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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Psychological adjustment during three Japanese Antarctic research expeditions.

This study investigates the individual characteristics of Japanese polar team members. Four sets of measures from the Polar Psychology Project Battery have been used in Asuka Station. These measures are thought to reflect adjustment and well-being. Data have been collected during 3 consecutive years. The psychological profile of the subjects was relatively stable, and comparable to the standard means of Western sojourners. The results show the subjects were generally high in stress resistance. However, an increase in the Planning Orientation score and a decrease in the Hardiness score appear at the end of the wintering-over. These modifications correspond to psychological changes linked to the approaching end of wintering-over.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Gas exchange at extreme altitude: results from the British 40th Anniversary Everest Expedition.

Since Messner and Habeler climbed to the summit of Mount Everest (8,848 m) without oxygen in 1978, there has been controversy between scientists trying to explain this feat. Field studies have suggested better respiratory performance than that found during a simulated climb in a hypobaric chamber, but the lack of data at extreme altitude has hampered the debate. We measured arterial oxygen saturation (Sa,O2) and alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PA,O2) in nine subjects as they climbed from 3,500 to 8,000 m. Four of the climbers reached 8,000 m and one reached the summit. We also tested the effects of breathing supplementary oxygen on Sa,O2 at 6,550 and 8,000 m. At all altitudes tested, we found that both PA,O2 and Sa,O2 were higher than expected from low pressure chamber studies. We also found that standard rates of supplementary oxygen (2 L x min(-1)) were insufficient to restore Sa,O2 above 90% at 8,000 m. The respiratory performance of climbers at extreme altitude is better than expected from sea-level chamber studies, which may, in part, explain why humans can reach the summit (8,848 m) without added oxygen. The better performance is likely to be due to more appropriate acclimatization.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2003

A case of cerebral sinus thrombosis developed during a high-altitude expedition to Gasherbrum I.

We report a case of cerebral sinus thrombosis, which is a rare but serious complication that may develop during high-altitude climbing. A climber who reached the summit of Gasherbrum I (8068 m) suffered from motor weakness and gait disturbance as he descended from the peak. Within a few days, the symptoms progressed until he could not walk. Following a difficult and week-long rescue mission by his colleagues, he was hospitalized and diagnosed with thrombosis at the superior sagittal and right transverse sinuses. Climbers and rescuers should know the risk factors of this complication, such as hemoconcentration, procoagulability, and dehydration.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of a 3-month endurance event on physical performance and body composition: the G2 trans-Greenland expedition.

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged physical exertion with inadequate time for recuperation may result in an overtraining phenomenon characterized by reduced physical strength and endurance capacity. We tested the hypothesis that highly motivated men pushed to the limits of their endurance capacity for 3 months would suffer physical breakdown characterized by loss of lean mass and reduced physical performance capacity. METHODS: Two well-trained men (VO2max > 60 mL/kg/min), aged 25 years, completed an unsupported, 2928-km, south-to-north ski trek across Greenland in 86 days. The trek involved ski marching, typically for 9 h/d, pulling sleds initially containing 150 kg and a high-fat (60%) energy-dense diet of 25.1 MJ/d. Body composition and physical performance data were collected 14 days before and 4 days after the trek. RESULTS: Energy expenditure based on doubly labeled water during three 2-week periods ranged from 28.3 and 34.6 MJ/d in rugged terrain to 14.6 and 16.1 MJ/d during travel on flat terrain for subjects 1 and 2, respectively. Both men lost weight, completing the trek with low-normal fat stores (approximately 13% body fat). The lighter man gained 0.6 kg lean mass, while the heavier man lost 1.4 kg lean mass and a larger amount of fat weight (7.0 kg). Most performance measures showed trivial changes within the errors of measurement and test reproducibility, indicating no loss of endurance capacity, but anaerobic tests (Wingate and vertical jump) were markedly reduced. Markers of metabolic status, including oral glucose tolerance tests, indicated no functional impairments. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of subjects was limited, this observational study demonstrated that well-trained and experienced long-distance ski trekkers who eat an adequate high-calorie diet can perform endurance treks in severe cold, with little or no loss of lean mass and physical capability.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Graphic presentation in the displacement and approbation of nature in botanical expeditions in the 18th century].

My purpose, on this work, is to illustrate the central role that plays the visual representations on the botanical exploration. I used documents (graphics and written) from the school of painting of José Celestinno Mutis in Santa Fe de Bogotá, that informs us about artists' training and the process of elaboration of sheets; the same as in the newspapers of Ruiz and Pavón during the publication of the Flora Peruviana. The artist's in the process of classification (construction) of new species active function stands out.

Botany↗