate both direct and indirect effects and both coincident and lagged relationships. Results showed that economic conditions significantly influence fatal crash rates both directly and via changes in aggregate amount of alcohol consumed and aggregate amount of driving. However, these interrelationships at multiple lags are complex and not yet fully understood.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1985

The world economic crisis and the children: United States case study.

This is a review of the United States experience with issues of child health and services as they relate to changes in economic trends. No existing data systems are entirely adequate for reporting on the current health status of children. An important consideration for the monitoring of children's health in the United States is the status of subgroups such as those who are disadvantaged for reasons of poverty, discrimination or geographic isolation. Ample evidence confirms that children living in poverty suffer adverse health consequences and that the proportion of children living in poverty in the United States has increased steadily since 1975 and dramatically since 1981. Most measures of health status and health risks for children show steady improvements throughout the 1970s. The exercise of public responsibility for financing and providing essential services and supports held constant or improved during this period, especially during the recession of 1974-75. The health status and risks for children since 1981 appear to be adversely affected which must be attributed to a combination of circumstances that include serious recession, increased poverty rates for households with children and diminished health benefits and social support services. These findings suggest that when either local or widespread economic reversals are anticipated, health services and social supports for children need to be expanded rather than contracted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Strain-specific and recessive QTLs involved in the control of partial resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1.2 in a recombinant inbred line population of melon.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM) causes serious economic losses in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Two dominant resistance genes have been identified, Fom-1 and Fom-2, which provide resistance to races 0 and 2 and races 0 and 1, respectively, however FOM race 1.2 overcomes these resistance genes. A partial resistance to FOM race 1.2 that has been found in some Far East accessions is under polygenic control. A genetic map of melon was constructed to tag FOM race 1.2 resistance with DNA markers on a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between resistant (Isabelle) and susceptible (cv. Védrantais) lines. Artificial root inoculations on plantlets of this population using two strains, one that causes wilting (FOM 1.2w) and one that causes yellowing (FOM 1.2y), resulted in phenotypic and genotypic data that enabled the identification of nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs). These QTLs were detected on five linkage groups by composite interval mapping and explained between 41.9% and 66.4% of the total variation. Four digenic epistatic interactions involving seven loci were detected and increased the total phenotypic variation that was explained. Co-localizations between QTLs and resistance gene homologs or resistance genes, such as Fom-2 and Vat, were observed. A strain-specific QTL was detected, and some QTLs appeared to be recessive.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1993

As job losses continue--what next?

If you had been unemployed during the Great Depression of the 1930s, would you have believed that you were living through just a hiccup in a long steady growth trend? Yet that was the case! Looked at from an historical perspective, our present recession is but the birth pangs of a new global order.

Dentistry↗
PubMed1989

Modelling migration flows between areas: an analysis for London using the census and OPCS Longitudinal Study.

"This paper analyses migration between the London boroughs using a discrete probability model, but with a correction for excess dispersion to that expected under the Poisson process. Two sources of migration data are used: one-year migration from the 1981 Census; and ten-year migration from the OPCS Longitudinal Study. The evidence from both sets is that both housing and labour market factors are relevant to explaining interborough migration, in addition to the distance and mass terms of the basic gravity model. The labour market effects suggest that migration generally equilibrates differences in excess labour supply between the boroughs, though less strongly in the recession year 1980-81." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)

Demography↗