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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A transcriptional chain linking eye specification to terminal determination of cone cells in the Drosophila eye.

Lozenge (Lz) is a multifunctional transcription factor that is activated in a pool of pluripotent cells at the beginning of a wave of morphogenesis during Drosophila eye development. Lozenge belongs to the Runx class of transcription factors that includes the mammalian proteins AML1, Runx 2, and Runx 3. These proteins allow a tissue-specific precursor population of cells to attain multiple terminally differentiated fates. We investigated the transcriptional control of lz to determine the mechanism by which precursor populations achieve their identity. We have identified a 251-bp region in the second intron of the lz gene that functions as a minimal eye-specific enhancer. We provide evidence that Sine oculis and Glass are the two major activators of Lz expression during eye development. This work establishes a bridge between early eye specification genes and late cell-specific transcription factors required for terminal determination of cone cells in the eye.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Two auto-detection methods for eye movements during eyes closed.

Eye movements during closed eyes closely reflect changes of the arousal level during transition from wakefulness to sleep. Because they contain both rapid and slow eye movements (REM and SEM), it has been difficult to detect them automatically. Hiroshige recently developed the method of linear regression analysis for automatic detection of the two types of eye movements, and we have developed a template matching method for autodetection. The aim of the present study was to compare both auto-detection methods and visual scoring for REM and SEM. The results revealed high agreement between the two quantitative methods and the visual scoring, indicating that auto-detection of eye movements is useful for quantitative evaluation of arousal level.

Arousal↗
PubMed2000

Searching for the prototypic eye genetic network: Sine oculis is essential for eye regeneration in planarians.

We have identified a sine oculis gene in the planarian Girardia tigrina (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida). The planarian sine oculis gene (Gtso) encodes a protein with a sine oculis (Six) domain and a homeodomain that shares significant sequence similarity with so proteins assigned to the Six-2 gene family. Gtso is expressed as a single transcript in both regenerating and fully developed eyes. Whole-mount in situ hybridization studies show exclusive expression in photoreceptor cells. Loss of function of Gtso by RNA interference during planarian regeneration inhibits eye regeneration completely. Gtso is also essential for maintenance of the differentiated state of photoreceptor cells. These results, combined with the previously demonstrated expression of Pax-6 in planarian eyes, suggest that the same basic gene regulatory circuit required for eye development in Drosophila and mouse is used in the prototypic eye spots of platyhelminthes and, therefore, is truly conserved during evolution.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Eye injury and eye protection: a survey of the chemical industry.

A population-based study of chemical eye injury in the chemical industry is reported. In a population of 62,839 workers studied for one month (approximately 10 million man-hours), 60 eye injuries (45.1 per cent of all eye injuries) were caused by chemicals (eye injury incidence 11.4 per 1000 employees per year). Six patients (10 per cent) required hospital attention. No sight-threatening injuries occurred. Health workers within the industry have recognized that most of these injuries are avoidable. Eye protectors were not a requirement in some situations where injury occurred (one-third of injuries), were not used where specified in some cases, and in others failed to prevent injury even when worn. This low incidence of injury can be reduced further by appropriate selection and wear of protectors, by education and by legislation.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetics of eye-gap and maroon-eye mutants in the mosquito.

Linkage analysis of two new eye mutants, eye-gap (e) and maroon-eye (mar), in the mosquito Culex pipiens, is presented. Both mutants are sex-linked, recessive, and demonstrate complete penetrance and high expressivity. The gene order is e-m-mar. The most representative map distances in e-m and m-mar segments are 17.7 and 26.1, respectively. Our maroon-eye was isolated from Belem, Brazil and is allelic to another maroon-eye mutant isolated from Lake Charles, Louisiana. However, while mar (Lake Charles) straddles along the sex locus, m (map distance approximately 1 unit), the mar (Belem) gene is far removed from m (map distance 26.1 units).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Diagnosis of myasthenic eye signs. Clinical signs and electronystagmographical findings of saccadic eye movements (author's transl)].

The clinical eye signs of 31 myasthenic patients are presented and those signs important for an early diagnosis are then discussed: lid symptoms caused by fatigue (Simpson-test), characteristic lid twitches as well as alternating asymmetrical eye muscle pareses. The importance of an investigation with the tangent scale in the course of which tensilon is injected is pointed out. False diagnosis and differential diagnostic signs are then considered (disseminated sclerosis, aneeurysm, encephalitis, pseudopulbarparalysis). - Our electronystagmographical investigations of saccadic eye movements showed hypometric, alternating saccades with occasional nystagmuslike jerks. After Tensilon injection hypermetric saccades (overshoots) were observed which depended on a disproportion of the supranuclear oculomotor centers and the eye muscles. The "muscleparetic" nystagmus is a pathologically increased endposition nystagmus. The hypometric nystagmuslike jerks during a saccadic eye movement are caused by insufficient phasic innervation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Adaptive changes in degree of eye reduction in eyeless mutants of Drosophila melanogaster after thermal shock during the critical periods of faceted eye development.

Brief heating of the oocytes and larvae of eyeless mutants during the critical periods of faceted-eye development caused an increase in the thermal sensitivity of the eye rudiments, which led to an increase in the number of one-eyed individuals among the flies that hatched. These changes eye development were transmitted through a number of successive generations without exposure to additional thermal shock, by maternal inheritance. It was established that repeated heating of oocytes and larvae of eyeless mutants whose ancestors had been subjected to similar heating during the same stages of development caused a decrease rather than the expected increase in thermal sensitivity, i.e., there was an adaptive increase in the thermostability of the eye rudiments. Thus, the effect of reheating was the opposite of that of the original heating.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Pax-6, eyes absent, and Prox 1 in eye development.

Eyes in different systematic groups including arthropods, molluscs and vertebrates probably have a common evolutionary origin. As a consequence of this, related genes are used for regulation of the early steps of eye development in different organisms. In this review, I briefly summarize data on three gene families which might be essential for eye development across species: Pax-6/eyeless, Eya/eyes absent and Prox/prospero with emphasis on our contribution here. Mechanisms of eye formation and the generation of different types of eyes in the course of evolution are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Intraoperative length and tension curves of human eye muscles. Including stiffness in passive horizontal eye movement in awake volunteers.

Intraoperative continuous-registration length and tension curves of attached and detached eye muscles were made in 18 strabismic patients under general anesthesia. For relaxed eye muscles, we found an exponential relation between length and tension. An increased stiffness was quantified in Duane's syndrome, Graves' disease, orbital-floor fracture, and superior oblique palsy. The stiffnesses of agonist and antagonist were remarkably similar, not only in uncomplicated squint, but also when only one of the two had initially become stiffer. After intravenous administration of succinylcholine chloride, the eye muscles contracted, and the exponential length and tension curve changed into a set of straight, parallel lines. In addition, we measured stiffness in passive horizontal eye movement in awake volunteers and found 0.52 to 1.26 g/degrees (other eye in 5 degrees of adduction), confirming other published results.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

One eye but no vision: cave fish with induced eyes do not respond to light.

One of the most intriguing questions in evolutionary biology is the degree to which behavior is a necessary consequence of morphology. We explore this issue by examining phototactic behavior in epigean (eyed surface-dwelling) and troglomorphic (blind cave) forms of the teleost Astyanax fasciatus whose eyes were modified during embryogenesis by removing one or both lens vesicles from the epigean form or by transplanting the lens vesicle from an epigean fish into the optic cup of a blind cave form. Lens removal results in eye degeneration and blindness in adult epigean fish, whereas lens transplantation stimulates growth of the eye, inducing the development of optic tissues in the normally eyeless adult cave fish. Photoresponsiveness was examined by placing fish in an aquarium with one half illuminated and the other half dark and scoring their presence in the illuminated or dark half. Both the eyeless epigean fish and cave fish with induced eyes are indifferent to the illumination whereas the surface forms are scotophilic, suggesting that optic development and phototactic behavior are decoupled.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1970--1977.

This study concerns perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents in the years 1970--1977. These injuries represented 40% of all perforations treated during this period at Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The results were compared with the previous series from this hospital for the years 1950--1951 and 1930--1939. Of the patients 92% were males, a slight percentage decrease from the fifties. The youngest age group, 16--25 years, was also the largest (30%). Earlier the next age group, 26--35 years, was largest. The proportion of workers in building construction with eye injuries increased remarkably to 26.6%. Metal workers made up another large group affected by eye perforations (24.5%). Agricultural work lost its importance as the cause of perforations as compared with the previous decades. The commonest cause of eye accidents was still hammering. Flying objects, especially metal splinters, were important causes now as well as in the previous series. Prognosis was much better in the present series than earlier: 60% of patients achieved vision of 0.5 or better, as compared with 40% in the fifties and 20% in the thirties.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Lubrithal (Leo viscous eye gel), precorneal residence time in normal and dry eyes.

In an open, right/left controlled study we compared the effects of topical carbomer gel Lubrithal (Leo viscous eye gel) and polyvinyl alcohol (Liquifilm, Allergan) in 20 patients with dry eyes and in 20 healthy subjects. The average precorneal residence time of carbomer gel in patients and healthy subjects was 92.8 min (+/- 35.7) and 36.5 min (+/- 14.2), respectively, while it was 40.8 min (+/- 19.4) and 19.5 min (+/- 8.3) in the polyvinyl alcohol group. The tear break up time was 10 min after instillation significantly longer with the carbomer gel: 23.0 seconds (+/- 5.5) in dry eye patients and 26.2 seconds (+/- 4.4) in healthy subjects compared to polyvinyl alcohol: 10.4 seconds (+/- 3.4) in dry eye patients and 16.5 seconds (+/- 7.1) in healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Seventy-five per cent of the dry eye patients preferred Lubrithal.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2003

Geometric computations underlying eye-hand coordination: orientations of the two eyes and the head.

Eye-hand coordination is geometrically complex. To compute the location of a visual target relative to the hand, the brain must consider every anatomical link in the chain from retinas to fingertips. Here we focus on the first three links, studying how the brain handles information about the angles of the two eyes and the head. It is known that people, even in darkness, reach more accurately when the eye looks toward the target, rather than right or left of it. We show that reaching is also impaired when the binocular fixation point is displaced from the target in depth: reaching becomes not just sloppy, but systematically inaccurate. Surprisingly, though, in normal Gaze-On-Target reaching we found no strong correlations between errors in aiming the eyes and hand onto the target site. We also asked people to reach when the head was not facing the target. When the eyes were on-target, people reached accurately, but when gaze was off-target, performance degraded. Taking all these findings together, we suggest that the brain's computational networks have learned the complex geometry of reaching for well-practiced tasks, but that the networks are poorly calibrated for less common tasks such as Gaze-Off-Target reaching.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of emergency eye-wash products in burned porcine eyes.

BACKGROUND: The long-term prognosis of patients with chemical eye burns depends on immediately rinsing the eye after the trauma. The chemical properties and tolerance of currently used rinsing solutions were examined. METHODS: NaCl 0.9%, Ringer lactate, balanced salt solution (Aqsia), phosphate buffer, tap water, and Previn were analyzed. The buffer capacities were determined by titration with HCl and NaOH. The osmolarity of the solutions and the osmolarity of 100 healthy and 100 alkali burned porcine corneas were determined by means of freezing point depression. 56 enucleated porcine eyes were burned and rinsed with NaCl solutions of different osmolarities (0-1200 mosmol/l), Previn, NaCl 0.9% or phosphate buffer, respectively. The different swelling behaviors were determined by pachymetric measurements, and the resulting corneal osmolarity after irrigation was assessed. The effect of Previn as a hyperosmolar solution in comparison with isoosmolar phosphate buffer was examined on 10 healthy human eyes. RESULTS: Only phosphate buffer and Previn show high buffer capacities. The osmolarity of the healthy/burned porcine corneas was 329+/-61/1203+/-289 mosmol/kg. Except for Previn (862+/-3 mosmol/l), all solutions are hypo- or almost isoosmolar in comparison with the healthy cornea. Rinsing of the burned corneas causes swelling in all groups in inverse proportion to the osmolarity of the solution. Thus, the lower the solution's osmolarity, the stronger the swelling reaction of the cornea. The resulting corneal osmolarity following rinsing behaves proportionally to the osmolarity of the rinsing solution. Therefore, a high osmolarity of the rinsing solution correlates with a high corneal osmolarity. No long-term effects in healthy eyes were observed after rinsing with Previn or phosphate buffer. CONCLUSION: Corneal thickness and osmolarity are significantly correlated to the osmolarity of the rinsing solution. Corneal edema dilutes the agent in the stroma. Therefore, we recommend solutions with low osmolarity (tap water) or high buffer capacity (Previn) for the initial post-trauma irrigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fate map of the eye-antennal imaginal disc in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni.

Hypercephaly, in the form of lateral extensions of the head capsule, is observed in several families of Diptera. A particularly extreme form is found in diopsid stalk-eyed flies, in which both eyes and antennae are laterally displaced at the end of eyestalks. We have studied the developmental basis of this exaggerated morphology in Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni. Diopsid eye-antennal imaginal discs are divided into anterior and posterior portions, which are joined by a narrow "disc-stalk" of intervening tissue. We established a fate map for this disc by cutting it into fragments and culturing them in vivo by injecting them into host larvae. The adult eye and dorsal head capsule structures, including the eyestalk and the ocelli, are derived from the posterior portion of the disc, while ventral adult structures such as the antenna and the palpus are derived from the anterior portion of the disc. Thus both posterior and anterior disc portions give rise to structures that are widely separated in the adult head. Moreover, structures that are adjacent in the adult are derived from different regions of the disc. These results confirm and extend previous conclusions about regional identity in diopsid eye-antennal discs that were based on the analysis of molecular markers.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The eyes absent gene: genetic control of cell survival and differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye.

The eyes absent (eya) gene is required at an early stage in development of the D. melanogaster compound eye. In eya mutants, progenitor cells in the eye disc undergo programmed cell death anterior to the morphogenetic furrow, rather than proceeding into the pathway of retinal differentiation. A low level of cell death normally occurs at this stage, suggesting that eya activity influences the distribution of cells between differentiation and death. Molecular analysis identifies a nuclear protein expressed in progenitor cells prior to differentiation. Transformation with the cDNA prevents progenitor cell death and allows the events that generate the eye to proceed. eya activity is required for the survival of eye progenitor cells at a critical stage in morphogenesis.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Frames of reference for eye-head gaze commands in primate supplementary eye fields.

The supplementary eye field (SEF) is a region within medial frontal cortex that integrates complex visuospatial information and controls eye-head gaze shifts. Here, we test if the SEF encodes desired gaze directions in a simple retinal (eye-centered) frame, such as the superior colliculus, or in some other, more complex frame. We electrically stimulated 55 SEF sites in two head-unrestrained monkeys to evoke 3D eye-head gaze shifts and then mathematically rotated these trajectories into various reference frames. Each stimulation site specified a specific spatial goal when plotted in its intrinsic frame. These intrinsic frames varied site by site, in a continuum from eye-, to head-, to space/body-centered coding schemes. This variety of coding schemes provides the SEF with a unique potential for implementing arbitrary reference frame transformations.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study system for classifying age-related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 6.

PURPOSE: To describe the system for grading age-related macular degeneration from fundus photographs in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. This is a prospective multicenter cohort study of the course of age-related macular degeneration and a placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effect of high-dose vitamin and mineral supplements on development of advanced age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Standardized stereoscopic 30-degree color fundus photographs are taken at 11 clinical centers and evaluated by graders at a reading center for quality and age-related macular degeneration abnormalities. Macular subfields are defined by a grid, and presence and severity of various age-related macular degeneration abnormalities are graded using standard/example photographs and measuring circles. Advanced age-related macular degeneration abnormalities (presence/absence) include retinal pigment epithelial detachment, serous (or hemorrhagic) sensory retinal detachment, hard exudates, subretinal/subretinal pigment epithelial hemorrhage, subretinal fibrous tissue, and photocoagulation scars. Other abnormalities (multistep scales) include retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities (geographic atrophy, depigmentation, and increased pigment), and drusen (size, type [hard versus soft distinct or indistinct], and total area). Contemporaneous variability is tested by having different graders evaluate samples of photographs, and temporal variability by annual regrading of a dedicated subset. RESULTS: In a cumulative sample of 1230 eyes for contemporaneous reproducibility, agreement on advanced age-related macular degeneration was 96% (kappa = 0.88) and for four-step age-related macular degeneration level was 83% (kappa = 0.77). Agreement was moderate for pigment epithelial detachment (kappa = 0.54) and substantial for serous sensory retinal detachment, hard exudates, subretinal/subretinal pigment epithelial hemorrhage, subretinal fibrous tissue, and central geographic atrophy (kappa = 0.73-0.82). For pigment abnormalities, agreement was substantial for geographic atrophy (kappa = 0.63; kappa(weighted) = 0.71, 0.75 weight for one-step disagreements), and moderate for depigmentation (kappa = 0.41, kappa(weighted) = 0.51) and increased pigment (kappa = 0.54, kappa(weighted) = 0.71). For drusen, agreement was moderate to substantial for presence/maximum size (kappa = 0.50, kappa(weighted) = 0.68), type (kappa = 0.61, kappa(weighted) = 0.69), and area (kappa = 0.56, kappa(weighted) = 0.77). Six annual regrades of 119 eyes showed little temporal drift in grading of various age-related macular degeneration abnormalities, except for drusen type. CONCLUSIONS: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study has demonstrated satisfactory reliability for detecting onset of advanced age-related macular degeneration in a cohort, and moderate to substantial agreement on various abnormalities across the age-related macular degeneration spectrum. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study system for classification of age-related macular degeneration is suitable for longitudinal multicenter studies.

Cohort Studies↗