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PubMed2003

[Psychiatry: under the influence].

The history of madness and psychiatry has witnessed the socio-cultural influence of psychiatric disorders in etiological constructs, expression and treatment. After a brief historical overview, the author emphasizes the contemporary socio-politico-economical conditions and their influence on the field of psychiatry. The prevalence of economic values and "econometric process" increasingly penetrates the organization of government, institutions and science, as well as favouring uniformity and fragmentation of its constructs and treatments. In regards to the clinical field, theories on treatment of symptoms without consideration of human or social subjectivity as well as organistic and mecanistic theories of the psychic troubles have gained in importance. In conclusion, the author recalls that dimensions perceived by consumers are the most influential determinants of change and well-being.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leprosy disease in Nepal : knowledge and non-compliance of patients.

Non-compliance among leprosy patients has always been a problem in Nepal. Many researches on drug compliance has indicated that if a patient understands well about his /her disease and its treatment, he /she is more likely to be motivated to take the whole prescribed course of treatment properly. It is widely believed that the understanding and behavior of patients in relation to drug compliance are largely influenced by their socio-economic condition and level of knowledge. In order to determine the socio-economic characteristics of non-compliant leprosy patients and their level of knowledge of leprosy disease and treatment, a non-intervention study was carried-out in Dhanusha - a high prevalent district in Nepal bordering India. A total of 57 non-compliant leprosy cases were selected using systematic sampling method on the basis of available clinical records and an interview-schedule was used for data collection. The result shows that the majority of non-compliant cases were illiterate, laborers by occupation and from poor economic class family background (73.7%). Data revealed that majority did not understand the cause of the disease and were not aware of the duration of treatment. It was interesting to note that an overwhelming majority (94.7%) were having strong belief that the disappearance of sign/symptoms was the only meaning of the "cure of leprosy disease". In view of this, it is strongly recommended that the patient education and counseling, public/community awareness program should be improved and further strengthened. A socio-economic rehabilitation program with vocational/trade training to leprosy patients or their family members should be arranged to up-lift their socio-economic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Social and environmental conditions across the life course and age at menopause in a British birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether socio-economic status, environmental stress and hardship throughout the life course are associated with age at menopause. DESIGN: Birth cohort study. SETTING: England, Scotland, Wales. SAMPLE: A total of 1515 women from a stratified sample of all births in one week in 1946. METHODS: Age at menopause was collected using annual postal questionnaires from age 47 to 53 years. Information on socio-economic conditions and hardship were collected at contacts throughout life from age 2 to 43 years. Socio-economic indicator variables were defined to represent cumulative exposure to hardship in childhood and in adulthood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age at menopause. RESULTS: Cox's proportional hazard models indicated that women whose fathers were in a manual social class occupation at three time points during her childhood had an earlier age at menopause than those whose fathers were in non-manual occupations at all three (HR: 1.51; 95% CI: 0.93-2.47). Similar findings were seen for household crowding. These socio-economic gradients could not be explained by adult socio-economic status, behaviour and lifestyle or by psychological health and stress, but were attenuated by other early life factors. Women who experienced parental divorce early in life (before five years of age) had double the rate of menopause of those whose parents did not divorce (HR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.33-3.42). There were no consistent findings with adult socio-economic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence of a cumulative effect of socio-economic circumstances in childhood, but not in adulthood, on age at menopause. Childhood nutrition, cognition and emotional stress possibly underlie the social gradient.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Transition from high to replacement-level fertility in a Kerala village.

This paper uses a micro-approach to examine the motivation and processes of rapid fertility decline in a Kerala village. Fertility declined in the village substantially during the 1970s and continued to decline to reach replacement level at the time of study. The proximate determinants are postponement of marriage and extensive use of contraceptives. However, the changes in these factors were the result of changing socio-economic conditions. At the time of study the singulate age at marriage was 29 years for males and 23 years for females, higher than elsewhere in India. Delayed age at marriage was a combined effect of favourable attitudes to education and economic changes. Smaller families became advantageous because of decreasing agricultural opportunities, expanded education and mortality decline. Contraceptives were available with the implementation of the family planning program. Higher use of contraceptives can be attributed to favourable conditions resulting from socio-economic changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal Relations among Perceived Economic Stress, Teacher-Student Relationships, and Cybervictimization: Exploring Within-Person Links.

Family economic hardship has been identified as a risk factor for adolescents' cybervictimization. Nevertheless, existing studies have primarily focused on objective economic conditions, and little is known about the within-person association between perceived economic stress and adolescents' cybervictimization and the mediating mechanisms underlying this association. To fill these gaps, the random intercept cross-lagged model was employed to examine the dynamic relations among perceived economic stress, teacher-student relationships, and cybervictimization. The data were obtained from a sample of 2407 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 12.75, SD = 0.58, 50.23% girls at baseline) recruited from seven schools and assessed at three time points over one year. At the between-person level, there were no significant associations among perceived economic stress, teacher-student relationships, and cybervictimization. At the within-person level, perceived economic stress positively predicted later cybervictimization over time, and this effect was unidirectional. The bidirectional relations between perceived economic stress and teacher-student relationships remained stable over time. Cybervictimization significantly and negatively predicted subsequent teacher-student relationships across time, indicating a unidirectional predictive effect. Additionally, perceived economic stress indirectly predicted cybervictimization through teacher-student relationships. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing within-person from between-person processes and shed light on the longitudinal role of teacher-student relationships in the association between perceived economic stress and cybervictimization.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Alternative procedures for molt induction: practical aspects.

Shortening daylight (to 10.5 to 11 h/d) slightly reduced the rest period (the interval between last egg and first clutch), whereas feeding a low-protein diet during the 22-d period following 8 d of feed withdrawal (FW) (recovery period) markedly extended it. Feed withdrawal accompanied by a short-daylight regime and a long recovery period led to the best postmolt production. However, production per hen housed during the whole experimental period was only slightly increased. Thus, a long rest period may mask the positive effects of short daylight and recovery diet. At least 140 to 170 d were needed to enable the molted hens to compensate for the loss of eggs during the rest period. Therefore, under certain economic conditions, rearing of nonmolting hens for 640 to 700 d should be an economic consideration. Ten days of feeding of a diet containing 0.06% nicarbazin (NICR) arrested egg production and caused a 22-d rest period but not a typical molt. Few variables of production or shell quality were improved by NICR but to a lesser extent than by FW or Zn feeding. Five days of feeding on a high-Zn diet (20 g Zn/kg; HZn) improved postmolt performances similarly to FW. Ten days of feeding on a modest-Zn (2.8 g Zn/kg), low-Ca, and low-P diet (Zn-CaP) affected postmolt performances inconsistently. In one out of two trials (trial 2), the effects of Zn-CaP were similar to those of FW or HZn; in the other (trial 3), the effects were less pronounced, more time was required for egg arrest, and more eggs were laid occasionally during the rest period. In trial 2, only the Zn-CaP diet was accompanied by short daylight. In both trials, feed intake during the induction period was only slightly reduced. Zn feeding increased the yolk Zn content slightly in eggs laid during the induction period and at the onset of production. In trial 2, only Zn-CaP markedly increased yolk Zn of eggs laid during the first 5 d of production.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Into a SEIFA SES cul-de-sac?

Use of the Australian Bureau of Statistics' SEIFA scores has almost become an automatic practice in area-based research on socio-economic status (SES) correlates of health inequalities in Australia in recent years. This article questions the wisdom of this emerging heavy, often singular, reliance on the SEIFA indexes for representing a real socio-economic condition. It is argued that improvements in our understanding of the social and economic processes that produce health inequalities will not occur unless we move beyond SEIFA's broad brush. Data for New England Area Health local government areas are used to support the argument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Why nafta failed and what's needed to protect workers' health and safety in international trade treaties.

Labor standards, including occupational health and safety regulations and enforcement, are being subjected to intense downward pressures as a result of fundamental shifts in the global economy. The 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was the first trade treaty that attempted to promote and protect workplace health and safety through a "labor side agreement." NAFTA failed to protect workers' health and safety due to the weaknesses of the side agreement's text; the political and diplomatic considerations limiting its implementation; and the failure to recognize and address the economic context, and political consequences of this context, in which the agreement was implemented. Subsequent trade treaties, both bilateral and regional, have not overcome the weaknesses of NAFTA. The treaty components needed to protect workers' health in future trade agreements are: 1) a minimum floor of occupational health and safety regulations; 2) an "upward harmonization" of regulatory standards and actual practice; 3) inclusion of employers so that they have formal responsibility and liability for violations of the standards; 4) effective enforcement of national regulations and international standards; 5) transparency and public participation; and 6) recognition of disparate economic conditions among trading partners and provision of financial and technical assistance to overcome economic disincentives and lack of resources. Also required are continued actions by non-governmental actors, including the workers themselves and civil society organizations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol-related mortality, drinking behavior, and business cycles: are slumps really dry seasons?

This paper explores the connection between alcohol-related mortality, drinking behavior, and macroeconomic conditions in Finland using both aggregate and microlevel data from recent decades. The aggregate data reveal that an improvement in economic conditions produces a decrease in alcohol-related mortality. Microlevel data show that alcohol consumption increases during economic expansion while the probability of being a drinker remains unchanged. This demonstrates that alcohol-related mortality and self-reported alcohol consumption may be delinked in the short-run business cycle context. One explanation for this paradox is that most harmful forms of drinking are not captured in survey-based data used to study the effect of macroeconomic conditions on alcohol consumption. Our evidence does not overwhelmingly support the conclusions reported for the United States that temporary economic downturns are good for health.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social conditions and menarcheal age: the importance of early years of life.

Data on the historical trends for menarcheal age and socio-economic conditions in Norway are used to investigate whether the reproductive system in humans is especially sensitive to environmental stimuli during any particular short age periods. The method which has been used is based on the irregularity in the trend for socio-economic development. These irregularities are reflected in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a quantity for which official estimates are available from 1865 onwards. Estimates of menarcheal age for women born in each year from about 1840 have been calculated from information obtained from maternity clinic records. For the period between 1900 and World War II, a close correspondence is found between the GDP in a year, and the menarcheal age of women born in the same or the preceding year. For the years before 1900, the data on menarcheal age is less satisfactory, but the correspondence may be fairly good also for this period. When values of GDP corresponding to higher ages is used, the correlation is less satisfactory. Other information on the susceptibility of the reproductive system towards environmental influences is reviewed. The following conclusion is reached: during the period around or after birth, the processes leading to menarche are clearly more sensitive than at later ages. During adolescence, the maturation process may be influenced somewhat, but probably not much as long as the conditions are not adverse. These observations may be seen as illustrating that phenomena corresponding to the critical or sensitive periods described for animal species, are also observable during the longer-lasting process of human development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation.

Renewed interest in the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation as a route for industrial production of butanol has been evident since the oil crisis of the 1970s. The present review includes an historical recap of the traditional industrial process and culturing practices useful in maintaining viable solvent-producing cultures, and then summarizes new and exciting research on the physiology and genetics of the microorganisms as well as process design. Most of these reports relate to improvements in solvent yield and the overall process, since traditional production is not efficient under present economic conditions. Conclusions are then made on future developments necessary for the establishment of an economically viable industrial process.

Acetone↗
PubMed1970

[Not Available].

An important scientific problem is discussed--the formation of human ideas about health as a national property. Based on positions of class differentiation and party, the authors attempt to elucidate the meaning and essence of this basic notion, equally from the standpoint of medicine and history, and from the standpoint of science in general. Man's health is not merely personal, individual or familial concern. It is conditioned, first and foremost, on a social ground. In this case, the social-economical conditions play a decisive role. The health of people is socially substantiated--attainable by all. On its part, it exerts effect upon the social conditions and society. In socialism and communism only are really human conditions created for the proper development of mankind, not merely in moral and cultural respect, but also in terms of improving vital functions and health state.

Communism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Laboratory support of the State Sanitary and Epidemiologic Service under the new socioeconomic conditions].

Structural and functional changes in the system of laboratory provision of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service under modern economic conditions had a positive impact on the number and quality of laboratory studies. The concept of rearrangement of laboratory service for the period of up to the year 2000 and its staff and material provision improved the quality of laboratory work and eventually the quality of sanitary epidemiological surveillance at the very first stages of its realization.

Epidemiologic Studies↗
PubMed1985

[Objective and subjective needs of mental patients 1 year after their discharge from a sectorized service].

The present paper is based on a study of 50 non-randomized psychiatric patients who had left the hospital one year before. A semi-structured interview was used to acquire the data. Two types of data have been collected: objective and subjective. Objective data concern the diagnosis, marital status, living conditions, economic situation, educational and professional levels and medical care after hospitalization. As a whole living conditions were found to be very poor. Subjective data concern patients complaints, financial difficulties, their needs and their desire to get in contact with the community health center during hospitalisation. Most patients were in favour of starting after care just prior to discharge. All data are discussed. The most interesting finding is, that despite the many socio-economic hardships, the primary need expressed by the patients is a valuable personal relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of selected socio-economic factors on incidence and outcome of tuberculosis in Poland].

The purpose of the paper was to verify the widely held opinion about the influence of socio-economic conditions on tuberculosis incidence and outcome. The analysis of the relationship between different socio-economic factors and tuberculosis shows that level of education seems to be the most important indicator. The level of education of tuberculosis patients in Poland is lower than the average. Together with the standard of living it differentiates patients with regard to clinical form of the disease-the lower the level of education and standard of living conditions, the more fibrocavernous forms. The analysis also indicated that the level of education and employment or unemployment did not influence the choice of treatment regiments but influenced the outcome of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Economic perceptions and expectations of out-of-treatment drug users.

The effect on mainstream behavior of current economic conditions and expectations for the future is frequently the subject of public opinion polls. However, economic perceptions may also influence the behaviors of those in "hidden" populations, such as drug users. An Economic Perceptions Index (EPI) was developed and administered to 261 out-of-treatment drug users in Houston, Texas. Results suggest that drug users' general perceptions of the economy are based on their own economic situation, and that there is a relation between a pessimistic view of the economy and drug use. They also suggest that lack of municipal infrastructure may pose more of a barrier to users' seeking employment than job search skills.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Secular growth trend in urban children enrolling primary school in the war time].

UNLABELLED: During the last century children of the same age experienced a progressive rise in the mean body height and weight. The phenomenon is termed secular trend or acceleration of growth. It is ascribed to the improvement of environmental factors, which, together with genetic legacy, determine both height velocity and final height. Genetic and environmental factors have distinct impact on the two indices of growth. Therefore, one could expect that once reached optimal environmental conditions would lead to the achievement of a peak in height value, and a further rise in weight. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine body height and weight differences between two groups of urban children entering primary school, recorded by school entry medical examination. SUBJECTS AND RESULTS: One group consisted of 200 children (98 girls, 102 boys) enrolling primary school in 1991, in the war time, and the other included 397 children (195 girls, 202 boys) enrolling primary school in 2003. The groups were matched by age (6.67 +/- 0.33 and 6.70 +/- 0.30 years). The mean body height increased by only 0.20 cm and weight by 0.08 kg, i. e. increments per decade were 0.17 cm for body height and 0.067 kg for weight. The rise in the mean body height and weight was not significant (theight =0.44, p>0.05, tweight=0.21, p>0.05). The mean rise in body height was about 3.5 times lower than the lowest mean rise in the height of 6-year-old children in the rest of the world. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although the study did not analyze particular environmental factors affecting body growth (socioeconomic, dietary, hygienic, family size), it was clear that the acceleration in body growth, slower than expected, was not due to the achievement of optimal environmental conditions and growth plateau. The recorded values probably resulted from the war induced degradation in economic conditions and augmentation of psychological tensions.

Body Height↗
PubMed1991

[Antibiotic strategy in infections caused by resistant strains during intensive care].

The choice of antibiotherapy during infections occurring in intensive care units is rather difficult. According to clinical severity criteria, and high percentage of resistant strains, it could be easier to prescribe wide spectrum newer antibiotics, specially when they are not susceptible to bacterial resistance mechanism. Such antibiotics large use can trigger infection or colonization nosocomial epidemics. These infections are caused by bacterias resistant to the antibiotic prescribed, selected mutant of plasmidic resistant bacteria, or strains with other resistant mechanism. These problems of nosocomial infections have to be daily considered in intensive care units where are concentrated patients at high risk and a great number of contamination conditions. In intensive care practice, when occurs a nosocomial infection, we need efficacy. One can use the last antibiotic, with a wide spectrum, to give the patient the best chance. But some do not approve this strategy which could enhance the risk of new more resistant strains epidemics in hospital. The antibiotic choice has to consider each clinical situation, the epidemiological conditions in the hospital, in the unit, and the advantage to risk ratio reported to economical conditions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗