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PubMed2004

[Information explosion in a better light after fifty years].

The phenomenon of "Information explosion" emerged in the professional and later also in the unprofessional community in the middle of the twentieth century. It expresses feeling of an unexpected general congestion with increasing number of published articles and books, which are not possible to go through, process and use in the real time. Unexpected development of the science after the Second World War resulted in unusually high production of new data and information. Their fast release was enabled by modernization of the publication process together with an increase of the number of scientific journals. Despite the relative information isolationism during the totalitarian regiment, this worldwide process soon emerged also in our region. However, the overload in information was not balanced by modernization of methods in the bibliographic and librarian systems, which could bring the new information to the scientific community. The turning point in the transfer of information was the development of worldwide interconnection - the word wide web or the Internet. For the processing of new information it was possible to introduce gradually still more powerful information technologies based on computers with on-line connection to the Internet. To solve the information explosion it was necessary to possess such technology and necessary programs and to master the elements of information and computer know-how. Contemporary modern technology with various user-friendly search engines, catalogues, repositories, and with voluminous bibliographic databases enable the use of full-text sources and give a better view on the formerly catastrophically looking information explosion. Along with that it is necessary to find financial sources to cover the access to the system. Information support of the scientific work based on such possibilities represents in the brim of modern information society the only possibility of effective activity in any field. It is also a good way how to precede the possible next information overload.

Informatics↗
PubMed2006

[Acoustic and vestibular analysers in patients with mine explosion trauma].

The aim of the study was examination of the acoustic and vestibular functions in patients with mine explosion trauma. Acoustic and vestibular functions were studied in 27 patients (16 females and 11 males aged 19-66 years, mean age 37.2 +/- 4.12) admitted to the ENT clinic of Moscow city hospital N 1. All the patients had suffered from explosion in closed space. General clinical and complex otoneurological examinations were made including gustatory and olfactory investigations, studies of the facial skin sensitivity, nasal mucosa, corneal reflex, soft palate motility, audiometry and vestibulometry. The findings of the tests suggested the following conclusions: mine explosion damages hearing by impairment of both sound conduction (85.7%) and sound perception (61.2%), the latter suffering primarily at the cochlear level; damage to the cranial nerves V and XIII occurs at the level of the brain stem; mixed affection of the vestibular analyzer is seen primarily at the level of stem nuclei.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Phototherapeutic keratectomy of diffuse corneal foreign bodies caused by gunpowder explosion].

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effects of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) on the treatment of diffuse corneal foreign bodies caused by gunpowder explosion. METHODS: From Dec, 1999 to Dec, 2003, 39 eyes of 25 patients with diffuse foreign bodies on cornea caused by gunpowder explosion were investigated in this study. All foreign bodies located in one third of superficial cornea and conjunctiva. Besides slit-lamp biomicroscope examination and cornea thickness measurement, ultra-sound B, VEP and ERG were used to exclude the possibility of damage of posterior ocular segments. Then the PTK was performed at every 100-150 pulse-interval. In case of damaging to deep cornea, the total pulse was less than 500 and corneal thickness was measured during the operation. After operation, vision acuity, recovery of corneal epithelium, haze, intraocular pressure and ametropia were checked and the patients were followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: Compared with traditional therapies used for diffused corneal foreign bodies, PTK generally took shorter time (10 minutes). It could erase most foreign bodies on cornea and had little injury to normal corneal tissue. Commonly, the corneal epithelial layer recovered completely within one week. The vision acuity after PKT was improved notablely. The mean value of vision acuity at 10th day of post-operation is 0.6 (vs < 0.3 in all patients before operation). There were 38 eyes with gentle hyperopia and 1 eye with moderate hyperopia. The complication of PTK can be controlled during operation or after operation by drugs. CONCLUSION: PTK is a facile, effective, hypo-cost method for the treatment of diffused foreign bodies on cornea damaged by gunpowder explosion.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The nursing explosion-technology, knowledge, and practice: its implications for leadership in aerospace nursing.

Authorities agree that we are experiencing a tremendous upheavel in numerous fields of endeaveor, health care in particular, resulting from the rapid growth of human information and capabilities since the 1950s. This upgrowth has touched nursing. This nursing explosion, in terms of technological advancement, increased knowledge, and expanded practice, demands the leadership of aerospace nursing to reexamine it posture and direction. A fresh look at its past and present successes and failures is essential to meet the challenges of the future. For "not to decide is to decide". There are two basic assumptions which underlie this challenge for leadership caused by the nursing explosion. First, as a self-directing profession, nursing can define its philosophical base, determine its goals, and identify the means for attaining those goals. Second, as the largest of the health professions, nursing has the right and responsibility to respond to the quantity and quality of global health care delivery systems. The analysis of this challenge for leadership shall be attempted in the light of three perspectives--organizationally, socio-politically, and professionally. The nursing explosion has dramatized the realization that nursing has the knowledge, power, resources in numbers, and dedication to service to move health care systems in the direction necessary. As Prof. Bell of Harvard has noted, the current revolution of rising entitlement to health care will have a marked influence on the nursing effort and vice versa. The call to leadership "a loud call and a clear call and it cannot be denied."

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1965

Studies of cholera El Tor in the Philippines. 2. A retrospective investigation of an explosive outbreak in Bacolod City and Talisay, November 1961.

The introduction of cholera into many of the islands of the Philippines in 1961 often occurred in an explosive manner. The disease was introduced into Bacolod City and Talisay in Negros Occidental Province in such a manner in November 1961. The authors describe the results of an analysis of hospital and health department records in Bacolod City and Talisay and the results of interviews conducted with adult patients 10 months after the explosive outbreak.The results suggest that infection during the initial explosive wave of cases in Bacolod City and Talisay in November 1961 was transmitted principally by shrimp that were consumed raw.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Eye injuries caused by opening or explosion of beverage bottles].

Exploding beverage bottles can cause serious ocular injuries. The mechanisms of injury and the consequences were studied retrospectively in 21 patients admitted to the hospital between 1982 and 1992. Most of the patients (76%) were injured by propulsion of the bottle cap. Bottle explosions following dropping on the floor were the most frequent cause of perforating ocular injuries by glass fragments from a beverage bottle. Among our patients, 12 (57%) had severe globe contusions and 9 (43%) had lamellar or penetrating globe injuries. In 83% of the contusions, 100% of the lamellar injuries and 62% of the penetrating eye injuries almost complete visual rehabilitation (vision 0.5-1.0) was achieved. Vision was saved in all the injured eyes. About 2% of all eye injuries admitted to hospital are caused by bottle explosions. The consumer can reduce the danger of bottle explosions by storing bottles in a cool place and taking care not to shake then before use. Manufacturing industry is called upon to develop and to use stopper systems connected to the bottles to prevent propulsion of bottle caps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative comparison of pre-explosions and subheadings with methodologic search terms in MEDLINE.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the retrieval characteristics of subheadings with methodologic textwords and MeSH terms in MEDLINE for identifying sound clinical studies on the etiology, prognosis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disorders in general adult medicine. DESIGN: Analytic survey of the information retrieval properties of methodologic textwords, single methodologic MeSH terms, pre-explosions and subheadings selected to detect studies meeting basic methodologic criteria for direct clinical use in general adult medicine. MEASURES: The sensitivity, specificity, and precision of search terms were determined by comparing the citations retrieved by the search strategies in MEDLINE with that of a manual review (the gold standard) of all articles in 10 internal and general medicine journals for 1986 and 1991. RESULTS: For treatment and diagnosis in 1991, and treatment, diagnosis, and etiology in 1986, pre-explosions yielded the highest sensitivity, with typical absolute increases exceeding 15%. For etiology and prognosis in 1991, and prognosis in 1986, textwords or MeSH terms yielded the highest sensitivity. In all cases the increase in sensitivity was coupled with a loss in specificity and precision. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with searching with single methodologic textwords and subject headings, the detection of sound clinical studies on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders in general adult medicine was consistently enhanced by searching with pre-explosions, but at a price of decreased specificity and precision.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1998

Application of solid-phase microextraction to the recovery of organic explosives.

The application of solid-phase microextraction to the recovery of residues of organic explosives by headspace sampling is discussed. It was found that the technique was rapid and simple. Polydimethylsiloxane and polyacrylate resin were examined as adsorption phases and the latter was found to be more effective. It was found that non-volatile explosives (PETN, RDX, and TNT) should be extracted at about 100 degrees. Acceptable limits of detection were achieved using bench top quadrupole mass spectrometry and short extraction times (about 30 min). Increasing the extraction times to many hours resulted in significantly enhanced detection. Desorption of PETN from the solid phase was found to induce some decomposition of the explosive, but the technique was still valuable for the analysis of this compound.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Prediction of shock sensitivity of explosives based on small-scale gap test.

A new method is described to predict shock sensitivity of C(a)H(b)N(c)O(d) explosives without using any experimental data. It can determine shock sensitivity based on small-scale gap test as the pressure required to initiate material pressed to 90%, 95% and 98% of theoretical maximum density. Three essential parameters would be needed in the new scheme which contain a+b/2-d, the existence of alpha-C-H linkage in nitroaromatic compounds or NNO(2) functional group and difference of the number of amino and nitro groups attached to aromatic ring. Predicted shock sensitivities in some well-known explosives have a root mean square (rms) deviation of 3.97, 4.02 and 5.89kbar of experiment to initiate pressure of material pressed to 90%, 95% and 98% of theoretical maximum density, respectively.

Explosions↗
PubMed1981

Influence of oral mannitol bowel preparation on colonic microflora and the risk of explosion during endoscopic diathermy.

Oral mannitol has been widely accepted as the bowel preparation of choice for colonoscopy and elective colorectal operation because it is well tolerated by patients. Recent concern has been expressed regarding the risk of explosion and sepsis using oral mannitol because it may provide a nutrient for certain gas-producing bacteria in the colon. Samples of colonic contents aspirated at operation were compared in patients prepared by oral mannitol, by whole bowel irrigation, mannitol preceded by 48 h of oral antibiotics (neomycin with metronidazole) and in patients who did not undergo any preparation. Significantly higher counts of gas-producing Escherichia coli were recovered from patients prepared with mannitol alone compared with whole bowel irrigation or mannitol preceded by oral antimicrobials. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that fermentation of mannitol by Escherichia coli is responsible for the production of potentially explosive gas mixtures after oral mannitol preparation and may also explain the increased incidence of sepsis when oral mannitol is used for bowel preparation.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Microchip-based CEC of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives using silica-based sol-gel stationary phases from methyl- and ethyl-trimethoxysilane precursors.

Microchip-based CEC of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives with UV absorbance detection is described. The stationary phase was deposited in the microchip using the sol-gel process. Unique to this work, is the exclusive use of alkylated-trimethoxysilane precursors in the gel solution. Using alkylated precursors allows for the synthesis of a hydrophobic stationary phase in a single step. Three sol-gel formulations of increasing hydrophobicity and suitable for the separation of explosives are established from methyl- and ethyl-trimethoxysilane precursors. Increasing the alkyl-chain length improved the resolution significantly, allowing for the separation of up to seven analytes. Direct injection onto the head of the stationary phase for long injection times, results in sub-mg/L detection limits with little effect on separation efficiency.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1986

[Various forms of explosion injuries].

Two different cases are reported in which a total of five persons were (mortally) injured by explosions. Although all victims were close to the region of explosion, they presented quite different patterns of injuries. These injuries allowed reconstruction of what had taken place.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2000

Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization.

The nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a reactive molecule that biotransforms readily under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions to give aminodinitrotoluenes. The resulting amines biotransform to give several other products, including azo, azoxy, acetyl and phenolic derivatives, leaving the aromatic ring intact. Although some Meisenheimer complexes, initiated by hydride ion attack on the ring, can be formed during TNT biodegradation, little or no mineralization is encountered during bacterial treatment. Also, although the ligninolytic physiological phase and manganese peroxidase system of fungi can cause some TNT mineralization in liquid cultures, little to no mineralization is observed in soil. Therefore, despite more than two decades of intensive research to biodegrade TNT, no biomineralization-based technologies have been successful to date. The non-aromatic cyclic nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) lack the electronic stability enjoyed by TNT or its transformed products. Predictably, a successful enzymatic change on one of the N-NO2 or C-H bonds of the cyclic nitramine would lead to a ring cleavage because the inner C-N bonds in RDX become very weak (<2 kcal/mol). Recently this hypothesis was tested and proved feasible, when RDX produced high amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide following its treatment with either municipal anaerobic sludge or the fungus Phanaerocheate chrysosporium. Research aimed at the discovery of new microorganisms and enzymes capable of mineralizing energetic chemicals and/or enhancing irreversible binding (immobilization) of their products to soil is presently receiving considerable attention from the scientific community.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1988

Oil and petrol drum explosions. Injuries and casualties by exploding oil and petrol drums containing various inflammable liquids.

If ignited, an evaporated inflammable liquid remaining mixed with air in an oil or petrol drum may cause an explosion in which the top and bottom of the drum are blown off by the blast and act as projectiles causing extensive injuries to persons nearby. To analyse the occurrence of this type of accident and to study the injuries involved information was sought from all police districts in Denmark and all the departments of plastic surgery with a burns unit. The investigation revealed a total of 21 accidents caused by oil drum explosions over a period of 36 years with 16 injured within the last 5 years in a population of five million people. Fifteen accidents occurred during attempts to divide a drum with a disc grinder or a cutting blow-torch; five of the victims were welding drums or using drums as a support when welding or cleaning iron materials and one man was shifting a drum which exploded because of the heat of the sun. Five men were killed: three died from burns and two from fatal brain injuries. Two men with several facial fractures survived. Five victims received injuries to the lower limb and presented with a total of six open, comminuted fractures of the tibia. Nine men had burns covering from 2 to 50 per cent of the body surface, up to 30 per cent of the burns being full-thickness. This paper draws attention to the extreme danger of working on apparently empty oil or petrol drums with tools generating heat or sparks, unless specific precautions are taken.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1988

Flame burns disasters from kerosene appliance explosions in Lagos, Nigeria.

A study of 55 cases of burns admitted to the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in the month of March 1984 revealed that 96 per cent were caused by flame burns due to explosions that occurred during the use of kerosene appliances for cooking and lighting. Thirty-four (62 per cent) were children, while 21 (38 per cent) were adults. In each of seven families, two or more people were affected. The overall mortality was 44 per cent, of which the larger contribution of 30 per cent was in children. By comparison, in the two preceding months there was a total of 17 and 20 burns admissions respectively. The mortality rate was 16 per cent while in March 1983 there was no death among the six paediatric admissions. Investigations showed that the explosions occurred due to petrol contamination of the kerosene before delivery to the domestic users. Appropriate precautions by kerosene suppliers and users, and health education can help prevent similar disasters in the future.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1994

Burns from a dust explosion.

Two cases of burn injury following a dust explosion are presented. It is important to (1) rule out other serious injuries and (2) continuously reassess the patient for respiratory injury. The mechanism of dust explosions is described and preventative measures are discussed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1980

Mutagenic activity of tetryl, a nitroaromatic explosive, in three microbial test systems.

The military explosive N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl) is a direct acting mutagen in three microbial mutagenicity test systems at concentrations as low as 5 microgram/ml. In two of these systems (Neurospora crassa and Salmonella typhimurium) it caused base-pair substitution reversions. In the third (Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4) it caused mitotic gene conversions at two loci. Three nonaromatic explosives (PETN, RDX, HMX) did not exhibit mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella test. Further studies on tetryl seem indicated, as past and present human exposure may entail a health risk.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of biotic and abiotic treatment approaches for co-mingled perchlorate, nitrate, and nitramine explosives in groundwater.

Biological and abiotic approaches for treating co-mingled perchlorate, nitrate, and nitramine explosives in groundwater were compared in microcosm and column studies. In microcosms, microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI), nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), and nickel catalyzed the reduction of RDX and HMX from initial concentrations of 9 and 1 mg/L, respectively, to below detection (0.02 mg/L), within 2 h. The mZVI and nZVI also degraded nitrate (3 mg/L) to below 0.4 mg/L, but none of the metal catalysts were observed to appreciably reduce perchlorate ( approximately 5 mg/L) in microcosms. Perchlorate losses were observed after approximately 2 months in columns of aquifer solids treated with mZVI, but this decline appears to be the result of biodegradation rather than abiotic reduction. An emulsified vegetable oil substrate was observed to effectively promote the biological reduction of nitrate, RDX and perchlorate in microcosms, and all four target contaminants in the flow-through columns. Nitrate and perchlorate were biodegraded most rapidly, followed by RDX and then HMX, although the rates of biological reduction for the nitramine explosives were appreciably slower than observed for mZVI or nickel. A model was developed to compare contaminant degradation mechanisms and rates between the biotic and abiotic treatments.

Aniline Compounds↗